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12 - Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in subarctic and alpine regions

from Part III - Diatoms as indicators in Arctic, Antarctic, and alpine lacustrine environments

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2012

By
André F. Lotter ,
Reinhard Pienitz  and
Roland Schmidt
Edited by
John P. Smol  and
Eugene F. Stoermer
André F. Lotter
Affiliation:
Utrecht University
Reinhard Pienitz
Affiliation:
Université Laval
Roland Schmidt
Affiliation:
Institute for Limnology
John P. Smol
Affiliation:
Queen's University, Ontario
Eugene F. Stoermer
Affiliation:
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Summary

Introduction

Subarctic and mountain regions are characterized by strong gradients that make their terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems very sensitive to environmental change. The terrestrial Arctic can be delimited by the northern tree line, the 10 °C July isotherm, or the southern extent of discontinuous permafrost which, in the eastern Canadian Arctic for example, currently extends to the southern end of Hudson Bay. In this chapter, we focus on the subarctic region, which, depending on local climates, roughly falls between 50° N and 70° N latitude and includes the transition from boreal forest (taiga) in the south to tundra landscapes in the north, whereas the chapter by Douglas and Smol (this volume) discusses diatom-based studies from the High Arctic. In mountain regions the same steep climatic and environmental gradients are present but over much shorter distances, with the timber line also representing the most prominent ecotone. It is characterized by the transition from closed forest to the most advanced solitary trees (i.e. timber line), to single tree islands (i.e. tree line), and eventually to open, unforested vegetation. This biological boundary can vary in width from tens of meters in mountain regions to many kilometers in the Subarctic. In northern Europe it is formed by deciduous trees such as Betula, Alnus, and Populus, whereas coniferous trees (e.g. Pinus, Picea, Larix, Juniperus) form the tree line in the European Alps, northern North America, and Eurasia.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Diatoms
Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences
 , pp. 231 - 248
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

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