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5 - New directions in structural imaging

from Part III - New ways of imaging the brain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 January 2010

By
Xavier Chitnis  and
Ian Ellison-Wright
Edited by
Maria A. Ron  and
Trevor W. Robbins
Xavier Chitnis
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
Ian Ellison-Wright
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, salisbury, UK
Maria A. Ron
Affiliation:
Institute of Neurology, London
Trevor W. Robbins
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
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Summary

Introduction

Foucault commented that ‘the medical gaze … contains within a single structure, different sensorial fields. The ‘glance’ has become a complex organisation with a view to the spatial assignment of the invisible’ (Foucault 1963). During the last two decades, the structural brain image has been deconstructed using an increasing variety of analytic techniques in order to reveal previously invisible pathology.

Since the first major psychiatric computed tomography (CT) study published in 1976 (Johnstone et al. 1976), structural imaging has been utilized to investigate the major psychiatric disorders. It has become clear that many of these disorders are characterized by subtle structural brain changes. However, brain structure shows considerable variability between individuals, in terms of size, shape and composition (e.g. relative grey and white matter). Thus, the detection of a small neuropathological signal in the presence of loud noise (from neurodevelopment and other sources) has been a central problem for structural imaging studies and has provided the impetus for the development of a range of new analytic approaches. Several psychiatric and neurological disorders have been particularly important in terms of the development of structural imaging techniques, including schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis and epilepsy. In this chapter we illustrate new directions in structural imaging using research into brain changes in schizophrenia.

In addition to identifying the contributions of these new techniques, we highlight some of the problems that we believe have retarded progress in structural imaging.

Type
Chapter
Information
Disorders of Brain and Mind , pp. 95 - 127
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2003

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