References
Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
Aron, A., Melinat, E., Aron, E. N., Vallone, R. D., & Bator, R. J. (1997). The experimental generation of interpersonal closeness: A procedure and some preliminary findings. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 363–377.
Aronson, E., & Bridgeman, D. (1979). Jigsaw groups and the desegregated classroom: In pursuit of common goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5(4), 438–446.
Batson, C. D. (2009). Two forms of perspective taking: Imagining how another feels and imagining how you would feel. In Markman, K. D., Klein, W. M. P., & Suhr, J. A. (Eds.), Handbook of imagination and mental simulation; handbook of imagination and mental simulation (pp. 267–279). New York: Psychology Press.
Batson, C. D., Ahmad, N., & Lishner, D. A. (2009). Empathy and altruism. In Batson, C. D., Ahmad, N., & Lishner, D. A. (Eds.), Oxford handbook of positive psychology (2nd ed., pp. 417–426). New York: Oxford University Press.
Batson, C. D., Chang, J., Orr, R., & Rowland, J. (2002). Empathy, attitudes and action: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group motivate one to help the group? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1656–1666.
Batson, C. D., Early, S., & Salvarani, G. (1997). Perspective taking: Imagining how another feels versus imagining how you would feel. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(7), 751–758.
Batson, C. D., Polycarpou, M. P., Harmon-Jones, E., Imhoff, H. J., Mitchener, E. C., Bednar, L. L., … & Highberger, L. (1997). Empathy and attitudes: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 105–118.
Bergh, R., & Akrami, N. (2016). Are non-agreeable individuals prejudiced? Comparing different conceptualizations of agreeableness. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 153–159.
Bergsieker, H., Shelton, J. N., & Richeson, J. A. (2010). To be liked versus respected: Divergent goals in interracial interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 248–264.
Berndsen, M., Thomas, E. F., & Pedersen, A. (2018). Resisting perspective-taking: Glorification of the national group elicits noncompliance with perspective-taking instructions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 79, 126–137.
Bigler, R. S. (1999). The use of multicultural curricula and materials to counter racism in children. Journal of Social Issues, 55(4), 687–705.
Bloom, P. (2017). Empathy and its discontents. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(1), 24–31.
Blumberg, H. H. (1972). Communication of interpersonal evaluations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 23(2), 157–162.
Bogardus, E. S. (1947). Measurement of personal-group relations. Sociometry, 10, 306–311.
Bratt, C. (2008). The jigsaw classroom under test: No effect on intergroup relations evident. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 18(5), 403–419.
Broockman, D., & Kalla, J. (2016). Durably reducing transphobia: A field experiment on door-to-door canvassing. Science, 352(6282), 220–224.
Bruneau, E. G., Cikara, M., & Saxe, R. (2017). Parochial empathy predicts reduced altruism and the endorsement of passive harm. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8, 934–942.
Bruneau, E. G., & Saxe, R. (2012). The power of being heard: The benefits of “perspective-giving” in the context of intergroup conflict. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(4), 855–866.
Cameron, L., & Rutland, A. (2006). Extended contact through story-reading in school: Reducing children’s prejudice toward the disabled. Journal of Social Issues, 62, 469–488.
Case, K. A. (2007). Raising white privilege awareness and reducing racial prejudice: Assessing diversity course effectiveness. Teaching of Psychology, 34(4), 231–235.
Cehajic, S., Brown, R., & Castano, E. (2008). Forgive and forget? Antecedents and consequences of intergroup forgiveness in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Political Psychology, 29(3), 351–367.
Cikara, M., Bruneau, E. G., & Saxe, R. R. (2011). Us and them: Intergroup failures of empathy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 149–153.
Clore, G. L., & Jeffery, K. M. (1972). Emotional role playing, attitude change, and attraction toward a disabled person. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 23(1), 105–111.
Coke, J. S., Batson, C. D., & McDavis, K. (1978). Empathic mediation of helping: A two-stage model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 752–766.
Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning. (2003). Safe and sound: An educational leader’s guide to evidence based social and emotional learning (SEL) programs. Chicago: Author.
Condon, P., Desbordes, G., Miller, W. B., & DeSteno, D. (2013). Meditation increases compassionate responses to suffering. Psychological Science, 24(10), 2125–2127.
Correll, J., Park, B., & Smith, J. A. (2008). Colorblind and multicultural prejudice reduction strategies in high-conflict situations. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 11(4), 471–491.
Cortland, C. I., Craig, M. A., Shapiro, J. R., Richeson, J. A., Neel, R., & Goldstein, N. J. (2017). Solidarity through shared disadvantage: Highlighting shared experiences of discrimination improves relations between stigmatized groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(4), 547–567.
Cuff, B. M. P., Brown, S. J., Taylor, L., & Howat, D. J. (2016). Empathy: A review of the concept. Emotion Review, 8(2), 144–153.
Darley, J. M & Gross, P. H. (1983). A hypothesis-confirming bias in labeling effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 20–33.
Davies, K., Tropp, L. R., Aron, A., Pettigrew, T. F., & Wright, S. C. (2011). Cross-group friendships and intergroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(4), 332–351.
Davis, M. H. (1983). The effects of dispositional empathy on emotional reactions and helping: A multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality, 51, 167–184.
Davis, M. H., Conklin, L., Smith, A., & Luce, C. (1996). Effect of perspective-taking on the cognitive representation of persons: A merging of self and other. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 713–726.
Devine, P. G., Evett, S. R., & Vasquez-Suson, K. A. (1996). Exploring the interpersonal dynamics of intergroup contact. In Sorrentino, R. & Higgins, E. T. (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: The interpersonal context (Vol. 3, pp. 423–464). New York: Guildford Press.
Ditlmann, R. K., & Samii, C. (2016). Can intergroup contact affect ingroup dynamics? Insights from a field study with Jewish and Arab-Palestinian youth in Israel. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 22(4), 380–392.
Dixon, J., Levine, M., Reicher, S., & Durrheim, K. (2012). Beyond prejudice: Are negative evaluations the problem and is getting us to like one another more the solution? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35, 411–425.
Dixon, J., Tropp, L. R., Durrheim, K., & Tredoux, C. (2010). “Let them eat harmony”: Prejudice-reduction strategies and attitudes of historically disadvantaged groups. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(2), 76–80.
Dovidio, J. F., ten Vergert, M., Stewart, T. L., Gaertner, S. L., Johnson, J. D., Esses, V. M. … & Pearson, A. R. (2004). Perspective and prejudice: Antecedents and mediating mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1537–1549.
Dunn, E. W., Biesanz, J. C., Human, L. J., & Finn, S. (2007). Misunderstanding the affective consequences of everyday social interactions: The hidden benefits of putting one’s best face forward. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 990–1005.
Dutra, N. B., Boccardi, N. C., Silva, P. R. R., Siqueira, J. d. O., Hattori, W. T., Yamamoto, M. E., & de Alencar, A. I. (2018). Adult criticism and vigilance diminish free riding by children in a social dilemma. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 167, 1–9.
Elliott, J. (2017). It’s all about ignorance: Reflections from the blue-eyed/brown-eyed exercise. In Sibley, C. G. & Barlow, F. K. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of the psychology of prejudice (pp. 655–668). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Epley, N., Caruso, E., & Bazerman, M. H. (2006). When perspective taking increases taking: Reactive egoism in social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 872–889.
Eyal, T., Steffel, M., & Epley, N. (2018). Perspective mistaking: Accurately understanding the mind of another requires getting perspective, not taking perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(4), 547–571.
Farmer, H., & Maister, L. (2017). Putting ourselves in another’s skin: Using the plasticity of self-perception to enhance empathy and decrease prejudice. Social Justice Research, 30, 323–354.
Finkel, E. J., Slotter, E. B., Luchies, L. B., Walton, G. M., & Gross, J. J. (2013). A brief intervention to promote conflict reappraisal preserves marital quality over time. Psychological Science, 24, 1595–1601.
Finlay, K. A., & Stephan, W. G. (2000). Improving intergroup relations: The effects of empathy on racial attitudes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 1720–1737.
Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1045–1062.
Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Nier, J. A., Ward, C. M., & Banker, B. S. (1999). Across cultural divides: The value of a superordinate identity. In Prentice, D. & Miller, D. (Eds.), Cultural divides: Understanding and overcoming group conflict (pp. 173–212). New York: Sage.
Galinsky, A. D., Ku, G., & Wang, C. S. (2005). Perspective-taking and self-other overlap: Fostering social bonds and facilitating social coordination. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 8(2), 109–124.
Galinsky, A. D., Maddux, W. W., Glin, D., & White, J. B. (2008). Why it pays to get inside the head of your opponent: The differential effects of perspective taking and empathy in negotiations. Psychological Science, 19, 378–384.
Galinsky, A. D., Magee, J. C., Inesi, M. E., & Gruenfeld, D. H. (2006). Power and perspectives not taken. Psychological Science, 17, 1068–1074.
Galinsky, A. D., & Moskowitz, G. B. (2000). Perspective-taking: Decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and in-group favoritism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,78, 708–724.
Galinsky, A. D., Wang, C. S., & Ku, G. (2008). Perspective-takers behave more stereotypically. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 404–419.
Garriott, P. O., Reiter, S., & Brownfield, J. (2016). Testing the efficacy of brief multicultural education interventions in white college students. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 9(2), 158–169.
Gilin, D., Maddux, W. W., Carpenter, J., & Galinsky, A. D. (2013). When to use your head and when to use your heart: The differential value of perspective-taking versus empathy in competitive interactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(1), 3–16.
Goldenberg, A., Endevelt, K., Ran, S., Dweck, C. S, Gross, J. J., & Halperin, E. (2017). Making intergroup contact more fruitful: Enhancing cooperation between Palestinian and Jewish-Israeli adolescents by fostering beliefs about group malleability. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8, 3–10.
Goldstein, N. J., Vezich, I. S., & Shapiro, J. R. (2014). Perceived perspective taking: When others walk in our shoes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(6), 941–960.
Greenland, K., Xenias, D., & Maio, G. R. (2017). Effects of promotion and compunction interventions on real intergroup interactions: Promotion helps but high compunction hurts. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 10.
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464–1480.
Groom, V., Bailenson, J. N., & Nass, C. (2009). The influence of racial embodiment on racial bias in immersive virtual environments. Social Influence, 4(3), 231–248.
Grossmann, I., & Kross, E. (2014). Exploring Solomon’s paradox: Self-distancing eliminates the self-other asymmetry in wise reasoning about close relationships in younger and older adults. Psychological Science, 25(8), 1571–1580.
Guffler, K., & Wagner, U. (2017). Backfire of good intentions: Unexpected long-term contact intervention effects in an intractable conflict area. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 23(4), 383–391.
Gutsell, J. N., & Inzlicht, M. (2012). Intergroup differences in the sharing of emotive states: Neural evidence of an empathy gap. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7(5), 596–603.
Halabi, S., Dovidio, J. F., & Nadler, A. (2016). Help that hurts? Perceptions of intergroup assistance. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 53, 65–71.
Halabi, S., & Nadler, A. (2017). The intergroup status as helping relations model: Giving, seeking and receiving help as tools to maintain or challenge social inequality. In van Leeuwen, E. & Zagefka, H. (Eds.), Intergroup helping (pp. 205–221). Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG.
Halperin, E., Porat, R., Tamir, M., & Gross, J. J. (2013). Can emotion regulation change political attitudes in intractable conflicts? From the laboratory to the field. corrigendum. Psychological Science, 25(11), 2120.
Hasson, Y., Tamir, M., Brahms, K. S., Cohrs, J. C., & Halperin, E. (2018). Are liberals and conservatives equally motivated to feel empathy toward others? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44, 1449–1459.
Higgins, E. T. (1981). Role taking and social judgment: Alternative developmental perspectives and processes. In Flavell, J. H. & Ross, L. (Eds.), Social cognitive development: Frontiers and possible futures (pp. 119–153). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hodges, S. D., Clark, B. A. M., & Myers, M. W. (2011). Better living through perspective taking (pp. 193–218). New York: Springer Science + Business Media.
Holoien, D. S., Libby, L. K., & Shelton, J. N. (2016, January). Racial minorities’ reactions to Whites’ expressions of empathy and sympathy. Presented at the annual meeting of the Social for Personality and Social Psychology, San Diego, CA.
Hornsey, M. J., & Esposo, S. (2009). Resistance to group criticism and recommendations for change: Lessons from the intergroup sensitivity effect. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3(3), 275–291.
Hornsey, M. J., & Wohl, M. J. A. (2013) We are sorry: Intergroup apologies and their tenuous link with intergroup forgiveness, European Review of Social Psychology, 24(1), 1–31. doi:10.1080/10463283.2013.822206
Huang, K., Yeomans, M., Brooks, A. W., Minson, J., & Gino, F. (2017). It doesn’t hurt to ask: Question-asking increases liking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(3), 430–452.
Hutcherson, C. A., Seppala, E. M., & Gross, J. J. (2008). Loving-kindness meditation increases social connectedness. Emotion, 8(5), 720–724.
Hutcherson, C. A., Seppala, E. M., & Gross, J. J. (2015). The neural correlates of social connection. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 15(1), 1–14.
Idan, O., Halperin, E., Hameiri, B., & Tagar, M. R. (2018). A rose by any other name? A subtle linguistic cue impacts anger and corresponding policy support in intractable conflict. Psychological Science, 29, 972–983.
Kenny, D. A., & DePaulo, B. M. (1993). Do people know how others view them? An empirical and theoretical account. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 145–161.
Kernahan, C., & Davis, T. (2010). What are the long-term effects of learning about racism? Teaching of Psychology, 37(1), 41–45.
Klimecki, O. M., Leiberg, S., Ricard, M., & Singer, T. (2014). Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(6), 873–879.
Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2008). Facilitating adaptive emotional analysis: Distinguishing distanced-analysis of depressive experiences from immersed-analysis and distraction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(7), 924–938.
Kross, E., Ayduk, O., & Mischel, W. (2005). When asking “why” does not hurt: Distinguishing rumination from reflective processing of negative emotions. Psychological Science, 16(9), 709–715.
Krueger, J. (1996). Personal beliefs and cultural stereotypes about racial characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(3), 536–548.
Kteily, N., Hodson, G., & Bruneau, E. (2016). They see us as less than human: Metadehumanization predicts intergroup conflict via reciprocal dehumanization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110(3), 343–370.
Lai, C. K., Marini, M., Lehr, S. A., Cerruti, C., Shin, J. L., Joy-Gaba, J., … & Nosek, B. A. (2014). Reducing implicit racial preferences: I. A comparative investigation of 17 interventions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(4), 1765–1785.
Lazarus, N. (2015). Evaluating seeds of peace: Assessing long-term impact in volatile context. In Del Felice, C., Karako, A., & Wisler, A. (Eds.), Peace education evaluation: Learning from experience and exploring prospects; peace education evaluation: Learning from experience and exploring prospects (pp. 163–177). Charlotte, NC: IAP Information Age Publishing.
Leary, M. R., & Downs, D. L. (1995). Interpersonal functions of the self-esteem motive: The self-esteem system as sociometer. In Kernis, M. H. (Ed.), Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem (pp. 123–144). New York: Plenum Press.
Leary, M. R., Kowalski, R. M., & Bergen, D. J. (1988). Interpersonal information acquisition and confidence in first encounters. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14(1), 68–77.
Levy, S. R., & Dweck, C. S. (1999). The impact of children’s static versus dynamic conceptions of people on stereotype formation. Child Development, 70(5), 1163–1180.
Levy, S. R., Stroessner, S. J., & Dweck, C. S. (1998). Stereotype formation and endorsement: The role of implicit theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1421–1436.
MacInnis, C. C., & Page-Gould, E. (2015). How can intergroup interaction be bad if intergroup contact is good? Exploring and reconciling an apparent paradox in the science of intergroup relations. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(3), 307–327.
Madera, J. M., Neal, J. A., & Dawson, M. (2011). A strategy for diversity training: Focusing on empathy in the workplace. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 35(4), 469–487.
Maister, L., Slater, M., Sanchez-Vives, M., & Tsakiris, M. (2015). Changing bodies changes minds: Owning another body affects social cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(1), 6–12.
Ma-Kellams, C., & Lerner, J. (2016). Trust your gut or think carefully? Examining whether an intuitive, versus a systematic, mode of thought produces greater empathic accuracy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111, 674–685.
Malhotra, D., & Liyanage, S. (2005). Long-term effects of peace workshops in protracted conflicts. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 49(6), 908–924.
Mallett, R. M., Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2008). Expect the unexpected: Failure to anticipate similarities leads to an intergroup forecasting error. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 265–277.
Malti, T., Chaparro, M. P., Zuffianò, A., & Colasante, T. (2016). School-based interventions to promote empathy-related responding in children and adolescents: A developmental analysis. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 45(6), 718–731.
McConahay, J. G., Hardee, B. B., & Batts, V. (1981). Has racism declined? It depends on who’s asking and what is asked. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 25, 563–579.
McFarland, S. (2010). Authoritarianism, social dominance, and other roots of generalized prejudice. Political Psychology, 31(3), 453–477.
Miklikowska, M. (2018). Empathy trumps prejudice: The longitudinal relation between empathy and anti-immigrant attitudes in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 54(4), 703–717.
Mooijman, M., & Stern, C. (2016). When perspective taking creates a motivational threat: The case of conservatism, same-sex sexual behavior, and anti-gay attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(6), 738–754.
Murphy, M. C., Richeson, J. A., & Molden, D. C. (2011). Leveraging motivational mindsets to foster positive interracial interactions. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(2), 118–131.
Nadler, A., & Liviatan, I. (2006). Intergroup reconciliation: Effects of adversary’s expressions of empathy, responsibility, and recipients’ trust. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(4), 459–470.
Nadler, A., & Shnabel, N. (2015). Intergroup reconciliation: Instrumental and socio-emotional processes and the needs-based model. European Review of Social Psychology, 26(1), 93–125.
Oh, S. Y., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., & Zaki, J. (2016). Virtually old: Embodied perspective taking and the reduction of ageism under threat. Computers in Human Behavior, 60, 398–410.
Okimoto, T. G., & Wenzel, M. (2011). The other side of perspective taking: Transgression ambiguity and victims’ revenge against their offender. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2, 373–378.
Pace, T. W. W., Negi, L. T., Adame, D. D., Cole, S. P., Sivilli, T. I., Brown, T. D., … & Raison, C. L. (2009). Effect of compassion meditation on neuroendocrine, innate immune and behavioral responses to psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(1), 87–98.
Page-Gould, E., Mendoza-Denton, R., & Tropp, L. R. (2008). With a little help from my cross-group friend: Reducing anxiety in intergroup contexts through cross-group friendship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1080–1094.
Paluck, E. L. (2009). Reducing intergroup prejudice and conflict using the media: A field experiment in Rwanda. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 574–587.
Paluck, E. L. (2010). Is it better not to talk? Group polarization, extended contact, and perspective taking in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 1170–1185.
Paluck, E. L. (2016. How to overcome prejudice: A brief conversation can have a lasting effect on prejudice. Science, 352, 147.
Paluck, E. L., & Green, D. P. (2009). Prejudice reduction: What works? A review and assessment of research and practice. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 339–367.
Paluck, E. L., Green, S. A., & Green, D. P. (2018). The contact hypothesis re-evaluated. Behavioral Public Policy, 1–30. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/bpp.2018.25
Paolini, S., Harwood, J., & Rubin, M. (2010). Negative intergroup contact makes group memberships salient: Explaining why intergroup conflict endures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(12), 1723–1738.
Paolini, S., Hewstone, M., Cairns, E., & Voci, A. (2004). Effects of direct and indirect cross-group friendships on judgments of Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland: The mediating role of an anxiety-reduction mechanism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 770–786.
Park, B. J., & Judd, C. M. (2005). Rethinking the link between categorization and prejudice within the social cognition perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9, 108–130.
Pearce, K., & Ross, S. (Producers). (1991, September 26). Primetime live [Television broadcast]. New York: ABC News.
Pecukonis, E. (1990). A cognitive/affective empathy training program. Adolescence, 25(97), 59.
Peters, W. (Producer/Director). (1971). The eye of the storm [Television movie]. New York: American Broadcasting Company.
Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 65–85.
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 751–783.
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2008). How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-analytic tests of three mediators. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(6), 922–934.
Pierce, J. R., Kilduff, G. J., Galinsky, A. D., & Sivanathan, N. (2013). From glue to gasoline: How competition turns perspective takers unethical. Psychological Science, 24(10), 1986–1994.
Pliskin, R., Bar-Tal, D., Sheppes, G., & Halperin, E. (2014). Are leftists more emotion-driven than rightists? The interactive influence of ideology and emotions on support for policies. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(12), 1681–1697.
Porat, R., Halperin, E., & Tamir, M. (2016). What we want is what we get: Group-based emotional preferences and conflict resolution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110, 167–190.
Quintana, S. M. (1994). A model of ethnic perspective-taking ability applied to Mexican-American children and youth. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 18(4), 419–448.
Quintana, S. M. (1998). Children’s developmental understanding of ethnicity and race. Applied & Preventive Psychology, 7(1), 27–45.
Richeson, J. A., & Shelton, J. N. (2003). When prejudice does not pay: Effects of interracial contact on executive function. Psychological Science, 14, 287–90.
Richeson, J. A., & Trawalter, S. (2005). Why do interracial interactions impair executive function? A resource depletion account. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(6), 934–947.
Roseth, C. J., Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2008). Promoting early adolescents’ achievement and peer relationships: The effects of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic goal structures. Psychological Bulletin, 134(2), 223–246.
Rosler, N., Cohen-Chen, S., & Halperin, E. (2017). The distinctive effects of empathy and hope in intractable conflicts. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61, 114–139.
Salomon, G. (2004). A narrative-based view of coexistence education. Journal of Social Issues, 60(2), 273–287.
Sasaki, S. J., & Vorauer, J. D. (2010). Contagious resource depletion and anxiety? Spreading effects of evaluative concern and impression formation in dyadic social interaction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 1011–1016.
Sassenrath, C., Hodges, S. D., & Pfattheicher, S. (2016). It’s all about the self: When perspective taking backfires. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(6), 405–410.
Schneider, M. E., Major, B., Luhtanen, R., & Crocker, J. (1996). Social stigma and the potential costs of assumptive help. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(2), 201–209.
Schonert-Reichl, K., Smith, V., Zaidman-Zait, A., & Hertzman, C. (2012). Promoting children’s prosocial behaviors in school: Impact of the “roots of empathy” program on the social and emotional competence of school-aged children. School Mental Health, 4(1), 1–21.
Schumann, K., Zaki, J., & Dweck, C. S. (2014). Addressing the empathy deficit: Beliefs about the malleability of empathy predict effortful responses when empathy is challenging. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(3), 475–493.
Shaw, A., Montinari, N., Piovesan, M., Olson, K. R., Gino, F., & Norton, M. I. (2014). Children develop a veil of fairness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(1), 363–375.
Shechtman, Z., & Tanus, H. (2006). Counseling groups for Arab adolescents in an intergroup conflict in Israel: Report of an outcome study. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 12(2), 119–137.
Shelton, J. N., & Richeson, J. A. (2005). Intergroup contact and pluralistic ignorance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 91–107.
Shih, M. J., Stotzer, R., & Gutiérrez, A. S. (2013). Perspective-taking and empathy: Generalizing the reduction of group bias towards Asian Americans to general outgroups. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 4(2), 79–83.
Sierksma, J., Thijs, J., & Verkuyten, M. (2015). In-group bias in children’s intention to help can be overpowered by inducing empathy. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 33(1), 45–56. doi:10.1111/bjdp.12065
Silverman, A. M., Gwinn, J. D., & Van Boven, L. (2015). Stumbling in their shoes: Disability simulations reduce judged capabilities of disabled people. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(4), 464–471.
Sinclair, L., Fehr, B., Wang, W., & Regehr, E. (2016). The relation between compassionate love and prejudice: The mediating role of inclusion of out-group members in the self. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(2), 176–183.
Sleeter, C., & Grant, C. (1987) An analysis of multicultural education in the United States. Harvard Educational Review: December, 57(4), 421–445.
Soble, J. R., Spanierman, L. B., & Liao, H. (2011). Effects of a brief video intervention on white university students’ racial attitudes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(1), 151–157.
Spanierman, L. B., & Heppner, M. J. (2004). Psychosocial Costs of Racism to Whites Scale (PCRW): Construction and initial validation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(2), 249–262.
Stephan, W. G., & Finlay, K. (1999). The role of empathy in improving intergroup relations. Journal of Social Issues, 55(4), 729–743.
Stewart, T. L., LaDuke, J. R., Bracht, C., Sweet, B. A. M., & Gamarel, K. E. (2003). Do the “eyes” have it? A program evaluation of Jane Elliott’s “blue-eyes/brown-eyes” diversity training exercise. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(9), 1898–1921.
Tarrant, M., Calitri, R., & Weston, D. (2012). Social identification structures the effects of perspective taking. Psychological Science, 23, 973–978.
Tarrant, M., Dazeley, S., & Cottom, T. (2009). Social categorization and empathy for outgroup members. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48(3), 427–446.
Thompson, L. L. (1991). Information exchange in negotiation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27(2), 161–179.
Thürmer, J. L., & McCrea, S. M. (in press). Beyond motivated reasoning: Hostile reactions to critical comments from the outgroup. Motivation Science.
Todd, A. R., Bodenhausen, G. V., Richeson, J. A., & Galinsky, A. D. (2011). Perspective taking combats automatic expressions of racial bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 1027–1042.
Todd, A. R., & Galinsky, A. D. (2012). The reciprocal link between multiculturalism and perspective taking: How ideological and self-regulatory approaches to managing diversity reinforce each other? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(6), 1394–1398.
Todd, A. R., & Galinsky, A. D. (2014). Perspective‐taking as a strategy for improving intergroup relations: Evidence, mechanisms, and qualifications. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8(7), 374–387.
Todd, A. R., Galinsky, A. D., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2012). Perspective taking undermines stereotype maintenance processes: Evidence from social memory, behavior explanation, and information solicitation. Social Cognition, 30, 94–108.
Trawalter, S., & Richeson, J. A. (2006). Regulatory focus and executive function after interracial interactions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(3), 406–412.
Tropp, L. R., & Barlow, F. K. (2018). Making advantaged racial groups care about inequality: Intergroup contact as a route to psychological investment. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(3). doi.org/10.1177/0963721417743282 Trost, M. R., Cialdini, R. B., & Maass, A. (1989). Effects of an international conflict simulation on perceptions of the Soviet Union: A FIREBREAKS backfire. Journal of Social Issues, 45(2), 139–158.
van Berkhout, E., & Malouff, J. (2016). The efficacy of empathy training: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63, 32–41.
Vescio, T. K., Sechrist, G. B., & Paolucci, M. P. (2003). Perspective taking and prejudice reduction: The mediational role of empathy arousal and situational attributions. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 455–472.
Vorauer, J. D. (2003). Dominant group members in intergroup interaction: Safety or vulnerability in numbers? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 498–511.
Vorauer, J. D. (2005). Miscommunications surrounding efforts to reach out across group boundaries. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1653–1664.
Vorauer, J. D. (2006). An information search model of evaluative concerns in intergroup interaction. Psychological Review, 113, 862–886.
Vorauer, J. D. (2008). Unprejudiced and self-focused: When intergroup contact is experienced as being about the ingroup rather than the outgroup. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 912–919.
Vorauer, J. D. (2012). Completing the Implicit Association Test (IAT) reduces positive intergroup interaction behavior. Psychological Science, 23, 1168–1175.
Vorauer, J. D. (2013). The case for and against perspective-taking. In Zanna, M. P. & Olson, J. (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 48, pp. 59–115. Burlington: Academic Press.
Vorauer, J. D. (2018). Perceived and self-reported empathy in intergroup interaction. Unpublished raw data.
Vorauer, J. D., & Cameron, J. J. (2002). So close, and yet so far: Does collectivism foster transparency overestimation? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1344–1352.
Vorauer, J. D., Gagnon, A., & Sasaki, S. J. (2009). Salient intergroup ideology and intergroup interaction. Psychological Science, 20, 838–845.
Vorauer, J. D., Main, K. J., & O’Connell, G. B. (1998). How do individuals expect to be viewed by members of lower status groups? Content and implications of meta-stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 917–937.
Vorauer, J. D., & Martens, V., & Sasaki, S. J. (2009). When trying to understand detracts from trying to behave: Effects of perspective-taking in intergroup interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 811–827.
Vorauer, J. D., & Petsnik, C. (2018). What really helps? Divergent implications of talking to someone with an empathic mind-set versus similar experience for shame and self-evaluation in the wake of an embarrassing event. Manuscript under review.
Vorauer, J. D., & Quesnel, M. (2016). Don’t bring me down: Divergent effects of being the target of empathy versus perspective-taking on minority group members’ perceptions of their group’s social standing. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 19, 94–109.
Vorauer, J. D., & Quesnel, M. (2017a). Ideology and voice: Salient multiculturalism enhances minority group members’ persuasiveness in intergroup interaction. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(8), 867–874.
Vorauer, J. D., & Quesnel, M. (2017b). Salient multiculturalism enhances minority group members’ feelings of power. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43, 259–271.
Vorauer, J. D., & Quesnel, M. (2018). Empathy by dominant versus minority group members in intergroup interaction: Do dominant group members always come out on top? Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 21, 549–567.
Vorauer, J. D., Quesnel, M., & Germain, S. L. (2016). Reductions in goal-directed cognition as a consequence of being the target of empathy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42, 130–141.
Vorauer, J. D., & Sakamoto, Y. (2006). I thought we could be friends, but … Systematic miscommunication and defensive distancing as obstacles to cross-group friendship formation. Psychological Science, 17, 326–331.
Vorauer, J. D., & Sakamoto, Y. (2008). Who cares what the outgroup thinks? Testing an information search model of the importance individuals accord to an outgroup member’s view of them during intergroup interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1467–1480.
Vorauer, J. D., & Sasaki, S. J. (2009). Helpful only in the abstract? Ironic effects of empathy in intergroup interaction. Psychological Science, 20, 191–197.
Vorauer, J. D., & Sasaki, S. J. (2011). In the worst rather than the best of times: Effects of salient intergroup ideology in threatening intergroup interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 307–320.
Vorauer, J. D., & Sasaki, S. J. (2014). Distinct effects of imagine-other versus imagine-self perspective-taking on prejudice reduction. Social Cognition, 32, 130–147.
Vorauer, J. D., & Sucharyna, T. (2013). Potential negative effects of perspective-taking efforts in the context of close relationships: Increased bias and reduced satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 70–86.
Vorauer, J. D., & Turpie, C. (2004). Relation of prejudice to choking versus shining under pressure in intergroup interaction: The disruptive effects of vigilance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 384–399.
Weisz, E., & Zaki, J. (2017). Empathy-building interventions: A review of existing work and suggestions for future directions. In Seppälä, E. M., Simon-Thomas, E., Brown, S. L., Worline, M. C., Cameron, C. D. & Doty, J. R. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of compassion science (pp. 205–217). New York: Oxford University Press.
Weng, H. Y., Fox, A. S., Shackman, A. J., Stodola, D. E., Caldwell, J. Z. K., Olson, M. C., … & Davidson, R. J. (2013). Compassion training alters altruism and neural responses to suffering. Psychological Science, 24(7), 1171–1180.
West, K., & Greenland, K. (2016). Beware of “reducing prejudice”: Imagined contact may backfire if applied with a prevention focus. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 46(10), 583–592.
Wilkes, M., Milgrom, E., & Hoffman, J. R. (2002). Towards more empathic medical students: A medical student hospitalization experience. Medical Education, 36(6), 528–533.
Wilson, T. D., Dunn, D. S., Kraft, D. & Lisle, D. J. (1989). Introspection, attitude change, and attitude-behavior consistency: The disruptive effects of explaining why we feel the way we do. In Berkowitz, L. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 22, pp. 287–343). New York: Academic Press.
Winczewski, L. A., Bowen, J. D., & Collins, N. L. (2016). Is empathic accuracy enough to facilitate responsive behavior in dyadic interaction? Distinguishing ability from motivation. Psychological Science, 27(3), 394–404.
Wright, S. C., Aron, A., McLaughlin-Volpe, T., & Ropp, S. A. (1997). The extended contact effect: Knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 73–90.
Wright, S. C., Mazziotta, A., & Tropp, L. R. (2017). Contact and intergroup conflict: New ideas for the road ahead. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 23(3), 317–327.
Zaki, J. (2014). Empathy: A motivated account. Psychological Bulletin, 140(6), 1608–1647.
Zaki, J., & Cikara, M. (2015). Addressing empathic failures. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(6), 471–476.
Zuckerman, M., Kernis, M. H., Guarnera, S. M., Murphy, J. F., & Rappoport, L. (1983). The egocentric bias: Seeing oneself as cause and target of others’ behavior. Journal of Personality, 51, 621–630.
