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  • Print publication year: 2017
  • Online publication date: May 2017

Chapter 5 - Sea-Air Interactions

from Assessment of Major Ecosystem Services from the Marine Environment (Other than Provisioning Services)
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Summary

Introduction

From the physical point of view, the interaction between these two turbulent fluids, the ocean and the atmosphere, is a complex, highly nonlinear process, fundamental to the motions of both. The winds blowing over the surface of the ocean transfer momentum and mechanical energy to the water, generating waves and currents. The ocean in turn gives off energy as heat, by the emission of electromagnetic radiation, by conduction, and, in latent form, by evaporation.

The heat flux from the ocean provides one of the main energy sources for atmospheric motions. This source of energy for the atmosphere is affected by the turbulence at the air/sea interface, and by the spatial distribution of the centres of high and low energy transfer affected by the ocean currents. This coupling takes place through processes that fundamentally occur at small scales. The strength of this coupling depends on air-sea differences in several factors and therefore has geographic and temporal scales over a broad range. At these small scales on the sea-surface interface itself, waves, winds, water temperature and salinity, bubbles, spray and variations in the amount of solar radiation that reaches the ocean surface, and other factors, affect the transfer of properties and energy.

In the long term, the convergence and divergence of oceanic heat transport provide sources and sinks of heat for the atmosphere and partly shape the mean climate of the earth. Analyzing whether these processes are changing due to anthropogenic influences and the potential impact of these changes is the subject of this chapter. Following guidance from the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole, much of the information presented here is based on or derives from the very thorough analysis conducted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for its recent Fifth Assessment Report (AR5).

The atmosphere and the ocean form a coupled system, exchanging at the air-sea interface gases, water (and water vapour), particles, momentum and energy. These exchanges affect the biology, the chemistry and the physics of the ocean and influence its biogeochemical processes, weather and climate (exchanges affecting the water cycle are addressed in Chapter 4).

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The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment
  • Online ISBN: 9781108186148
  • Book DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108186148
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