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Current estimates indicate a total European migration to the English mainland colonies, through 1780, of between 472,600 and 512,900. Of these, some 54,500 were involuntary migrants (convicts or prisoners), the vast majority of whom entered North America during the eighteenth century. Of the 418,100–458,400 voluntary migrants, I estimate 48–50 percent were committed to an initial period of servitude by indenture or other arrangement. This status was substantially more common during the seventeenth century, when it described 59–64 percent of all voluntary migrants, than the eighteenth, when it described 40–42 percent. In what follows here I disaggregate these crude totals by century, region, and component.
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