References
Adams, S. M., Gupta, A., & Leeth, J. D. (2009). “Are Female Executives Over‐Represented in Precarious Leadership Positions?” British Journal of Management 20 (1): 1–12.
Aiken, L. S., West, S. G., & Reno, R. R. (1991). Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Arthaud-Day, M. L., Certo, S. T., Dalton, C. M., & Dalton, D. R. (2006). “A Changing of the Guard: Executive and Director Turnover Following Corporate Financial Restatements.” Academy of Management Journal 49 (6): 1119–1136.
Arthur, M. B. & Rosseau, D. M. (1996). The Boundaryless Career: A New Employment Principle for a New Organizational Era. New York: Oxford University Press.
Barbulescu, R. & Bidwell, M. (2012). “Do Women Choose Different Jobs from Men? Mechanisms of Application Segregation in the Market for Managerial Workers.” Organization Science 24 (3): 737–756. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1120.0757 Becker, G. S. (1993). Human Capital. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bell, E. L. J. E. & Nkomo, S. M. (2001). Our Separate Ways: Black and White Women and the Struggle for Professional Identity. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Blair-Loy, M. (1999). “Career Patterns of Executive Women in Finance: An Optimal Matching Analysis.” American Journal of Sociology 104 (5): 1346–1397.
Boin, A., Hart, P. T., McConnell, A., & Preston, T. (2010). “Leadership Style, Crisis Response and Blame Management: The Case of Hurricane Katrina.” Public Administration 88 (3): 706–723.
Borgatti, S. P. & Foster, P. C. (2003). “The Network Paradigm in Organizational Research: A Review and Typology.” Journal of Management 29 (6): 991–1013.
Bowling, C. J., Kelleher, C. A., Jones, J., & Wright, D. S. (1970). “Cracked Ceilings, Firmer Floors, and Weakening Walls: Trends and Patterns in Gender Representation among Executives Leading American State Agencies.” Public Administration Review 66 (6): 823–836.
Bowling, C. J., Kelleher, C. A., Jones, J., & Wright, D. S. (2006). “Cracked Ceilings, Firmer Floors, and Weakening Walls: Trends and Patterns in Gender Representation among Executives Leading American State Agencies, 1970–2000.” Public Administration Review 66 (6): 823–836. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540–6210.2006.00651.x Boynton, R. & Deil, W. (1971). “Mayor-Manager Relationships in Large Council-Manager Cities: A Reinterpretation.” Public Administration Review 31 (1): 28–36.
Brady, D., Issacs, K., Reeves, M., Burroway, R., & Reynolds, M. (2011). “Sector, Size, Stability, and Scandal: Explaining the Presence of Female Executives in Fortune 500 Firms.” Gender in Management: An International Journal 26 (1): 84–104.
Brass, D. J. (1995). “A Social Network Perspective on Human Resources Management.” In G. R. Ferris (ed.), Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management (pp. 39–79). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Brems, C. & Johnson, M. E. (1990). “Reexamination of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory: The Interpersonal BSRI.” Journal of Personality Assessment 55 (3–4): 484–498.
Brescoll, V. L., Dawson, E., & Uhlmann, E. L. (2010). “Hard Won and Easily Lost: The Fragile Status of Leaders in Gender-Stereotype-Incongruent Occupations.” Psychological Science 21 (11): 1640–1642. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610384744 Breslin, R. A., Pandey, S., & Riccucci, N. M. (2017). “Intersectionality in Public Leadership Research: A Review and Future Research Agenda.” Review of Public Personnel Administration 37 (2): 160–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X17697118 Bruckmüller, S., Ryan, M. K., Rink, F., & Haslam, S. A. (2014). “Beyond the Glass Ceiling: The Glass Cliff and Its Lessons for Organizational Policy.” Social Issues and Policy Review 8 (1): 202–223.
Brzinsky-Fay, C., Kohler, U., & Lunaik, M. (2006). “Sequence Analysis with Stata.” The Stata Journal 6 (4): 435–460.
Buckwalter, D. W. & Parsons, R. J. (2000). Local City Managers Career Paths: Which Way to the Top? The Municipal Yearbook 2000. Washington, DC: International City/County Managers Association.
Burke, S. & Collins, K. M. (2001). “Gender Differences in Leadership Styles and Management Skills.” Women in Management Review 16 (5): 244–257.
Burns, R. A. (1980). “Women in Municipal Management: Choice, Challenge and Change.” RIE 220370. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED220370 Cassell, J. (1998). The Woman in the Surgeon’s Body. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Catalyst (Organization). (2004). The Bottom Line: Connecting Corporate Performance and Gender Diversity. New York: Catalyst.
Collinson, D. L. & Hearn, J. (1996). Men as Managers, Managers as Men: Critical Perspectives on Men, Masculinities and Managements. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Cook, A. & Glass, C. (2013). “Glass Cliffs and Organizational Saviors: Barriers to Minority Leadership in Work Organizations?” Social Problems 60 (2): 168–187.
Cook, A. & Glass, C. (2014). “Above the Glass Ceiling: When Are Women and Racial/Ethnic Minorities Promoted to CEO?” Strategic Management Journal 35 (7): 1080–1089.
Correll, S. J., Kelly, E. L., O’Connor, L. T., & Williams, J. C. (2014). “Redesigning, Redefining Work.” Work and Occupations 41 (1): 3–17.
Correll, S. J. & Ridgeway, C. L. (2003). Expectation States Theory. In Delamater, J., (ed.) Handbook of Social Psychology. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Croon, M. A. & van Veldhoven, M. J. M. (2007). “Predicting Group-Level Outcome Variables from Variables Measured at the Individual Level: A Latent Variable Multilevel Model.” Psychological Methods 12 (1): 45–57.
Davies, A. R. & Frink, B. D. (2014). “The Origins of the Ideal Worker: The Separation of Work and Home in the United States from the Market Revolution to 1950.” Work and Occupations 41 (1): 18–39.
Davis, G. F. & Marquis, C. (2005). “Prospects for Organization Theory in the Early Twenty-First Century: Institutional Fields and Mechanisms.” Organization Science 16 (4): 332–343. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1050.0137 DeHart-Davis, L., Hatmaker, D. M., Oberfield, Z. W., & Smith, A. E. (2018). “Public Sector Diversity Research: Taking Stock.” In Stazyk, E. C. & Frederickson, H. G. (eds.) Handbook of American Public Administration. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 277–288.
DeHoog, R. H. & Whitaker, G. P. (1990). “Political Conflict or Professional Advancement: Alternative Explanations of City Manager Turnover.” Journal of Urban Affairs 12 (4): 361–377.
DeHoog, R. & Whitaker, G. (1991). “City Managers under Fire: How Conflict Leads to Turnover.” Public Administration Review 51 (1): 156. https://doi.org/0.2307/977109 Duehr, E. E. & Bono, J. E. (2006). “Men, Women, and Managers: Are Stereotypes Finally Changing?” Personnel Psychology 59 (4): 815–846.
Eagly, A. & Carli, L. L. (2007). “Women and the Labyrinth of Leadership.” Harvard Business Review 85 (9): 63–71.
Eagly, A. H. & Johnson, B. T. (1990). “Gender and Leadership Style: A Meta-analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 108 (2): 233.
Eagly, A. H. & Karau, S. J. (2002). “Role Congruity Theory of Prejudice toward Female Leaders.” Psychological Review 109 (3): 573–598.
Eagly, A. H. & Kite, M. E. (1987). “Are Stereotypes of Nationalities Applied to Both Women and Men?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53 (3): 451.
Eagly, A. H., Makhijani, M. G., & Klonsky, B. G. (1992). “Gender and the Evaluation of Leaders: A Meta-analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 111 (1): 3–22.
Edelman, L. & Suchman, M. C. (1997). “The Legal Environments of Organizations.” Annual Review of Sociology 23 (1): 479–515.
Elsaid, E. & Ursel, N. C. (2017). “Re-Examining the Glass Cliff Hypothesis Using Survival Analysis: The Case of Female CEO Tenure.” British Journal of Management 29 (1): 156–170.
Ely, R. J. (1995). “The Power in Demography: Women’s Social Constructions of Gender Identity at Work.” Academy of Management Journal 38 (3): 589–634. https://doi.org/10.5465/256740 Ernst and Young (2017). Think Governments Are Achieving Gender Diversity in the Workforce? Think Again. New York: Ernst and Young.
Feeney, M. & Stritch, J. (2019). “Family-Friendly Policies, Gender, and Work–Life Balance in the Public Sector.” Review of Public Personnel Administration 39 (3): 442–448.
Feiock, R. C., Clingermayer, J. C., Stream, C., McCabe, B. C., & Ahmed, S. (2001). “Political Conflict, Fiscal Stress, and Administrative Turnover in American Cities.” State and Local Government Review 33 (2): 101–108.
Feiock, R. C. & Kim, J. H. (2001). “Form of Government, Administrative Organization, and Local Economic Development Policy.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 11 (1): 29–50.
Feiock, R. E. & Stream, G. (1998). “Explaining the Tenure of Local Government Managers.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 8 (1): 117–130.
Foldy, E. G. (2012). “Something of Collaborative Manufacture: The Construction of Race and Gender Identities in Organizations.” The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 48 (4): 495–524. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886312440041 Fox, R. & Schuhmann, R. (1999). “Gender and Local Government: A Comparison of Women and Men City Managers.” Public Administration Review 59 (3): 231–242. https://doi.org/10.2307/3109951 French, P. E. (2009). Employment Laws and the Public Sector Employer: Lessons to Be Learned from a Review of Lawsuits Filed against Local Governments. Public Administration Review 69 (1): 92–103.
Gelfand, M. J., Nishii, L. H., Raver, J. L., & Schneider, B. (2007). Discrimination in Organizations: An Organizational-Level Systems Perspective (CAHRS Working Paper# 07–08).
Gelman, A. (2008). “Scaling Regression Inputs by Dividing by Two Standard Deviations.” Statistics in Medicine 27 (15): 2865–2873.
Germain, M. L., Herzog, M. J. R., & Hamilton, P. R. (2012). “Women Employed in Male-Dominated Industries: Lessons Learned from Female Aircraft Pilots, Pilots-in-Training and Mixed-Gender Flight Instructors.” Human Resource Development International 15 (4): 435–453.
Gilson, S. C. & Vetsuypens, M. R. (1993). “CEO Compensation in Financially Distressed Firms: An Empirical Analysis.” Journal of Finance 48 (2): 425–458.
Gubler, M., Arnold, J., & Coombs, C. (2014). “Reassessing the Protean Career Concept: Empirical Findings, Conceptual Components, and Measurement.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 35 (1): 23–40.
Gupta, V. K., Han, S., Mortal, S. C., & Silveri, S. D. (2018). “Do Women CEOs Face Greater Threat of Shareholder Activism Compared to Male CEOs? A Role Congruity Perspective.” Journal of Applied Psychology 103 (2): 228–236.
Guy, M. E. & Meier, K. J. (2016). Women and Men of the States: Public Administrators and the State Level. Armonk, NY: Taylor and Francis.
Guy, M. E. & Newman, M. A. (2004). “Women’s Jobs, Men’s Jobs: Sex Segregation and Emotional Labor.” Public Administration Review 64 (3): 289–298.
Hall, D. T. (1976). Careers in Organizations. Santa Monica, CA: Goodyear Publishing Company.
Hall, D. T. (2004). “The Protean Career: A Quarter-Century Journey.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 65: 113.
Haslam, S. A. & Ryan, M. K. (2008). “The Road to the Glass Cliff: Differences in the Perceived Suitability of Men and Women for Leadership Positions in Succeeding and Failing Organizations.” The Leadership Quarterly 19 (5): 530–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.07.011 Hatmaker, D. M. (2013). “Engineering Identity: Gender and Professional Identity Negotiation among Women Engineers.” Gender, Work & Organization 20 (4): 382–396.
Hatmaker, D. M. & Park, H. H. (2014). “Who Are All These People? Longitudinal Changes in New Employee Social Networks within a State Agency.” The American Review of Public Administration 44 (6): 718–739.
Hazel, M. & Nurius, P. (1986). “Possible Selves.” American Psychologist 41: 954–969.
Heilman, M. E. (2001). “Description and Prescription: How Gender Stereotypes Prevent Women’s Ascent up the Organizational Ladder.” Journal of Social Issues 57: 657–674.
Heilman, M. E. (2012). “Gender Stereotypes and Workplace Bias.” Research in Organizational Behavior 31: 113–135.
Hennessey, S. M., MacDonald, K., & Carroll, W. (2014). “Is There a Glass Cliff or a Solid Ledge for Female Appointees to the Board of Directors?” Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict 18 (2): 125–139.
Higgins, M. C. & Kram, K. E. (2001). “Reconceptualizing Mentoring at Work: A Developmental Network Perspective.” Academy of Management Review 26 (2): 264–288.
Herring, C. (2009). “Does Diversity Pay? Race, Gender, and the Business Case for Diversity.” American Sociological Review 74 (2): 208–224.
Hoobler, J. M., Wayne, S. J., & Lemmon, G. (2009). “Bosses’ Perceptions of Family Work Conflict and Women’s Promotability: Glass Ceiling Effects.” Academy of Management Journal 52 (5): 939–957.
Hulett, D. M., Bendick Jr, M., Thomas, S. Y., & Moccio, F. (2008). “Enhancing Women’s Inclusion in Firefighting in the USA.” International Journal of Diversity in Organisations, Communities & Nations 8 (2): 189–207.
Hutchinson, J., Walker, E., & McKenzie, F. H. (2014). “Leadership in Local Government: ‘No Girls Allowed.’” Australian Journal of Public Administration 73 (2): 181–191.
Hymowitz, C. & Schellhardt, T. D. (1986). “The Glass-Ceiling: Why Women Can’t Seem to Break the Invisible Barrier that Blocks them from Top Jobs.” The Wall Street Journal 24 (1): 1573–1592.
Ibarra, H. (1992). “Homophily and Differential Returns: Sex Differences in Network Structure and Access in an Advertising Firm.” Administrative Science Quarterly 37 (3): 422–447. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393451 Ibarra, H.(1997). “Paving an Alternative Route: Gender Differences in Managerial Networks.” Social Psychology Quarterly (March 1) 91–102.
Ibarra, H.(1999). “Provisional Selves: Experimenting with Image and Identity in Professional Adaptation.” Administrative Science Quarterly 44 (4): 764–791.
Ibarra, H., Ely, R., & Kolb, D. (2013). “Women Rising: The Unseen Barriers.” Harvard Business Review 91 (9): 60–66.
Ibarra, H. (2016). Why Strategic Networking Is Harder for Women.
Inkson, K., Gunz, H., Ganesh, S., & Roper, J. (2012). “Boundaryless Careers: Bringing Back Boundaries.” Organization Studies 33 (3): 323–340.
Jaccard, J. (2001). Interaction Effects in Logistic Regression (vol. 135). New York: Sage Publications.
James, E. H. & Wooten, L. P. (2006). “Diversity Crises: How Firms Manage Discrimination Lawsuits.” Academy of Management Journal 49 (6): 1103–1118.
Johnson, S. K., Murphy, S. E., Zewdie, S., & Reichard, R. J. (2008). “The Strong, Sensitive Type: Effects of Gender Stereotypes and Leadership Prototypes on the Evaluation of Male and Female Leaders.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 106 (1): 39–60.
Joseph, D., Boh, W. F, Ang, S., & Slaughter, S. (2012). “The Career Paths Less (or More) Traveled: A Sequence Analysis of IT Career Histories, Mobility Patterns, and Career Success.” MIS Quarterly 36 (2): 427–452.
Judge, E. (2003). “Women on Board: Help or Hindrance?” Times, November, 21.
Kaatz, J., French, E., & Prentiss‐Cooper, H. (1999). “City Council Conflict as a Cause of Psychological Burnout and Voluntary Turnover among City Managers.” State and Local Government Review 31 (3): 162–172.
Kahneman, D. & Tyersky, A. (1979). “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk.” Econometrica 47 (2): 263–292.
Kammerer, G, Farris, C., DeGrove, J., & Clubok, A. (1962). City Managers in Politics: An Analysis of Manager Tenure and Termination. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press.
Kanter, R. M. (1977). “Some Effects of Proportions on Group Life: Skewed Sex Ratios and Responses to Token Women.” American Journal of Sociology 82 (5): 965–990.
Kioko, S., Marlowe, J., Matkin, D. S. T., Moody, M., Smith, D. L., & Zhao, Z. J. (2011). “Why Public Financial Management Matters.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 21 (suppl_1): i113–i124.
Kram, K.E. (1985). Mentoring at Work: Developmental Relationships in Organizational Life. Glenview, IL: Scott, Forestman.
Levenshtein, V. I. (1966). “Binary Codes Capable of Correcting Deletions, Insertions and Reversals.” Cybernetics and Control Theory 10 (8): 707–771.
Lowi, T. J. (1985). The State in Politics: The Relation between Policy and Administration. Regulatory Policy and the Social Sciences. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
McCabe, B., Feiock, R., Clingermayer, J., & Stream, G. (2008). “Turnover among City Managers: The Role of Political and Economic Change.” Public Administration Review 62 (2): 380–386.
McGuire, G. M. (2002). Gender, race, and the shadow structure: A study of informal networks and inequality in a work organization. Gender & Society 16 (3): 303–322.
McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. (2001). “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks.” Annual Review of Sociology 27 (1): 415–444.
Metz, I. & Tharenou, P. (2001). “Women’s Career Advancement: The Relative Contribution of Human and Social Capital.” Group & Organization Management 26 (3): 312–342.
Miller, W., Kerr, B., & Reid, M. (1999). “A National Study of Gender-Based Occupational Segregation in Municipal Bureaucracies: Persistence of Glass Walls?” Public Administration Review 59 (3): 218–230.
Mooi, E. & Sarstedt, M. (2011). A Concise Guide to Market Research: The Process, Data, and Methods Using IBM SPSS Statistics. Heidelberg: Springer.
Nelson, K. L. & Stenberg, C. W. (2018). Managing Local Government: An Essential Guide for Municipal and County Managers. Thousand Oaks, CA: CQ Press, an imprint of Sage Publications.
Nelson, K. L. & Svara, J. H. (2010). “Adaptation of Models versus Variations in Form: Classifying Structures of City Government.” Urban Affairs Review 45 (4): 544–562.
Nelson, K. & Nollenberger, K. (2011). “Conflict and Cooperation in Municipalities: Do Variations in Form of Government Have an Effect?” Urban Affairs Review 47 (5): 969–720. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087411409129. Padavic, I., Ely, R. J., & Reid, E. M. (2020). “Explaining the Persistence of Gender Inequality: The Work–Family Narrative as a Social Defense against the 24/7 Work Culture.” Administrative Science Quarterly 65 (1): 61–111.
Pandey, S. & Amezcua, A. S. (2018). “Women’s Business Ownership and Women’s Entrepreneurship through the Lens of US Federal Policies.” Small Business Economics 1–30.
Patton, M. (1990). Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
Peterson, H. (2016). “Is Managing Academics ‘Women’s Work’? Exploring the Glass Cliff in Higher Education Management.” Educational Management Administration & Leadership 44 (1): 112–127.
Pierson, P. (2000). “Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics.” American Political Science Review 94 (2): 251–267.
Podolny, J. M. & Baron, J. N. (1997). “Resources and Relationships: Social Networks and Mobility in the Workplace.” American Sociological Review 62 (5): 673–693.
Portillo, S. & DeHart‐Davis, L. (2009). “Gender and Organizational Rule Abidance.” Public Administration Review 69(2), 339–347.
Rainey, Hal G. (2009). Understanding and Managing Public Organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Rawski, S. L. & Workman‐Stark, A. L. (2018). “Masculinity Contest Cultures in Policing Organizations and Recommendations for Training Interventions.” Journal of Social Issues 74 (3): 607–627. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12286. Renner, T. & DeSantis, V. (1994). “City Manager Turnover: The Impact of Formal Authority and Electoral Change.” State & Local Government Review 23 (2): 104–111.
Riccucci, N. M. (2009). “The Pursuit of Social Equity in the Federal Government: A Road Less Traveled?” Public Administration Review, 69 (3): 373–382.
Riccucci, N. (2018). Managing Diversity in Public Sector Workforces: Essentials of Public Policy and Administration Series. Boulder, CO: Routledge.
Ridgeway, C. L. (1997). “Interaction and the Conservation of Gender Inequality: Considering Employment.” American Sociological Review, 218–235.
Ridgeway, C. L. (2001). “Gender, Status, and Leadership.” Journal of Social Issues 57 (4): 637–655.
Rivenbark, W. C., Roenigk, D. J., & Allison, G. S. (2010). “Conceptualizing Financial Condition in Local Government.” Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 22 (2): 149–177.
Roberts, L. M., Mayo, A. J., Ely, R. J., & Thomas, D. A. (2018). “Beating the Odds.” Harvard Business Review 96 (2): 126–131.
Romzek, B. S. & Dubnick, M. J. (1987). “Accountability in the Public Sector: Lessons from the Challenger Tragedy.” Public Administration Review 47 (3): 227–238.
Rosette, A. S., Koval, C. Z., Ma, A., & Livingston, R. (2016). “Race Matters for Women Leaders: Intersectional Effects on Agentic Deficiencies and Penalties.” The Leadership Quarterly 27 (3): 429–445.
Roth, L. M. (2006). Selling Women Short: Gender and Money on Wall Street. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Rubin, C. (1973). “Where Are the Women in Management?” Public Management (February): 8–9.
Ryan, M. K. & Haslam, S. A. (2005). “The Glass Cliff: Evidence That Women Are Over-Represented in Precarious Leadership Positions.” British Journal of Management 16 (2): 81–90.
Ryan, M. K. & Haslam, S. A.(2007). “The Glass Cliff: Exploring the Dynamics Surrounding the Appointment of Women to Precarious Leadership Positions.” Academy of Management Review 32 (2): 549–572. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.24351856. Ryan, M. K., Haslam, S. A., Hersby, M. D., & Bongiorno, R. (2011). “Think Crisis–Think Female: The Glass Cliff and Contextual Variation in the Think Manager–Think Male Stereotype.” Journal of Applied Psychology 96 (3): 470–484.
Ryan, M. K, Haslam, S. A., Moregnroth, T., Rink, F., Stoker, J., & Peters, K. (2016). “Getting on Top of the Glass Cliff: Reviewing a Decade of Evidence, Explanations, and Impact.” The Leadership Quarterly 27: 446–455.
Sabharwal, M. (2013). “From Glass Ceiling to Glass Cliff: Women in Senior Executive Service.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 25 (2): 399–426. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mut030. Saidel, J. R. & Loscocco, K. (2005). “Agency Leaders, Gendered Institutions, and Representative Bureaucracy.” Public Administration Review 65 (2): 158–170.
Sanchez-Hucles, J. V. & Davis, D. D. (2010). “Women and Women of Color in Leadership: Complexity, Identity, and Intersectionality.” American Psychologist 65 (3): 171.
Santen, B. & Donker, H. (2009). “Board Diversity in the Perspective of Financial Distress: Empirical Evidence from the Netherlands.” Corporate Board: Role, Duties and Composition 5: 23–35.
Schein, V. E. (1975). “Relationships between Sex Role Stereotypes and Requisite Management Characteristics among Female Managers.” Journal of Applied Psychology 60 (3): 340–344.
Schepker, D. J. & Barker, V. L. III. (2018). “How Stigmatized Are Dismissed Chief Executives? The Role of Character Questioning Causal Accounts and Executive Capital in Dismissed CEO Reemployment.” Strategic Management Journal 39 (9): 2566–2586.
Slack, J. D. (1987). “Affirmative Action and City Managers: Attitudes toward Recruitment of Women.” Public Administration Review (March/April): 199–206.
Slaughter, A. M. (2012). “Why Women Still Can’t Have It All.” The Atlanatic, August.
Smith, A. E. (2015). “On the Edge of a Glass Cliff: Women in Leadership in Public Organizations.” Public Administration Quarterly 29 (3): 484–517.
Smith, A. E. & Hatmaker, D. M. (2017). “Individual Stresses and Strains in the Ascent to Leadership: Gender, Work, and Family.” In Madsen, S. R. (ed.) Handbook of Research on Gender and Leadership (pp. 304–315). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Smith, A. E. & Monaghan, K. R. (2013). “Some Ceilings Have More Cracks: Representative Bureaucracy in Federal Regulatory Agencies.” American Review of Public Administration 43 (1): 50–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074011420997. Stazyk, E. C. & Frederickson, H. G. (eds.) (2018). Handbook of American Public Administration. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Stivers, C. (2002). Gender Images in Public Administration: Legitimacy and the Administrative State. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Stout, J. G., & Dasgupta, N. (2011). “When He Doesn’t Mean You: Gender-Exclusive Language as Ostracism.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 37 (6): 757–769.
Strauss, A. & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research Techniques. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Sun, S. L., Zhu, J., & Ye, K. (2015). “Board Openness during an Economic Crisis.” Journal of Business Ethics 129 (2): 363–377.
Sutton, R. I. & Callahan, A. J. (1987). “The Stigma of Bankruptcy: Spoiled Organizational Image and Its Management.” Academy of Management Journal 30 (3): 405–436.
Svara, J. (1990). Official Leadership in the City: Patterns of Conflict and Cooperation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Terjesen, S., Aguilera, R. V., & Lorenz, R. (2015). “Legislating a Woman’s Seat on the Board: Institutional Factors Driving Gender Quotas for Boards of Directors.” Journal of Business Ethics 128 (2): 233–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014–2083-1. Tsui, A. S. & O’reilly III, C. A. (1989). “Beyond Simple Demographic Effects: The Importance of Relational Demography in Superior–Subordinate Dyads.” Academy of Management Journal 32 (2): 402–423.
US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2018). “Enforcement and Litigation Statistics.”
Meindl, J. R., Ehrlich, S. B., & Dukerich, J. M., (1985). “The Romance of Leadership” Administrative Science Quarterly 30 (1): 78–102.
Thomas, K. M. & Wise, P. G. (1999). “Organizational Attractiveness and Individual Differences: Are Diverse Applicants Attracted by Different Factors?” Journal of Business and Psychology 13 (3): 375–390. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022978400698. Vecchio, R. P. (2002). “Leadership and Gender Advantage.” The Leadership Quarterly 13: 643–671.
Velte, P. (2018). “Appointing Female CEOS in Risky and Precarious Firm Circumstances: A Review of the Glass Cliff Phenomenon.” Corporate Ownership & Control 15 (2): 33–43.
Ward Jr., J. H. (1963). “Hierarchical Grouping to Optimize an Objective Function.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 58 (201): 236–244.
Warner, J., Watts, R., & Wruck, K. (1988). “Stock Prices and Top Management Changes.” Journal of Financial Economics 20: 461–492.
Watson, D. J. & Hassett, W. L. (2004). “Career Paths of City Managers in America’s Largest Council‐Manager Cities.” Public Administration Review 64 (2): 192–199.
Wentling, R. M. & Palma-Rivas, N. (1997). “Current Status and Future Trends of Diversity Initiatives in the Workplace: Diversity Experts’ Perspectives.” Berkeley, CA: National Center for Research in Vocational Education. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED414474.pdf. Wesolowski, M. A. & Mossholder, K. W. (1997). “Relational Demography in Supervisor–Subordinate Dyads: Impact on Subordinate Job Satisfaction, Burnout, and Perceived Procedural Justice.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 18 (4): 351–362.
Wilkins, V. M. & Williams, B. N. (2009). “Representing Blue: Representative Bureaucracy and Racial Profiling in the Latino Community.” Administration & Society 40 (8): 775–798.
Williams, C. L. (1992). “The ‘Glass Escalator’: Hidden Advantages for Men in the ‘Female’ Professions.” Social Problems 39 (3): 253–267.
Williams, J. C., Blair‐Loy, M., & Berdahl, J. L. (2013). “Cultural Schemas, Social Class, and the Flexibility Stigma.” Journal of Social Issues 69 (2): 209–234.
Williams, M. J. & Tiedens, L. Z. (2015). “A Meta-Analysis of Penalties for Women’s Implicit and Explicit Leadership Behaviors.” In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2015, No. 1, p. 17293). Briarcliff Manor, NY: Academy of Management.
Wright, P., Ferris, S., Hiller, J., & Kroll, M. (1995). “Competitiveness through Management of Diversity: Effects on Stock Price Valuation.” The Academy of Management Journal 38 (1): 272–287. https://doi.org/10.2307/256736. Yoder, J. D. (1991). “Rethinking Tokenism: Looking beyond Numbers.” Gender & Society 5 (2): 178–192.