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  • Print publication year: 2010
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10 - Flood hazards: the context of fluvial geomorphology

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Summary

Introduction

River flooding occurs as high water inundates the adjacent floodplain, and is controlled by a combination of discreet processes operating at local and watershed scales. A floodplain is the relatively flat alluvial landform adjacent to a river that is more or less related to the modern flood regime (Wolman and Leopold,1957; Nanson and Croke, 1992; Knighton, 1998; Bridge, 2003). Most floods are natural events vital to river and floodplain geomorphological (Leopold et al., 1964) and ecosystem processes (Hupp 1988; Junk et al., 1989; Thoms, 2003). When humans are impacted, however, floods become “natural disasters” (Figure 10.1). For thousands of years floods have been among the most common and severe natural disasters on Earth, in terms of economic damage and loss of life.

Floods in most river basins are caused by excessive rainfall generated by a variety of atmospheric mechanisms (Smith and Ward, 1988; Slade and Patton, 2002). In cold-winter regions, large floods can be generated from snow/ice melt, particularly in combination with rainfall, while along coastal-draining rivers extensive flooding may be associated with storm surge events. Floods are also generated from catastrophic failure of artificial (reservoirs) and natural lakes, a category that includes dams created by ice, glacial moraines, volcanic lava flows, and landslides (Costa, 1988). Flood hazard refers to the potential of a given flood to threaten human life and property (Smith, 1996).

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Geomorphological Hazards and Disaster Prevention
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