Elliott, P, Andersson, B, Arbustini, E et al. Classification of the cardiomyopathies: A position statement from the European Society of Cardiology working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases. Eur Heart J 2008;29:270–6.Google Scholar

Van Tintelen, JP, Pieper, PG, Van Spaendonck-Zwarts, KY, et al. Pregnancy, cardiomyopathies and genetics. Cardiovasc Res 2014;101:571–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Anderson, JL, Horne, BD. Birthing the genetics of peripartum cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2010;121:2157–9.Google Scholar

Rapezzi, C, Arbustini, E, Caforio, A et al. Diagnostic work up in cardiomyopathies: Bridging the gap between clinical phenotypes and final diagnosis. A position statement from the ESC Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J 2013;34:1448–58.Google Scholar

Blauwet, L, Sliwa, K. Peripartum cardiomyopathy. Obstet Med 2011;4:44–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Grewal, J, Siu, SC, Ross, HJ, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:45–52.Google Scholar

Blatt, A, Svirski, R, Morawsky, G, et al. Short and long-term outcome of pregnant women with pre-existing dilated cardiomyopathy: An NTproBNP and echocardiography-guided study. IMAJ 2010;12:613–16.Google Scholar

Palojoki, E, Kaartinen, M, Kaaja, R, et al. Pregnancy and childbirth in carriers of the lamin A/C gene mutation. European Journal of Heart Failure 2010;12:630–3.Google Scholar

European Society of Gynecology (ESG), Association for European Paediatric Cardiology (AEPC), German Society for Gender Medicine (DGesGM), et al. ESC Guidelines on the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: The Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2011;32:3147–97.Google Scholar

Sliwa, K, Hilfiker-Kleiner, D, Petrie, MC, et al. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of peripartum cardiomyopathy: A position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on peripartum cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010;12(8):767–78.Google Scholar

Pearson, GD, Veille, JC, Rahimtoola, S, et al. Peripartum cardiomyopathy: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Office of Rare Diseases (National Institutes of Health) workshop recommendations and review. JAMA 2000;283:1183–8.Google Scholar

Hibbard, JU, Lindheimer, M, Lang, RM. A modified definition for peripartum cardiomyopathy and prognosis based on echocardiography. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;94:311–16.Google Scholar

Elkayam, U, Akhter, MW, Singh, H, et al. Pregnancy-associated cardiomyopathy: Clinical characteristics and a comparison between early and late presentation. Circulation 2005;111:2050–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bachelier-Walenta, K, Hilfiker-Kleiner, D, Sliwa, K. Acute heart failure: Is it peripartum cardiomyopathy or not? Obstet Med 2013;6:42–4.Google Scholar

Fett, JD, Christie, LG, Carraway, RD, et al. Unrecognized peripartum cardiomyopathy in Haitian women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2005;90(2):161–6.Google Scholar

Lim, CP, Sim, DK. Peripartum cardiomyopathy: Experience in an Asian tertiary centre. Singapore Med J. 2013;54(1):24–7.Google Scholar

Kolte, D, Khera, S, Aronow, WS, et al. Temporal trends in incidence and outcomes of peripartum cardiomyopathy in the United States: A nationwide population-based study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;4;3(3):e001056.Google Scholar

Hilfiker-Kleiner, D, Sliwa, K. Pathophysiology and epidemiology of peripartum cardiomyopathy. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2014;11(6):364–70.Google Scholar

Sliwa, K, Hilfiker-Kleiner, D, Mebazaa, A, et al. EURObservational Research Programme: A worldwide registry on peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) in conjunction with the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on PPCM. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16(5):583–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kao, DP, Hsich, E, Lindenfeld, J. Characteristics, adverse events, and racial differences among delivering mothers with peripartum cardiomyopathy. JACC Heart Fail. 2013;1(5):409–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Shani, H, Kuperstein, R, Berlin, A, et al. Peripartum cardiomyopathy—risk factors, characteristics and long-term follow-up. J Perinat Med. 2015;43(1):95–101.Google Scholar

Prasad, GS, Bhupali, A, Prasad, S, Patil, AN, Deka, Y. Peripartum cardiomyopathy—case series. Indian Heart J. 2014 Mar-Apr;66(2):223–6.Google Scholar

Morales, A, Painter, T, Li, R, et al. Rare variant mutations in pregnancy-associated or peripartum cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2010;121:2176–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Van Spaendonck-Zwarts, KY, van Tintelen, JP, van Veldhuisen, DJ, et al. Peripartum cardiomyopathy as a part of familial dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2010;121:2169–75.Google Scholar

Van Spaendonck-Zwarts, KY, Posafalvi, A, van den Berg, MP, et al. Titn gene mutations are common in families with both peripartum cardiomyopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(32):2165–73.Google Scholar

Midei, MG, DeMent, SH, Feldman, AM, Hutchins, GM, Baughman, KL. Peripartum myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1990;81:922–8.Google Scholar

Felker, GM, Thompson, RE, Hare, JM, et al. Underlying causes and long-term survival in patients with initially unexplained cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1077–84.Google Scholar

Bultmann, BD, Klingel, K, Nabauer, M, Wallwiener, D, Kandolf, R. High prevalence of viral genomes and inflammation in peripartum cardiomyopathy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193:363–5.Google Scholar

Sliwa, K, Forster, O, Libhaber, E, et al. Peripartum cardiomyopathy: Inflammatory markers as predictors of outcome in 100 prospectively studied patients. Eur Heart J 2006;27:441–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Huang, GY, Zhang, LY, Long-Le, MA, Wang, LX. Clinical characteristics and risk factors for peripartum cardiomyopathy. Afr Health Sci. 2012 Mar;12(1):26–31.Google Scholar

Warraich, RS, Sliwa, K, Damasceno, A, et al. Impact of pregnancy-related heart failure on humoral immunity: Clinical relevance of G3-subclass immunoglobulins in peripartum cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 2005;150:263–9.Google Scholar

Hilfiker-Kleiner, D, Sliwa, K. Pathophysiology and epidemiology of peripartum cardiomyopathy.Nat Rev Cardiol 2014 Jun;11(6):364–70.Google Scholar

Hilfiker-Kleiner, D, Kaminski, K, Podewski, E, et al. A cathepsin D-cleaved 16 kDa form of prolactin mediates postpartum cardiomyopathy. Cell 2007;128(3):589–600.Google Scholar

Sliwa, K, Blauwet, L, Tibazarwa, K, et al. Evaluation of bromocriptine in the treatment of acute severe peripartum cardiomyopathy: A proof-of-concept pilot study. Circulation. 2010 Apr 6;121(13):1465–73.Google Scholar

Elkayam, U. Clinical characteristics of peripartum cardiomyopathy in the United States: Diagnosis, prognosis, and management. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Aug 9;58(7):659–70.Google Scholar

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. RCOG Green Top Guideline. No. 37a. Reducing the Risk of Venous Thromboembolism during Pregnancy and the Puerperium. 2015. [https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg-37a.pdf] Accessed August 7, 2015.Google Scholar

Mohan, A, Nelson-Piercy, C. Drugs and therapeutics, including contraception, for women with heart disease. In: Walker, F, O’Brien, P, eds. Heart Disease in Pregnancy. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2014;28(4):471–82.Google Scholar

Safirstein, JG1, Ro, AS, Grandhi, S, et al. Predictors of left ventricular recovery in a cohort of peripartum cardiomyopathy patients recruited via the internet. Int J Cardiol. 2012;154(1):27–31.Google Scholar

Witlin, AG, Mabie, WC, Sibai, BM. Peripartum cardiomyopathy: A longitudinal echocardiographic study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:1129–32.Google Scholar

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE Guideline GC108. Chronic heart failure: Management of chronic heart failure in adults in primary and secondary care. 2010. [http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg108] Accessed August 10, 2015.Google Scholar

Mouquet, F, Mostefa Kara, M, Lamblin, N, et al. Unexpected and rapid recovery of left ventricular function in patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy: Impact of cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur J Heart Fail 2012;14(5):526–9.Google Scholar

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE Technology Appraisal TA 314. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators and cardiac resynchronisation therapy for arrhythmias and heart failure (review of TA95 and TA120). 2014. [https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta314] Accessed August 10, 2015.Google Scholar

Cantwell, R, Clutton-Brock, T, Cooper, G. Saving Mothers’ Lives: Reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer 2006–2008. The Eighth Report of the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the UK. BJOG, 118 (Suppl 1):1–203.Google Scholar

Murali, S, Baldisseri, MR. Peripartum cardiomyopathy. Crit Care Med 2005;33(10 Suppl):S340–6.Google Scholar

Blauwet, LA, Libhaber, E, Forster, O, et al. Predictors of outcome in 176 South African patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2013 Mar;99(5):308–13.Google Scholar

Pillarisetti, J, Kondur, A, Alani, A, et al. Peripartum cardiomyopathy: Predictors of recovery and current state of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator use. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Jul 1;63(25 Pt A):2831–9.Google Scholar

Cooper, LT, Mather, PJ, Alexis, JD, et al. Myocardial recovery in peripartum cardiomyopathy: Prospective comparison with recent onset cardiomyopathy in men and non-peripartum women. J Card Fail. 2012;18:28–33.Google Scholar

Lampert, MB, Weinert, L, Hibbard, J, et al. Contractile reserve in patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy and recovered left ventricular function. Obstet Gynecol 1997;176:189–95.Google Scholar

Elkayam, U. Pregnant again after peripartum cardiomyopathy: To be or not to be? Eur Heart J 2002;23:753–6.Google Scholar

Witlin, AG, Mabie, WC, Sibai, BH. Peripartum cardiomyopathy: An ominous diagnosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;176:182–8.Google Scholar

Dorbala, S, Brozena, S, Zeb, S, et al. Risk stratification of women with peripartum cardiomyopathy at initial presentation: A dobutamine stress echocardiography study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005;18:45–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Goland, S, Bitar, F, Modi, K et al. Evaluation of the clinical relevance of baseline left ventricular ejection fraction as a predictor of recovery or persistence of severe dysfunction in women in the United States with peripartum cardiomyopathy. J Cardiac Fail. 2011;17:426–30.Google Scholar

Bernstein, PS, Magriples, U. Cardiomyopathy in pregnancy: A retrospective study. Am J Perinatol 2001;18:163–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Katsuragi, S, Omoto, A, Kamiya, C, et al. Risk factors for maternal outcome in pregnancy complicated with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Perinatol 2012;32:170–5.Google Scholar

Suri, V, Aggarwal, N, Kalpdev, A, et al. Pregnancy with dilated and peripartum cardiomyopathy: Maternal and fetal outcome. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013;287:195–9.Google Scholar

Saltzberg, MT, Szymkiewicz, S, Bianco, NR. Characteristics and outcomes of peripartum vs non peripartum cardiomyopathy in women using a wearable cardiac defibrillator. J Card Fail 2012;18:21–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Demakis, JG, Rahimtoola, SH, Sutton, GC, et al. Natural course of peripartum cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1971;44:1053–61.Google Scholar

Elkayam, U, Tummala, PP, Rao, K, et al. Maternal and fetal outcomes of subsequent pregnancies in women with peripartum cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2001;344 :1567–71.Google Scholar

Fett, JD, Fristoe, KL, Welsh, SN. Risk of heart failure relapse in subsequent pregnancy among peripartum cardiomyopathy mothers. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2010;109:34–6.Google Scholar

Avila, WS, de Carvalho, ME, Tschaen, CK, et al. Pregnancy and peripartum cardiomyopathy. A comparative and prospective study. Arq Bras Cardiol 2002;79:484–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mishra, TK, Swain, S, Routray, SN. Peripartum cardiomyopathy. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2006;95:104–9.Google Scholar

Habli, M, O’Brien, T, Nowack, E, et al. Peripartum cardiomyopathy: prognostic factors for long-term maternal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;199:415,e1–5.Google Scholar

Modi, KA, Illum, S, Jariatul, K, Caldito, G, Reddy, PC. Poor outcome of indigent patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;201: 171.e1–5.Google Scholar

Elliott, P, McKenna, WJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Lancet 2004;363:1881–91.Google Scholar

Schinkel, AF. Pregnancy in women with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Cardiol Rev 2014;22:217–22.Google Scholar

Thaman, R, Varnava, A, Hamid, MS, et al. Pregnancy related complications in women with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 2003;89:752–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Autore, C, Conte, MR, Piccininno, M, et al. Risk associated with pregnancy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:1864–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Probst, V, Langlard, JM, Desnos, M, et al. Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. French study of the duration and outcome of pregnancy. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 2002;95:81–6.Google Scholar

Tanaka, H, Kamiya, C, Katsuragi, S, et al. Cardiovascular events in pregnancy with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ J. 2014;78:2501–6.Google Scholar

Mogensen, J, Arbustini, E. Restrictive cardiomyopathy. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2009;24:214–20.Google Scholar

Smith, W, Members of CSANZ Cardiovascular Genetics Working Group. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Heart Lung Circ. 2011;20:757–60.Google Scholar

Bauce, B, Daliento, L, Frigo, G, et al. Pregnancy in women with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2006;127:186–9.Google Scholar

Iriyama, T, Kamei, Y, Kozuma, S, et al. Management of patient with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2013;39:390–4.Google Scholar

Lee, LC, Bathgate, SL, Macri, CJ. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia in pregnancy: A case report. J Reprod Med 2006;51:725–8.Google Scholar

Murray, B, Tichnell, C, James, C, Tandri, H, Calkins, H. Pregnancy in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:1910–11.Google Scholar

Cozzolino, M, Perelli, F, Corioni, S, Carpinella, G, Mecacci, F. Successful obstetric management of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2014;78:266–71.Google Scholar

Doyle, NM, Monga, M, Montgomery, B, et al. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy with implantable cardioverter defibrillator placement in pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2005;18:141–4.Google Scholar

Stec, S, Krynski, T, Baran, J, Kulakowski, P. “Rescue” ablation of electrical storm in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in pregnancy. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2013;13:58.Google Scholar