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11 - Low molecular weight heparins in pregnancy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 February 2010

By
Debra A. Hoppensteadt Ph.D. ,
Jawed Fareed Ph.D. ,
Harry L. Messmore M.D. ,
Omer Iqbal M.D. ,
William Wehrmacher M.D.  and
Rodger L. Bick M.D., Ph.D.
Edited by
Rodger L. Bick ,
Eugene P. Frenkel ,
William F. Baker  and
Ravi Sarode
Debra A. Hoppensteadt Ph.D.
Affiliation:
Professor of Pathology and Pharmacology, Loyola University, Chicago Maywood, Illinois, USA
Jawed Fareed Ph.D.
Affiliation:
Professor of Pathology and Pharmacology, Loyola University, Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
Harry L. Messmore M.D.
Affiliation:
Professor Emeritus Department of Medicine, Loyola University, Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
Omer Iqbal M.D.
Affiliation:
Research Assistant Professor Department of Pathology, Loyola University, Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
William Wehrmacher M.D.
Affiliation:
Professor Emeritus Department of Physiology, Loyola Univeristy, Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
Rodger L. Bick M.D., Ph.D.
Affiliation:
Clinical Professor of Medicine and Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Rodger L. Bick
Affiliation:
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
Eugene P. Frenkel
Affiliation:
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
William F. Baker
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles
Ravi Sarode
Affiliation:
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
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Summary

The pathophysiology of the thrombotic process is multicomponent and involves blood, vascular system, humoral mediators and target sites. Furthermore, the intiating event and the site of thrombogenesis play a key role in the overall pathogenesis. The process of thrombogenesis is depicted in Figure 11.1. Initially, vascular injury results in the localized alterations of the vessels, generation of tissue factor, and subsequent activation of platelets. Activated cells mediate several direct or signal transduction induced processes resulting in the activation of platelets. Cellular activation also results in the release of various mediators which amplify vascular spasm and the coagulation process. Adhesion molecules, cytokines, oxidative stress and flow conditions signficantly contribute to the ischemic and occlusive outcome. Drugs that target various sites of the activation process have been developed to control thrombotic events. Because of the coupled pathophysiology, a drug that targets a single site may not be able to produce the desired therapeutic effects. Furthermore, many of these mediators produce localized actions at cellular and subcellular levels. Feedback amplification processes also play an important role in the pathology of these disorders and interruption of these pathways can be a therapeutic goal. This understanding has led to the concept of polytherapy in the management of thrombotic disorders.

Pregnancy and thrombosis

Pregnancy is associated with a hypercoagulable state that can lead to thrombosis and thromboembolism. The risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in pregnancy is approximately six times higher than in non-pregnant women.

Type
Chapter
Information
Hematological Complications in Obstetrics, Pregnancy, and Gynecology , pp. 341 - 360
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

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  • Low molecular weight heparins in pregnancy
    • By Debra A. Hoppensteadt, Ph.D., Professor of Pathology and Pharmacology, Loyola University, Chicago Maywood, Illinois, USA, Jawed Fareed, Ph.D., Professor of Pathology and Pharmacology, Loyola University, Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA, Harry L. Messmore, M.D., Professor Emeritus Department of Medicine, Loyola University, Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA, Omer Iqbal, M.D., Research Assistant Professor Department of Pathology, Loyola University, Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA, William Wehrmacher, M.D., Professor Emeritus Department of Physiology, Loyola Univeristy, Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA, Rodger L. Bick, M.D., Ph.D., Clinical Professor of Medicine and Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
  • Edited by Rodger L. Bick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Eugene P. Frenkel, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, William F. Baker, University of California, Los Angeles, Ravi Sarode, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
  • Book: Hematological Complications in Obstetrics, Pregnancy, and Gynecology
  • Online publication: 01 February 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511526978.012
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  • Low molecular weight heparins in pregnancy
    • By Debra A. Hoppensteadt, Ph.D., Professor of Pathology and Pharmacology, Loyola University, Chicago Maywood, Illinois, USA, Jawed Fareed, Ph.D., Professor of Pathology and Pharmacology, Loyola University, Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA, Harry L. Messmore, M.D., Professor Emeritus Department of Medicine, Loyola University, Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA, Omer Iqbal, M.D., Research Assistant Professor Department of Pathology, Loyola University, Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA, William Wehrmacher, M.D., Professor Emeritus Department of Physiology, Loyola Univeristy, Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA, Rodger L. Bick, M.D., Ph.D., Clinical Professor of Medicine and Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
  • Edited by Rodger L. Bick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Eugene P. Frenkel, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, William F. Baker, University of California, Los Angeles, Ravi Sarode, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
  • Book: Hematological Complications in Obstetrics, Pregnancy, and Gynecology
  • Online publication: 01 February 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511526978.012
Available formats
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  • Low molecular weight heparins in pregnancy
    • By Debra A. Hoppensteadt, Ph.D., Professor of Pathology and Pharmacology, Loyola University, Chicago Maywood, Illinois, USA, Jawed Fareed, Ph.D., Professor of Pathology and Pharmacology, Loyola University, Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA, Harry L. Messmore, M.D., Professor Emeritus Department of Medicine, Loyola University, Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA, Omer Iqbal, M.D., Research Assistant Professor Department of Pathology, Loyola University, Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA, William Wehrmacher, M.D., Professor Emeritus Department of Physiology, Loyola Univeristy, Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA, Rodger L. Bick, M.D., Ph.D., Clinical Professor of Medicine and Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
  • Edited by Rodger L. Bick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Eugene P. Frenkel, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, William F. Baker, University of California, Los Angeles, Ravi Sarode, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
  • Book: Hematological Complications in Obstetrics, Pregnancy, and Gynecology
  • Online publication: 01 February 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511526978.012
Available formats
×