Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 November 2025
While spoken languages rely on the oral-aural language modality, there are languages that are based on manual-visual and tactile modalities; these are discussed in this chapter. This chapter also addresses communication channels, from modal speech found in all spoken languages, to whistled, hum, musical and yell speech. In addition, this chapter introduces communication in non-human species, including plants, animals and aliens. It also provides conlanging practice, a set of guided questions to facilitate the incorporation of communication channels and language modalities in a conlang, and presents some information of communication channels in the Salt language.
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