Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 27
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
November 2015
Print publication year:
2015
Online ISBN:
9781139135375

Book description

Singapore English is a focal point across the many subfields of linguistics, as its semantic, syntactic and phonetic/phonological qualities tell us a great deal about what happens when very different types of language come together. Sociolinguists are also interested in the relative status of Singapore English compared to other languages in the country. This book charts the history of Singapore English and explores the linguistic, historical and social factors that have influenced the variety as it is spoken today. It identifies novel grammatical features of the language, discusses their structure and function, and traces their origins to the local languages of Singapore. It places grammatical system and usage at the core of the analysis, and shows that introspective and corpus data are complementary. This study will be of interest to scholars and advanced students working on language contact, world varieties of English, historical linguistics and sociolinguistics.

Reviews

‘Bao offers a nuanced and novel take on the role of Chinese grammar in the formation of Singapore English. He clearly shows that this continuously evolving language holds important lessons for our understanding of language creation and New English varieties.'

Umberto Ansaldo - University of Hong Kong

‘Superstrate filter guides selection from systemic substrate transfer in emergent ‘Singlish': Bao's brilliant, theoretically ambitious analysis represents cutting-edge thinking uniting contact theory, usage-based linguistics, exemplar theory, typology, and construction grammar.'

Edgar W. Schneider - Universität Regensburg, Germany

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

References

Aboh, Enoch Oladé. 2006. The role of the syntax–semantics interface in language transfer. In Lefebvre, et al. (eds.), pp. 221252.
Aijmer, Karin and Alternberg, Bengt (eds.). 1991. English corpus linguistics: Studies in honour of Jan Svartvik. London: Longman.
Aikenvald, Alexandra Y. 2003. Mechanisms of change in areal diffusion: New morphology and language contact. Journal of Linguistics 39, 1: 129.
Aikenvald, Alexandra Y. and Dixon, R. M. W. (eds.). 2001. Areal diffusion and genetic inheritance: Problems in comparative linguistics. Oxford University Press.
Alsagoff, Lubna. 2010. English in Singapore: Culture, capital and identity in linguistic variation. World Englishes 29, 3: 336348.
Alsagoff, Lubna and Lick, Ho Chee. 1998. The relative clause in colloquial Singapore English. World Englishes 17, 2: 127138.
Andersen, Roger W. 1983a. Transfer to somewhere. In Gass, and Selinker, (eds.), pp. 177201.
Andersen, Roger (ed.). 1983b. Pidginization and creolization as language acquisition. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
Ansaldo, Umberto. 2004. The evolution of Singapore English: Finding the matrix. In Lim, (ed.), pp. 127149.
Ansaldo, Umberto. 2009. Contact languages: Ecology and evolution in Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ansaldo, Umberto, Lim, Lisa, and Mufwene, Salikoko S.. 2007. The sociolinguistic history of the Peranakans: What it tells us about “creolization.” In Ansaldo, et al. (eds.), pp. 203226.
Ansaldo, Umberto, Matthews, Stephen, and Lim, Lisa (eds.). 2007. Deconstructing creole (Typological Studies in Language, 73). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Arends, Jacques, Muysken, Pieter, and Smith, Norval (eds.). 1994. Pidgins and creoles: An introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Asmah, Haji Omar. 1975. Essays on Malaysian linguistics. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Asmah, Haji Omar. 1989. An introduction to Malay grammar. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Aye, Daw Khin, Khin. 2005. Bazaar Malay: History, grammar and contact. PhD thesis, National University of Singapore.
Baker, Philip. 1987. Historical developments in Chinese pidgin English and the nature of the relationships between the various pidgin Englishes of the Pacific region. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 2, 2: 163207.
Baker, Philip and Mühlhäusler, Peter. 1990. From business to pidgin. Journal of Asia Pacific Communication 1,1: 87115.
Baker, Philip and Syea, Anand (eds.). 1996. Changing meanings, changing functions: Papers relating to grammaticalization in contact languages (Westminster Creolistics Series, 2). London: University of Westminster Press.
Bao, Zhiming. 1995. Already in Singapore English. World Englishes 14, 2: 181188.
Bao, Zhiming. 2001. The origins of empty categories in Singapore English. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 16, 2: 275319.
Bao, Zhiming. 2003. Social stigma and grammatical autonomy in nonnative varieties of English. Language in Society 32, 1: 2346.
Bao, Zhiming. 2005. The aspectual system of Singapore English and the systemic substratist explanation. Journal of Linguistics 41, 2: 237267.
Bao, Zhiming. 2009. One in Singapore English. Studies in Language 33, 2: 338365.
Bao, Zhiming. 2010a. Must in Singapore English. Lingua 120, 7: 17271737.
Bao, Zhiming. 2010b. A usage-based approach to substratum transfer: The case of four unproductive features in Singapore English. Language 86, 4: 792820.
Bao, Zhiming and Aye, Khin Khin. 2010. Bazaar Malay topics. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 25, 1: 155171.
Bao, Zhiming and Hong, Huaqing. 2006. Diglossia and register variation in Singapore English. World Englishes 25, 1: 105114.
Bao, Zhiming and Min, Lye Hui. 2005. Systemic transfer, topic prominence, and the bare conditional in Singapore English. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 20, 2: 269291.
Bao, Zhiming and Wee, Lionel. 1999. The passive in Singapore English. World Englishes 18, 1: 111.
Baumgardner, Robert J. (ed.). 1996. South Asian Englishes: Structure, use, and users. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Biber, Douglas, Johansson, Stig, Leech, Geoffrey, Conrad, Susan, and Finegan, Edward. 1999. Longman grammar of spoken and written English. New York: Longman.
Bickerton, Derek. 1980. Creolization, linguistic universals, natural semantax and the brain. In Day, (ed.), pp. 118.
Bickerton, Derek. 1981. Roots of language. Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers.
Bickerton, Derek. 1984. The language bioprogram hypothesis. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7, 2: 173221.
Bickerton, Derek. 1988. Creole languages and the bioprogram. In Newmeyer, (ed.), pp. 268284.
Bickerton, Derek. 1999. How to acquire language without positive evidence: What acquisitionists can learn from creoles. In DeGraff, (ed.), pp. 4974.
Bird, Isabella L. 1884. The Golden Chersonese and the way thither. New York: G. P. Putnam’s.
Bisang, Walter. 2011. Variation and reproducibility in linguistics. In Siemund, (ed.), pp. 237263.
Blackburn, Kevin and Leong, Pauline Fong Lai. 1999. Methodist education and the social status of the Straits Chinese in colonial Singapore (1886–1914). Paedagogica Historica: International Journal of the History of Education 35, 2: 333357.
Bodman, Nicholas. C. 1955. Spoken Amoy Hokkien. Kuala Lumpur: Charles Grenier.
Bolton, Kingsley and Kwok, Helen (eds.). 1992. Sociolinguistics today: International perspectives. London: Routledge.
Boroditsky, Lera. 2000. Metaphoric structuring: Understanding time through spatial metaphors. Cognition 75, 1: 128.
Brown, Adam. 1999. Singapore English in a nutshell: An alphabetic description of its features. Singapore: Federal Publications.
Bruyn, Adrienne. 1996. On identifying instances of grammaticalization in Creole languages. In Baker, and Syea, (eds.), pp. 2946.
Bybee, Joan. 2001. Phonology and language use. Cambridge University Press.
Bybee, Joan. 2002. Word frequency and context of use in the lexical diffusion of phonetically conditioned sound change. Language variation and change 14, 3: 261290.
Bybee, Joan. 2003. Mechanisms of change in grammaticization: The role of frequency. In Joseph, and Janda, (eds.), pp. 602623.
Bybee, Joan. 2006. From usage to grammar: The mind’s response to repetition. Language 82, 4: 529551.
Bybee, Joan and Eddington, David. 2006. A usage-based approach to Spanish verbs of “becoming.” Language 82, 2: 323355.
Bybee, Joan and Hopper, Paul. 2001a. Introduction to frequency and the emergence of linguistic structure. In Bybee, and Hopper, (eds.), pp.124.
Bybee, Joan and Hopper, Paul (eds.). 2001b. Frequency and the emergence of linguistic structure. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Bybee, Joan, Perkins, Revere, and Pagliuca, William. 1994. The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect, and modality in the languages of the world. The University of Chicago Press.
Byrne, Francis and Huebner, Thom (eds.). 1991. Development and structures of creole languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Cavallaro, Francesco and Ng, Bee Chin. 2009. Between status and solidarity in Singapore. World Englishes 28, 2: 143159.
Chafe, Wallace L. 1976. Givenness, contrastiveness, definiteness, subjects, topics, and point of view. In Li, (ed.), pp. 2555.
Chan, Carol. 1998. Give in Singapore Colloquial English (SCE). Honors thesis, National University of Singapore.
Chao, Yuen Ren. 1968. A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Chappell, Hilary (ed.). 2001. Sinitic grammar: Synchronic and diachronic perspectives. Oxford University Press.
Chaudenson, Robert. 1977. Toward the reconstruction of the social matrix of creole language. In Valdman, (ed.), pp. 259276.
Chaudenson, Robert. 2001. Creolization of language and culture. Trans. from the French by Pargman, Sheri. London: Routledge.
Chen, Ee San. 2003. Language convergence and bilingual acquisition: The case of conditional constructions. Annual Review of Language Acquisition 3: 89137.
Cheng, Robert L. 1974. Causative constructions in Taiwanese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 2, 3: 279324.
Cheng, Robert L. 1985. A comparison of Taiwanese, Taiwan Mandarin, and Peking Mandarin. Language 61, 2: 352377.
Cheshire, Jenny (ed.). 1991. English around the world: Sociolinguistic perspectives. Cambridge University Press.
Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Chomsky, Noam. 1977. On wh-movement. In Culicover, et al. (eds.), pp. 71132.
Chomsky, Noam. 1981. Lectures on government and binding. Dordrecht: Foris.
Chomsky, Noam. 1986. Knowledge of language: Its nature, origin, and use. New York: Praeger.
Chomsky, Noam. 1995. The minimalist program. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Chomsky, Noam. 2000. New horizons in the study of language and mind. Cambridge University Press.
Chow, Wai Hoong. 1995. Wh-questions in Singapore Colloquial English. Honors thesis, National University of Singapore.
Coates, Jennifer. 1983. The semantics of modal auxiliaries. London: Croom Helm.
Collins, Peter C. 1991. The modals of obligation and necessity in Australian English. In Aijmer, and Alternberg, (eds.), pp. 145165.
Collins, Peter C. 2005. The modals and quasi-modals of obligation and necessity in Australian English and other Englishes. English World-Wide 26, 3: 249273.
Comrie, Bernard. 1989. Language universals and linguistic typology. University of Chicago Press.
Corne, Chris. 1999. From French to Creole: The development of new vernaculars in the French colonial world. London: The University of Westminster Press.
Crewe, William J. (ed.). 1977. The English language in Singapore. Singapore: East Universities Press.
Croft, William. 2003. Typology and universals. Cambridge University Press.
Culicover, Peter W., Wasow, Thomas, and Akmajian, Adrian (eds.). 1977. Formal syntax. New York: Academic Press.
Cummins, Jim and Homberger, Nancy H. (eds.). 2008. Bilingual education: Encyclopaedia of language and education, Volume V. New York: Springer.
Day, Richard R. (ed.). 1980. Issues in English creoles: Papers from the 1975 Hawaii conference. Heidelberg: Julius Groos Verlag.
DeCamp, David. 1971. Towards a generative analysis a post-creole continuum. In Hymes, (ed.), pp. 349370.
DeCamp, David and Hancock, Ian F. (eds.). 1974. Pidgins and creoles: Current trends and prospects. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Dechert, Hans W. and Raupach, Manfred (eds.). 1989. Interlingual processes. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.
DeGraff, Michel F. 1996. Creole languages and parameter setting: A case study using Haitian Creole and the pro-drop parameter. In Wekker, (ed.), pp. 65105.
DeGraff, Michel F. (ed.). 1999. Language creation and language change: Creolization, diachrony, and development. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
DeGraff, Michel F. 2002. Relexification: A reevaluation. Anthropological Linguistics 44, 4: 321414.
Dennys, Nicholas B. 1878a. “Pidgin” English. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 1: 168174.
Dennys, Nicholas B. 1878b. Handbook of Malay Colloquial, as spoken in Singapore: Being a series of introductory lessons for domestic and business purposes. London: Trübner and Co.
Deterding, David. 2007. Singapore English. Edinburgh University Press.
Dillard, Joey L. 1970. Principles in the history of American English: Paradox, virginity, and cafeteria. Florida Foreign Language Reporter 8: 3233.
Dīng, Shēngshù et al. 1979. Xiàndài hànyǔ yǔfǎ jiǎnghuà (Remarks on modern Chinese grammar). Beijing: Shāngwù Yìnshūguǎn.
Dixon, L. Qentin. 2005. Bilingual education policy in Singapore: An analysis of its sociohistorical roots and current academic outcomes. International Journal of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education 8, 1: 2547.
Dixon, L. Qentin. 2009. Assumptions behind Singapore’s language-in-education policy: Implications for language planning and second language acquisition. Language Policy 8, 2: 117137.
Dryer, Matthew S. 1991. SVO languages and the OV:VO typology. Journal of Linguistics 27, 2: 443482.
Dryer, Matthew S. 1992. The Greenbergian word order correlations. Language 68, 1: 81138.
Eckert, Penelope. 2008. Variation and the indexical field. Journal of Sociolinguistics 12, 4: 453476.
Ember, Melvin, Ember, Carol R., and Skoggard, Ian (eds.). 2005. Encyclopaedia of diasporas: Immigrant and refugee cultures around the world. New York: Kluwer Academic.
Ferguson, Charles A. 1959. Diglossia. Word 15, 325–40.
Filppula, Markku. 1986. Some aspects of Hiberno-English in a functional sentence perspective. University of Joensuu.
Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani, and Paulasto, Heli (eds.). 2009. Vernacular universals and language contacts: Evidence from varieties of English and beyond. New York: Routledge.
Gass, Susan M. and Selinker, Larry (eds.). 1983. Language transfer in language learning. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
Givón, Talmy. 1979. Prolegomena to any sane creology. In Hancock, (ed.), pp. 335.
Goh, Huishan. 2010. Moving forward in time: Spatiotemporal metaphor in Singapore English. Honors thesis, National University of Singapore.
Goldberg, Adele E. 1995. Constructions: A construction grammar approach to argument structure. Chicago University Press.
Gopinathan, S. 1974. Towards a national system of education in Singapore, 1945–1973. Oxford University of Singapore.
Gopinathan, S. 1979. Singapore’s language policies: Strategies for a plural society. Southeast Asian Affairs 1979: 280295.
Gopinathan, S. 1980. Moral education in a plural society: A Singapore case study. International Review of Education 26, 2: 171185.
Gopinathan, S. 1997. Educational development in Singapore: Connecting the national, regional and the global. Australian Educational Researcher 24, 1: 112.
Greenbaum, Sidney. 1988. A proposal for an international computerized corpus of English. World Englishes 7, 3: 315.
Greenbaum, Sidney. 1996. The Oxford English grammar. Oxford University Press.
Greenbaum, Sidney and Nelson, Gerald. 1996. The International Corpus of English (ICE) Project. World Englishes 15, 1: 315.
Greenberg, Joseph. 1963a. Some universals of grammar with particular reference to the order of meaningful elements. In Greenberg, (ed.), pp. 73113.
Greenberg, Joseph (ed.). 1963b. Universals of language. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Gupta, Anthea F. 1989. Singapore Colloquial English and Standard English. Singapore Journal of Education 10, 2: 3339.
Gupta, Anthea F. 1991. Acquisition of diglossia in Singapore English. In Kwan-Terry, (ed.), pp. 119160.
Gupta, Anthea F. 1992a. Contact features of Singapore Colloquial English. In Bolton, and Kwok, (eds.), pp. 323345.
Gupta, Anthea F. 1992b. The pragmatic particles of Singapore colloquial English. Journal of Pragmatics 18, 1: 3157.
Gupta, Anthea F. 1994. The step-tongue: Children’s English in Singapore. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Gwee, Yee Hean, Doray, Joseph, Waldhauser, K. M., Ahmad, Zahoor, and Doraisamy, T. R.. 1969. 150 years of education in Singapore. Singapore: Teachers’ Training College.
Haegeman, Liliane. 1994. Introduction to government and binding theory. 2nd edn. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Haiman, John. 1978. Conditionals are topics. Language 54, 3: 564589.
Hall, Robert A. 1944. Chinese Pidgin English grammar and texts. Journal of the American Oriental Society 64: 95113.
Hancock, Ian F. (ed.). 1979. Readings in creole studies. Ghent: E. Story-Scientia.
Hare, G. T. 1897. The Straits-born Chinese. The Straits Chinese Magazine 1: 38.
Hawkins, John A. 1990. A parsing theory of word order universals. Linguistic Inquiry 21, 2: 223261.
Heine, Bernd. 1993. Auxiliaries: Cognitive forces and grammaticalization. New York: Oxford University Press.
Heine, Bernd. 2003. Grammaticalization. In Joseph, and Janda, (eds.), pp. 575601.
Heine, Bernd and Kuteva, Tania. 2003. On contact-induced grammaticalization. Studies in Language 27, 3: 529572.
Heine, Bernd and Kuteva, Tania. 2005. Language contact and grammatical change. Cambridge University Press.
Hickey, Raymond (ed.). 2010. The handbook of language contact. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
Highfield, Arnold and Valdman, Albert (eds.). 1981. Historicity and variation in creole studies. Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma.
Hiramoto, Mie. 2012. Pragmatics of the sentence-final uses of can in Colloquial Singapore English. Journal of Pragmatics 44, 6–7: 890906.
Hiramoto, Mie. Forthcoming. Substrate influence on sentence-final adverbs in Singapore English and Hong Kong English. To appear in World Englishes.
Hiramoto, Mie and Sato, Yosuke. 2012. Got-interrogatives and answers in Colloquial Singapore English: Aktionsart and stativity. World Englishes 31, 2: 186195.
Hirschman, Charles. 1987. The meaning and measurement of ethnicity in Malaysia: An analysis of census classifications. Journal of Asian Studies 46, 3: 555582.
Ho, Hwee Hoon A. 2000. Discourse factors in Singapore English wh-questions. Honors thesis, National University of Singapore.
Ho, Imran Abdullah. 1993. The semantics of the modal auxiliaries of Malay. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Ho, Mian Lian. 1999. Forms and functions of reduplication in Colloquial Singaporean English. Asian Englishes 1, 1: 516.
Ho, Mian Lian and Platt, John T.. 1993. Dynamics of a contact continuum: Singapore English. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Ho, Mian Lian and Wong, Irene F. H.. 2001. The use of ever in Singaporean English. World Englishes 30, 1: 7987.
Holm, John A. 1988. Pidgins and creoles. 2 vols. Cambridge University Press.
Holm, John A. 2004. Languages in contact: The partial restructuring of vernaculars. Cambridge University Press.
Hong, Huaqing. 2009. A corpus-based study of educational discourse: The SCoRE approach. PhD thesis, National University of Singapore.
Hopper, Paul J. 1998. Emergent grammar. In Tomasello, (ed.), pp. 155175.
Hopper, Paul J. and Traugott, Elizabeth C.. 2003. Grammaticalization. Cambridge University Press.
Hsu, Yun Chiao. 1950. Mǎláiyà huáqiáo rénkóu fēnxī jiǎntǎo (An analysis of the Chinese population in Malaya). Journal of the South Seas Society 6: 6474.
, Yùshù and Xiǎo, Fàn. 1995. Dòngcí yánjiū (A study of verbs). Kaifeng: Hénán Dàxué Chūbǎnshè.
Huang, James C.-T. 1982. Logical relations in Chinese and the theory of grammar. PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Huang, James C.-T. 1984. On the distribution and reference of empty pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry 15, 4: 531574.
Huang, James C.-T. 1989. Pro-drop in Chinese: A generalized control theory. In Jaeggli, and Safir, (eds.), pp. 185214.
Huang, Yan. 1992. Against Chomsky’s typology of empty categories. Journal of Pragmatics 17, 1: 129.
Huddleston, Rodney D. 1984. Introduction to the grammar of English. Cambridge University Press.
Huddleston, Rodney D. and Pullum, Geoffrey K.. 2002. The Cambridge grammar of the English language. Cambridge University Press.
Hymes, Dell (ed.). 1971. Pidginization and creolization of languages. Cambridge University Press.
Jackson, Louis S. 1850. Census of Singapore and its dependencies taken under orders of Government in the months of November and December, 1840. Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia 4: 107108.
Jaeggli, Osvaldo and Safir, Kenneth J. (eds.). 1989. The null subject parameter. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Johnson, Keith. 1996. Speech perception without speech normalization. In Johnson, and Mullennix, (eds.), pp. 145165.
Johnson, Keith and Mullennix, John W. (eds.). 1996. Talker variability in speech processing. San Diego: Academic Press.
Joos, Martin. 1952. The medial sibilants. Language 28, 1: 222230.
Joseph, Brian D. and Janda, Richard D. (eds.). 2003. The handbook of historical linguistics. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing.
Kachru, Braj B. 1982. The other tongue: English across cultures. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Kachru, Braj B. 1985. Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In Quirk, and Widdowson, (eds.), pp. 1130.
Kachru, Braj B., Kachru, Yamuna, and Nelson, Cecil L. (eds.). 2006. The handbook of World Englishes. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing.
Kay, Paul and Sankoff, Gillian. 1974. A language-universals approach to pidgins and creoles. In DeCamp, and Hancock, (eds.), pp. 6172.
Keesing, Roger M. 1988. Melanesian pidgin and the Oceanic substrate. Stanford University Press.
Keesing, Roger M. 1991. Substrates, calquing and grammaticalization in Melanesian Pidgin. In Traugott, and Heine, (eds.), Vol. I, pp. 315342.
Kim, Chonghyuck and Sato, Yosuke. 2013. More on kena-passives in Singapore English. World Englishes 32, 3: 297307.
Kiong, Chen Eng. 1907. The teaching of Kuan Hua in Singapore. The Straits Chinese Magazine 9: 105108.
Kirkpatrick, Andy (ed.). 2010. The Routledge handbook of world Englishes. New York: Routledge.
Kortmann, Bernd and Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.). 2004. A handbook of varieties of English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Kouwenberg, Silvia and Singler, John Victor (eds.). 2008. The handbook of pidgin and creole studies. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing.
Kuo, Eddie C. Y. 1976. A sociolinguistic profile of Singapore. Department of Sociology Working Papers, University of Singapore.
Kuo, Eddie C. Y. 1979. Measuring communicativity in multilingual societies: The cases of Singapore and West Malaysia. Anthropological Linguistics 21, 7: 328340.
Kuo, Eddie C. Y. 1985. Language and social mobility in Singapore. In Wolfson, and Manes, (eds.), pp. 337354.
Kwan-Terry, Anna. 1978. The meaning and the source of the “la” and the “what” particles in Singapore English. RELC Journal 9, 1: 2236.
Kwan-Terry, Anna. 1986. The acquisition of word order in English and Cantonese interrogative sentences: a Singapore case study. RELC Journal 17, 1: 1439.
Kwan-Terry, Anna. 1989. The specification of stage by a child learning English and Cantonese simultaneously: A study of acquisition processes. In Dechert, and Raupach, (eds.), pp. 3348.
Kwan-Terry, Anna. (ed.). 1991. Child language development in Singapore and Malaysia. Singapore University Press.
Kwan-Terry, Anna. 2000. Language shift, mother tongue, and identity in Singapore. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 143: 85106.
Labov, William. 1972. Sociolinguistic patterns. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
LaCharité, Darlene and Paradis, Carole. 2005. Category preservation and proximity versus phonetic approximation in loanword adaptation. Linguistic Inquiry 36, 2: 223258.
Lee, Nala Huiying. 2009. One substrate, two lexifiers, and the lexifier effect. MA thesis, National University of Singapore.
Lee, Nala Huiying, Ping, Ling Ai, and Nomoto, Hiroki. 2009. Colloquial Singapore English got: Functions and substratal influences. World Englishes 28, 3: 293318.
Lee, Poh Ping. 1978. Chinese society in nineteenth century Singapore. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Lee, Ting Hui. 1957. Policies and politics in Chinese schools in the Straits Settlements and the Federated Malay States, 1786–1941. MA thesis, University of Malaya.
Leech, Geoffrey N. 1971. Meaning and the English verb. London: Longman.
Lefebvre, Claire. 1986. Relexification in creole genesis revisited. In Muysken, and Smith, (eds.), pp. 279300.
Lefebvre, Claire. 1993. The role of relexification and syntactic reanalysis in Haitian Creole. In Mufwene, (ed.), pp. 254279.
Lefebvre, Claire. 1996. The tense, mood, and aspect system of Haitian Creole and the problem of transmission of grammar in creole genesis. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 11, 2: 231311.
Lefebvre, Claire. 1998. Creole genesis and the acquisition of grammar: The case of Haitian creole. Cambridge University Press.
Lefebvre, Claire. 1999. Substratum semantics in the verbal lexicon of Haitian creole. Studies in Language 23, 1: 61103.
Lefebvre, Claire. 2001a. Relexification in creole genesis and its effects on the development of the creole. In Smith, and Veenstra, (eds.), pp. 942.
Lefebvre, Claire. 2001b. Multifunctionality and the concept of lexical entry. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 16, 1: 107145.
Lefebvre, Claire. 2001c. The interplay of relexification and levelling in creole genesis and development. Linguistics 39, 3: 371408.
Lefebvre, Claire. 2004. Issues in the study of pidgin and creole languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Lefebvre, Claire. (ed.). 2011. Creoles, their substrates, and language typology (Typological Studies in Language 95). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Lefebvre, Claire and Lumsden, Robert. 1989. Les langues créoles et la théorie linguistique. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 34: 249272.
Lefebvre, Claire and Lumsden, Robert. 1992. On word order in relexification. Travaux de recherche sur le créole haïtien 10: 122. Université du Québec à Montréal.
Lefebvre, Claire, White, Lydia, and Jourdan, Christine (eds.). 2006. L2 acquisition and creole genesis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Leimgruber, Jakob. 2012. Singapore English: An indexical approach. World Englishes 31, 1: 114.
Leimgruber, Jakob. 2013. Singapore English: Structure, variation, and usage (Studies in English Language). Cambridge University Press.
Li, Charles N. (ed.). 1976. Subject and topic. New York: Academic Press.
Li, Charles N. and Thompson, Sandra A.. 1976. Subject and topic: A new typology of language. In Li, (ed.), pp. 457594.
Li, Charles N. and Thompson, Sandra A.. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Li, Renzhi. 2003. Modality in English and Chinese: A typological perspective. PhD thesis, University of Antwerp.
Lightfoot, David. 1991. Principles of diachronic syntax. Cambridge University Press.
Lim, Choon Yeoh and Wee, Lionel. 2001. Reduplication in Colloquial Singapore English. In Ooi, (ed.), 89101.
Lim, Lisa (ed.). 2004. Singapore English: A grammatical description. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Lim, Lisa 2007. Merges and acquisitions: On the ages and origins of Singapore English particles. World Englishes 26, 4: 446473.
Liú, Dānqīng. 2001a. Hànyǔ jí yú lèi shuāng jíwù jiégòu de lèixíng xué kǎochá (Typological investigation of give-type ditransitive verbs in Chinese). Zhōngguó Yǔwén 2001, 5: 387398.
Liú, Dānqīng. 2001b. Wúyǔ de jùfǎ lèixíng xué tèdiǎn (Typological features of Wu syntax). Fāngyán 2001, 4: 332343.
Low, Ee Ling and Brown, Adam. 2004. English in Singapore: An introduction. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
, Shūxiāng. 1947. Zhōngguó wénfǎ yàoluè (Outline of Chinese grammar). Beijing: Shāngwù Yìnshūguǎn.
, Shūxiāng. (ed.). 1999. Xiàndài hànyǔ bābǎi cí (Eight-hundred words of modern Chinese). Beijing: Shāngwù Yìnshūguǎn.
Matisoff, James A. 1991. Areal and universal dimensions of grammatization in Lahu. In Traugott, and Heine, (eds.), Vol. II, pp. 383453.
Matras, Yaron. 2009. Language contact. Cambridge University Press.
Matras, Yaron and Sakal, Jeanette. 2007. Investigating the mechanisms of pattern replication in language convergence. Studies in Language 31, 4: 829865.
Matthews, Stephen and Yip, Virginia. 1994. Cantonese: A comprehensive grammar. London: Routledge.
McCawley, James D. 1998. The syntactic phenomena of English. University of Chicago Press.
McHugh, James Noel. 1948. A handbook of spoken “bazaar” Malay. Singapore: Kelly & Walsh.
McWhorter, John H. 1992. Substratal influence in Saramaccan serial verb constructions. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 7, 1: 153.
McWhorter, John H. 1997. Towards a new model of creole genesis. New York: Peter Lang.
McWhorter, John H. 1998. Identifying the creole prototype: Vindicating a typological class. Language 74, 4: 788818.
McWhorter, John H. (ed.). 2000. Language change and language contact in pidgins and creoles. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Mesthrie, Rajend. 1992. The history, structure and sociolinguistics of South African Indian English. Cambridge University Press.
Migge, Bettina. 1998. Substrate influence in creole formation: The origin of give-type serial verb constructions in the Surinamese plantation creole. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 13, 2: 215265.
Mintz, Malcom W. 1994. A student’s grammar of Malay Indonesian. Singapore: EPB Publishers.
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1986. The universalist and substrate hypotheses complement one another. In Muysken, and Smith, (eds.), pp. 129162.
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1990. Transfer and the substrate hypothesis in creolistics. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 12, 1: 123.
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1991. Pidgins, creoles, typology, and markedness. In Byrne, and Huebner, (eds.), pp. 123143.
Mufwene, Salikoko S. (ed.). 1993. Africanisms in Afro-American language varieties. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1994. New Englishes and criteria for naming them. World Englishes 13, 1: 2131.
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1996. The founder principle in creole genesis. Diachronica 13, 1: 83134.
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2000. Creolization is a social, not a structural, process. In Neumann-Holzschuh, and Schneider, (eds.), pp. 6584.
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2001. The ecology of language evolution. Cambridge University Press.
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2008. Language evolution: Contact, competition and change. London: Continuum.
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2009. Some offspring of colonial English are creole. In Filppula, et al. (eds.), pp. 280303.
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2010. SLA and the emergence of creoles. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 32, 3: 359400.
Mufwene, Salikoko S., and Dijkhoff, Marta B.. 1989. On the so-called “infinitive” in Atlantic creoles. Lingua 77, 3–4: 297330.
Mufwene, Salikoko S. and Pargman, Sheri. 2003. Competition and selection in the development of American Englishes. World Englishes 22, 4: 367375.
Mühlhäusler, Peter. 1986. Bonnet blanc and blanc bonnet: Adjective-noun order, substratum and language universals. In Muysken, and Smith, (eds.), pp. 4156.
Mühlhäusler, Peter. 1997. Pidgin and creole linguistics. London: University of Westminster Press.
Muysken, Pieter. 1981. Halfway between Quechua and Spanish. In Highfield, and Valdman, (eds.), pp. 5278.
Muysken, Pieter and Smith, Norval (eds.). 1986. Substrata versus universals in creole genesis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Nelson, Gerald, Wallis, Sean, and Aarts, Bas. 2002. Exploring natural language: Working with the British component of the international corpus of English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid and Schneider, Edgar E. (eds.). 2000. Degrees of restructuring in creole languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Newbold, Thomas J. 1839. Political and statistical account of the British settlements in the Straits of Malacca. London: J. Murray.
Newmeyer, Frederick J. (ed.). 1988. Linguistics: The Cambridge survey. Vol. II: Linguistic theory: Extensions and implications. Cambridge University Press.
Newmeyer, Frederick J. 2003. Grammar is grammar and usage is usage. Language 79, 4: 682707.
Ng, Chye Ping. 1998. Experiential aspect in colloquial Singapore English. Honors thesis, National University of Singapore.
Norman, Jerry. 1988. Chinese. Cambridge University Press.
Ooi, Vincent B.Y. (ed.). 2001. Evolving identities: The English language in Singapore and Malaysia. Singapore: Times Academic Press.
Pakir, Anne. 1986. A linguistic investigation of Baba Malay. PhD thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa.
Pakir, Anne. 1991. The range and depth of English-knowing bilinguals in Singapore. World Englishes 10, 2: 167179.
Pakir, Anne. 1993. Two tongue tied: Bilingualism in Singapore. Multilingual and Multicultural Development 14, 1–2: 7390.
Pakir, Anne. 2008. Bilingual education in Singapore. In Cummins, and Homberger, (eds.), pp. 191203.
Palmer, Frank R. 1990. Modality and the English modals. London: Longman.
Pan, Lynn (ed.). 1998. The encyclopaedia of the Chinese overseas. Singapore: Landmark Books.
Pierrehumbert, Janet. 2001. Exemplar dynamics: Word frequency, lenition and contrast. In Bybee, and Hopper, (eds.), pp. 137158.
Platt, John T. 1975. The Singapore English speech continuum and its basilect “Singlish” as a “creoloid.” Anthropological Linguistics 17, 7: 363374.
Platt, John T. 1977a. The sub-varieties of Singapore English: Their sociolectal and functional status. In Crewe, (ed.), pp. 8395.
Platt, John T. 1977b. A model for polyglossia and multilingualism (with special reference to Singapore and Malaysia). Language in Society 6, 3: 361378.
Platt, John T. and Ho, Mian Lian. 1989. Discourse particles in Singaporean English: Substratum influences and universals. World Englishes 8, 2: 215221.
Platt, John T. and Weber, Heidi. 1980. English in Singapore and Malaysia: Status, features, functions. Oxford University Press.
Platt, John T., Weber, Heidi, and Ho, Mian Lian. 1983. Varieties of English around the world: Singapore and Malaysia. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Platt, John T., Weber, Heidi, and Ho, Mian Lian. 1984. The New Englishes. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Pride, John B. (ed.). 1982. New Englishes. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
Prince, Allan and Smolensky, Paul. 1993. Optimality Theory: Constraint interaction in generative grammar (Technical Report 2). Cognitive Center, Rutgers University.
Purcell, Victor. 1948. The Chinese in Malaya. Oxford University Press.
Quirk, Randolph. 1985. The English language in a global context. In Quirk, and Widdowson, (eds.), pp. 16.
Quirk, Randolph and Greenbaum, Sidney. 1973. A university grammar of English. London: Longman.
Quirk, Randolph and Widdowson, Henry G. (eds.). 1985. English in the world: Teaching and learning the language and literatures. Cambridge University Press.
Quirk, Randolph, Greenbaum, Sidney, Leech, Geoffrey, and Svartvik, Jan. 1972. A comprehensive grammar of the English language. New York: Longman.
Rekha, Sasi. 2008. A grammar of Singapore Indian Malay. Masters thesis, National University of Singapore.
Richards, Jack C. (ed.). 1979. New varieties of English. Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre.
Roberts, Sarah J. 1998. The role of diffusion in the genesis of Hawaiian Creole. Language 74, 1: 139.
Roberts, Sarah J. 2000. Nativization and genesis of Hawaiian creole. In McWhorter, (ed.), pp. 257300.
Romaine, Suzanne. 1988. Pidgin and creole languages. London: Longman.
Romaine, Suzanne. 1999. The grammaticalization of the proximative in Tok Pisin. Language 75, 2: 322346.
Rubdy, Rani. 2001. Creative destruction: Singapore’s Speak Good English movement. World Englishes 20, 3: 341355.
Rubdy, Rani. 2007. Singlish in the school: An impediment or a resource? Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 28, 4: 308324.
Rudolph, Jürgen. 1998. Reconstructing identities: A social history of the Babas in Singapore. Aldershot, Hants: Ashgate.
Sankoff, Gillian. 1984. Substrate and universals in the Tok Pisin verb phrase. In Schiffrin, (ed.), pp. 104119.
Sankoff, Gillian. 1993. Focus in Tok Pisin. In Byrne, and Winford, (eds.), pp. 117140.
Sankoff, Gillian and Brown, Penelope. 1976. The origin of syntax in discourse: A case study of Tok Pisin relatives. Language 52, 3: 631666.
Sato, Yosuke. 2011. Radical Prop Drop and fusional pronominal morphology in Colloquial Singapore English: Reply to Neeleman and Szendrő‘i. Linguistic Inquiry 42, 2: 356365.
Sato, Yosuke. 2013. Wh-questions in Colloquial Singapore English: Adaptive traits from vernacular Malay and typological congruence. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 28, 2: 299322.
Sato, Yosuke. 2014. Argument ellipsis in Colloquial Singapore English and the anti-agreement hypothesis. Journal of Linguistics 50, 2: 365401.
Sato, Yosuke and Kim, Chonghyuck. 2012. Radical pro drop and the role of syntactic agreement in Colloquial Singapore English. Lingua 122, 8: 858873.
Saw, Swee Hock. 1981. Demographic trends in Singapore. Singapore: Department of Statistics.
Saw, Swee Hock. 1999. The population of Singapore. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Schiffrin, Deborah (ed.). 1984. Meaning, form, and use in context: Linguistic applications. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Schneider, Edgar W. 2003. The dynamics of New Englishes: From identity construction to dialect birth. Language 79, 2: 233281.
Schneider, Edgar W. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties around the world. Cambridge University Press.
Sebba, Mark. 1987. The syntax of serial verbs. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Sharma, Devyani. 2009. Typological diversity in New Englishes. English World-Wide 30, 2: 170195.
Sharma, Devyani and Rickford, John R.. 2009. AAVE/creole copula absence: A critique of the imperfect learning hypothesis. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 24, 1: 5390.
Shellabear, William G. 1913. Baba Malay: An introduction to the language of the Straits-born Chinese. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 65: 4963.
Shibatani, Masayoshi. 1991. Grammaticization of topic into subject. In Traugott, and Heine, (eds.), Vol. II, pp. 93133.
Siah, U Chin. 1848. The Chinese in Singapore: General sketch of the numbers, tribes, and avocations of the Chinese in Singapore. Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia 11: 283290.
Siegel, Jeff. 1997. Mixing, levelling, and pidgin/creole development. In Spears, and Winford, (eds.), pp. 111149.
Siegel, Jeff. 1999. Transfer constraints and substrate influence in Melanesian Pidgin. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 14, 1: 144.
Siegel, Jeff. 2000. Substrate influence in Hawai’i Creole English. Language in Society 29, 2: 197236.
Siegel, Jeff. 2007. Recent evidence against the Language Bioprogram Hypothesis: The pivotal case of Hawai’i Creole. Studies in Language 31, 1: 5188.
Siegel, Jeff. 2008a. Pidgins/creoles, and second language acquisition. In Kouwenberg, and Singler, (eds.), pp. 189218.
Siegel, Jeff. 2008b. The emergence of pidgin and creole languages. Oxford University Press.
Siegel, Jeff. 2012. Constraints on substrate transfer revisited. Journal of Linguistics 48, 2: 473478.
Siemund, Peter (ed.). 2011. Linguistic universals and language variation (Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 231). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Siemund, Peter 2013. Varieties of English: A typological approach. Cambridge University Press.
Silverman, Daniel. 1992. Multiple scansions in loanword phonology: Evidence from Cantonese. Phonology 9, 2: 289328.
Singler, John V. 1988. The homogeneity of the substrate as a factor in pidgin/creole genesis. Language 64, 1: 2751.
Singler, John V. (ed.). 1990. Pidgin and creole tense-mood-aspect systems. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Singler, John V. 1996. Theories of creole genesis, sociohistorical considerations, and the evaluation of evidence: The case of Haitian Creole and the relexification hypothesis. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 11, 2: 185230.
Smith, Carlota S. 1991. The parameter of aspect. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Smith, Norval and Veenstra, Tonjes (eds.). 2001. Creolization and contact. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Song, Ong Siang. 1902. One hundred years’ history of the Chinese in Singapore. London: J. Murray. Re-issued by Oxford University Press (Singapore, 1984).
Spears, Arthur K. and Winford, Donald (eds.). 1997. The structure and status of pidgins and creoles. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Sturtevant, Edgar H. 1947. An introduction to linguistic science. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Sweetser, Eve E. 1990. From etymology to pragmatics: Metaphorical and cultural aspects of semantic structure. Cambridge University Press.
Tan, Charlene. 2006. Change and continuity: Chinese language policy in Singapore. Language Policy 5, 1: 4162.
Tan, Charlene and Ng, Pak Tee. 2011. Functional differentiation: A critique of the bilingual policy in Singapore. Journal of Asian Public Policy 4, 3: 331341.
Tan, Chee Beng. 1988. The Baba of Melaka: Culture and identity of a Chinese Peranakan community in Malaysia. Petaling Jaya: Pelanduk Publications.
Tan, Jason. 2008. Managing diversity: The Singapore experience. In Wan, (ed.), pp. 159181.
Tan, Ludwig A. K. 2007. Null arguments in Singapore Colloquial English. PhD thesis, University of Cambridge.
Tan, Sok Joo. 1987. A discourse perspective on tense-switching in the ESL of Singapore English-educated students. University of Hawaii Working Papers in Linguistics 19, 2: 79134.
Tay, Mary W. J. 1979. The uses, users and features of English in Singapore. In Richards, (ed.), pp. 91111.
Tay, Mary W. J. 1982. The phonology of educated Singapore English. English Worldwide 3, 2: 135145.
Tay, Mary W. J. 1993. The English language in Singapore: Issues and development. Singapore: Unipress.
Teo, Peng Suan. 1996. The syntax and semantics of got in colloquial Singapore English. Honours thesis, National University of Singapore.
Thomason, Sarah G. 1997. A typology of contact languages. In Spears, and Winford, (eds.), pp. 7188.
Thomason, Sarah G. 2001. Language contact: An introduction. Edinburgh University Press.
Thomason, Sarah G. and Kaufman, Terrence. 1988. Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Thompson, Sandra A. 1973. Resultative verb compounds in Mandarin Chinese: A case for lexical rules. Language 49, 2: 361379.
Thomson, John T. 1864. Glimpses into life in Malayan lands. London: Richardson & Company. Reissued by Oxford University Press (Singapore, 1991).
Thumboo, Edwin (ed.). 2001. The three circles of English: Language specialists talk about the English language. Singapore: UniPress.
Tomasello, Michael (ed.). 1998. The new psychology of language: Cognitive and functional approaches to language structure. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Tong, Chee Kiong. 2005. Chinese in Singapore. In Ember, et al. (eds.), pp. 723732.
Tong, Chee Kiong. 2010. Identity and ethnic relations in Southeast Asia: Racializing Chineseness. London: Springer.
Tongue, Ray. K. 1974. The English of Singapore and Malaysia. Singapore: Eastern University Press.
Traugott, Elizabeth C. 1989. On the rise of epistemic meanings in English: An example of subjectification in semantic change. Language 65, 1: 3155.
Traugott, Elizabeth C. 2003. Constructions in grammaticalization. In Joseph, and Janda, (eds.), pp. 624647.
Traugott, Elizabeth C. and Heine, Bernd (eds.). 1991. Approaches to grammaticalization. 2 vols. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New-dialect formation: The inevitability of colonial Englishes. Edinburgh University Press.
Turnbull, C. Mary. 1977. A history of Singapore 1819–1975. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
Vaish, Viniti. 2007. Bilingualism without diglossia: The Indian community in Singapore. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 10, 2: 171187.
Valdman, Albert (ed.). 1977. Pidgin and creole linguistics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Vaughan, Jonas D. 1879. The manners and customs of the Chinese of the Straits Settlements. Singapore: The Mission Press. Reissued by Oxford University Press (Kuala Lumpur, 1971).
Veenstra, Tonjes and den Besten, Hans. 1994. Fronting. In Arends, et al. (eds.), pp. 303315.
Vendler, Zeno. 1967. Linguistics in philosophy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Walker, Anthony R. 2004. South Asians in Malaysia and Singapore. In Ember, et al. (eds.), pp. 11051119.
Wallace, Alfred R. 1869. The Malay archipelago. London: Macmillan and Company. Reissued by Oxford University Press (Singapore, 1986).
Wan, Guofang (ed.). 2008. The education of diverse student populations: A global perspective. London: Springer.
Wáng, . 1957. Hànyǔ shǐgǎo (A history of Chinese). Beijing: Kēxué Chūbǎnshè.
Wáng, . 1959. Zhōngguó xiàndài yǔfǎ (A grammar of modern Chinese). Beijing: Zhōnghuá Shūjú.
Wasow, Thomas and Arnold, Jennifer. 2005. Intuitions in linguistic argumentation. Lingua 115, 11: 14811496.
Wei, Runling. 2001. Language contact and linguistic change in the bei construction in Mandarin Chinese. MA thesis, National University of Singapore.
Weinreich, Uriel. 1964. Languages in contact: Findings and problems. The Hague: Mouton.
Wekker, Herman (ed.). 1996. Creole languages and language acquisition. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Wēn, Duānzhèng. 1996. Hànyǔ cháng yòng yǔ cídiǎn (Dictionary of Chinese common words). Shanghai: Shànghǎi Císhū Chūbǎnshè.
Winford, Donald. 2000. Tense and aspect in Sranan and the creole prototype. In McWhorter, (ed.), pp. 383442.
Winford, Donald. 2003. An introduction to contact linguistics. London: Blackwell Publishing.
Wolfram, Walter and Schilling-Estes, Natalie. 2006. American English. London: Blackwell Publishing.
Wolfson, Nessa and Manes, Joan (eds.). 1985. Language of inequality. Berlin: Mouton Publishers.
Xu, Liejiong. 1986. Free empty category. Linguistic Inquiry 17, 1: 7593.
Xu, Liejiong and Langendoen, D. Terence. 1985. Topic structures in Chinese. Language 61, 1: 127.
Xu, Zheng. 2007. Inflectional morphology in Optimality Theory. PhD thesis, Stony Brook University.
Xu, Zheng and Aronoff, Mark. 2011. A realization Optimality Theory approach to blocking and extended morphological exponence. Journal of Linguistics 47, 3: 673707.
Yip, Virginia and Matthews, Stephen. 2007. The bilingual child: Early development and language contact. Cambridge University Press.
Yu, Ning. 2012. The metaphorical orientation of time in Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics 44, 10: 13351354.
Yuán, Jiāhuá et al. 1989. Hànyǔ fāngyán gàiyào (An introduction to Chinese dialects). Beijing: Wénzì Gǎigé Chūbǎnshè.
Zhōu, Chángjí and Hai, Chew Cheng. 2000. Xīnjiāpō Mǐnnán huà gàishuō (An outline of Singapore’s Southern Min dialect). Xiamen: Xiàmén Dàxué Chūbǎnshè.
Zhōu, Chángjí and Yìyún, Ōuyáng. 1998. Xiàmén fāngyán yánjiū (A study of the Xiamen dialect). Fuzhou: Fújiàn Rénmín Chūbǎnshè.
Ziegeler, Debra. 1994. Conditionals and counterfactuality in Singaporean English. Journal of Intercultural Studies 15, 1: 2949.
Ziegeler, Debra. 2000. Hypothetical modality: Grammaticalization in an L2 dialect. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Ziegeler, Debra. 2012. On the interaction of past tense and potentiality in Singaporean Colloquial English. Language Sciences 34(2): 229251.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.