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Subject Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 December 2018

Paromita Sanyal  and
Vijayendra Rao
Paromita Sanyal
Affiliation:
Florida State University
Vijayendra Rao
Affiliation:
The World Bank

Summary

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Type
Chapter
Information
Oral Democracy
Deliberation in Indian Village Assemblies
 , pp. 205 - 216
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Subject Index

above-poverty-line (APL), 29–30, 37–41, 116
accountability, 45–48, 87, 118, 133–135
demands from villagers for, 90, 94–95, 128, 153–157, 163
direct public, 48
governance and, 181
high literacy settings and, 171–172
of panchayats, 148
from public officials, 25, 85, 110–111
rude accountability, 88, 185–186
seeking, 139–142
social, 6
administrative power, 176
administrative violence, 180
adversarial language, 35, 36
affirmative action, 29, 42, 105, 172, 181–182
agency, 6, 179
agonistic talk, 30, 33
about personal goods, 181, 182–183
about public goods, 182
agriculture, 23, 101, 113, 166, 167
drinking water and, 167
land for, 40
Akbar, Emperor, 7
ancient Greece, 178–179
Andhra Pradesh (AP), 17
Chandrababu Naidu, 188–189
Chittoor, 30–31, 125
empty governance rituals in, 73
feudalism, low levels in, 71
low and medium literacy villages in, 74
classified as low capacity, 65–66
creation of, 17, 19–20, 64
Medak, 84, 93–94
local governance in, 85
panchayat system and, 186
recent data from, 26
Telangana, 189, 190
APL. See above-poverty-line
Arthashastra (2nd century BCE treatise on governance), 178–179
Ashoka, Emperor, 7
basic amenities, 30
BDO. See Block Development Officer
Below Poverty Line (BPL), 5, 6, 29–30, 114–115, 124–125
construction of BPL list, 38
criteria for, 34–35
household benefits for, 34
personal claims by status of, 37–41
public challenges to, 37–38
beneficiary selection, 98–99, 105, 117
awareness of procedures related to, 149
fair, 98, 153
participation in, 124–125
policy for, 99–101
benefit invigilators, 114, 117
benefits, 5, 30, 34–35
allocations of, 34
applications for, 70, 102, 113, 116, 186
denied enrollment to, 179–180, 183
deservingness for, 124–125
eligibility for, 114–115
limited subset of, 37
personal material, 40–41
private household, 175
welfare, 98–99, 100–101, 117
bicycles, 79–80, 168
Bidar, 93–94, 122, 136
low literacy gram sabhas in, 86–93, 129–133
Bihar, 187
Block Development Officer (BDO), 74, 75, 76–78, 81, 148–149
bore wells, 152
BPL. See Below Poverty Line
bribes, 28
Britain, 8
British colonial administration, 8
British East India Company, 15–16
British India, 15–16, 71
Buddhism, 178–179
Buddhist traditions, 7
budgets, 46, 118, 129, 136–137, 165, 176
budgetary allocations, 83, 84, 118, 136, 138
demand for information on budgetary allocations, 84
of panchayats, 53–54, 93–94, 188
villagers and, 159
bureaucracy, 120–121, 180
bureaucratic violence, 180
government, 5–6, 20–21, 28
capability, 62, 119, 120
“capabilities approach,” 179
competency and, 178
higher level of, 135
caste, 20–21, 136. See also scheduled caste
caste-based inequalities, 29
competition among, 41, 136
competition between, 41–42
discrimination based on, 58, 182
Extremely Backward Caste, 34
gender inequality and, 84
general castes, 35–36, 62
lower-caste groups, 12
Most Backward Caste, 34
Other Backward Caste, 34, 35–36, 155–156
personal claims by caste identity, 35–37
physical segregation by, 44
social structure based on, 2
upper caste dominance, 84
upper castes, 33–34
water allocation and discrimination by, 41–42
cell phone cards, 40
cemented road, 30–31
census, 121
check dams, 89–90
child labor, 74, 83
Chittoor, 30–31, 125
empty governance rituals in, 73
feudalism, low levels in, 71
low and medium literacy villages in, 74
citizens, 1, 141–142
as benefit invigilators, 70
civic capabilities of, 70
civic competence of, 177
deliberation by, 119
schooling in, 52–54
as passive petitioners, 69
political literacy and, 127, 186
power inversion between state and, 185
public-spirited talk by, 184
rude citizens, 89
state-citizen engagement, 62, 183–184
taxes and, 148
wellbeing of, 183
citizenship, 52, 105–106
“benefit invigilators,” 114, 117
“civic deliberators,” 69–70, 78, 142
effective, 82
villagers as, 83
“elite stewards,” 70, 89, 94, 130, 134
“militant deliberators,” 69–70, 94, 105–106, 157
“passive petitioners,” 186
performances, 24–25, 69, 94
“pragmatic deliberators,” 70, 106, 117
“rude citizens,” 70, 88–89, 129–130
civic competence, 177
civic consciousness, 61–62, 75, 85
civic deliberators, 69–70, 78, 142
effective, 82
villagers as, 83
civic responsibility, 59–62
civil society, 4, 44
features and benefits associated with, 5
political society and, 176
clientelism, 2
Coimbatore, 35–36, 56, 69–70
high literacy villages in, 94–98, 105–106, 163
medium and high literacy gram sabhas in, 172
political literacy, 157
collaborative coalition, 191
collective action, 29, 54–59
collective effervescence, 44
colonial administration, 8
commensuration, 5
redistribution and, 34, 40–41
rules of, 39–40
common good, 2–3, 105–106
common property resources, 34
communicative equality, 29
community driven development, 116, 184
competency, 14–15, 178
complaint collector states, 69, 71–73
complaint-like language, 35
Constituent Assembly Debates, 9
constitutional power, 116
context-change, 191–192
context-legibility, 191–192
conversational mode, 28
coordination failure, 191
corporate interests, 50–51
corruption, 6, 71–72, 124–125, 133–135, 163, 169
crop failure, 85
Dakshin Kanada, 87, 106–113, 117, 123
dalits, 9, 22, 33–34
decentralization, 116, 117–118
participatory decentralization, 11
participatory local governance, 1
village government, 8, 11, 14–15, 26, 175
decision-making power, 5–6
deference to authority, 84
deliberation, 2–3, 12, 118
by citizens, 119
civic deliberators, 186
control of deliberative space, 83
culture of, 44
deliberative exercises, 133
deliberative institutions, 5–6, 7–8
disruption of, 141–142
DQI, 178
equality and, 4
feminist critique, 119–120
literacy and, 120–121, 126
measures of deliberative influence, 173
minimalist definition of, 27
modalities of, 3
nature of, 125
Panchayati Raj and, 10–12
power differences, 185
public, 88–89, 93–94
quality of, 182, 185–186
reflective, 182
schooling citizens in, 52–54
social stratification and, 172–173
space for, 28
standards of, 181–182, 184
streamlining, 70
strident deliberators, 186
weighing of preferences, 27, 175
Deliberation Quality Index (DQI), 178
deliberative capacity, 67, 85, 120, 122, 172–173, 186
deliberative democracy, 3
idealized notions of, 44
normative theories of, 119
philosophically defined standards of, 177
realizing, 181
theories of, 183–184
deliberative rhetoric, 180
democracy, 62. See also deliberative democracy; direct democracy
challenges, 5–6
conceptual stretches of conventional democratic theory, 177–178
deepening, 192
“efficient,” 14
electoral, 2, 7
faith in, 175
grassroots, 65–66
greater goals of, 117
local, 177
oral, 177–181, 184, 185, 190, 191
participatory, 8, 9, 129
reach of, 181
talk-based deliberative institutions and, 185
training/schooling, 62
unequal distribution of literacy and, 172–173
village, 9
voice in, 62–63
democratic deliberation, 64, 177–178, 184, 188
democratic discourse, 26
democratic institution-building capacity, 65
deprivation, 39–40
developing world, 3
development
as freedom, 6
interventions, 5–6
Dharmapuri, 41–42, 49–50, 57–58, 68, 69–70, 157
gram sabhas in, 142–143
low and medium literacy villages in, 74
political literacy in, 142
as social reformer state, 82–83
state government facilitation of gram sabhas, 80
women in, 173–174
dignity, 13, 30, 62, 169, 172
through discourse, 41–44
performance of, 181
direct democracy, 1
direct democratic engagement, 175–176
talk-based form of, 2
discourse analysis, 3–4
discrimination, 182
discursive communication, 64–65
discursive conflict, 33
district-pairs, 64, 68
doctors, 110–111
domestic hardships, 37
DQI. See Deliberation Quality Index
drainage, 78, 81, 85, 137–138, 165
drinking water, 23, 165, 166, 169
agriculture and, 167
Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water Project, 56–57
supply, 56, 58
uninterrupted supply of, 81–82
drought, 95
earthworm fertilizer, 80
EBC. See Extremely Backward Caste
Economist Intelligence Unit, 175
education, 23, 78–79
opportunities for, 50
public, 160
public versus private, 172
school mid-day meal program, 90–91
“efficient” democracy, 14
8th five-year plan, 100
elections, 175–176
electoral democracy, 2, 7
electricity, 23
electricity bills, 112
electricity lines, 31–32
electricity supply, 111
elites
capture, 2
stewards, 70, 89, 94, 130, 134
employment, 23, 172
environmental improvement, 69–70
epistemic injustice, 27
equality, 2–3, 4, 29–30
equality of agency, 179
ethnography, 25–26
exclusion, 183
Extremely Backward Caste (EBC), 34
facilitation regimes, 24–25
farmers, 51, 103, 167, 170
feudalism, 71, 93
financial devolution, 65
fiscal responsibility, 59–62, 80
Food Inspector, 39–40
forced sales, 162–163
free noon meal program, 148
Gandhian, 8–9, 10, 59
garbage collection, 74
gender, 2, 84
global trade, 181–182
globalization, 50, 105
governance, 176
accountability and, 181
Chittoor, empty governance rituals in, 73
decentralized local governance, 53–54, 176
demand for, 45
district-pairs and decentralized participatory governance, 68
“e-governance,” 189
local governance in Medak, 85
oral dimension of, 178
Panchayati Raj, decentralized governance through, 117–118
participation, 59
quality of, 187
strategies, 70
supply of, 52
government
bureaucracies, 5–6, 20–21, 28
funding, 56
programs, 46
surveillance, 190
Government of India, 17
governmentality, 54
GPs. See Gram Panchayats
Gram Jyoti initiative, 189
Gram Panchayats (GPs), 11, 12, 19–20, 101
budget, 25–26, 80, 137
corruption in, 71–72
critiques of, 25
electricity and water bills from, 112
history of, 53–54, 65–66
presentation by, 22–23
reservations, 42
Gram Rajya, 60
gram sabhas, 1, 3–4, 5, 172
agendas of, 79
broad topics of concern broached at, 50–51
as complaint collector, 69
control over, 118
in Dakshin Kanada, 112–113
deliberative capacities of, 67
in Dharmapuri, 80, 142–143
differences in structure of, 117–118
discursive space of, 6, 40–41, 48, 62
early history of, 7–10
express purposes of, 183–184
fights in, 133–135
gender biases in, 14–15
gradations in, 63
high literacy, 169
in high literacy villages, 94–98
history of, 7–10
illiteracy and, 121
inputs, 175–176
Karnataka, 20–21, 46, 49, 50–51, 52–53, 70, 117, 126, 173–174
in Kasargod, Kerala, 117
Kerala and, 11–12, 116, 175
length of, 21–22
in low and medium literacy villages, 74–82
low literacy, 127–128, 147
in Bidar, 86–93, 129–133
mandal panchayats and, 10–11
mature, 49
medium literacy, 128–129, 135–136, 142, 149–153, 157–160
oral competence and, 190
outcomes, 62–63, 188
participation in, 115, 116–117, 121
participatory character of, 65
political construction of, 173
public attitude toward, 59
public goods problems addressed in, 50
public participation in, 103–104
recordings of, 20–21
regularity of, 174
rural citizens and, 51
in rural India, 28–29
samples of, 20
scholarly work on, 12–15
scrutinizing function performed in, 106
social relations challenged by, 44
state level factors and, 173, 176
structure and functioning of, 71, 125
summary information from transcript data, 22
Tamil Nadu, 82
topics of, 22–23
by village literacy level, 123
villagers and, 35
working committees, 98
grassroots action, 51, 68–69
health, 23
Health Department, 111–112
high-modernism, 189
Hindu traditions, 7
Horticulture Seed Act 2004, 51
household toilets, 75, 76
household wastewater, 160
household-based material interests, 40–41
housing, 23, 101, 103
house construction, 104, 114
housing subsidies, 35–36, 100–101, 155
human capability, 179
Hyderabad State, 16, 17, 19, 93–94
hygiene, 76–77, 83
illiteracy, 2, 14, 21–22, 120, 185–186
democratic discourse and, 26
gram sabhas, and, 121
illiterate villagers, 82
participation of, 88–89
individual level, 135
India, 120. See also rural India
British India, 15–16, 71
civil society in, 4
constituent assembly, 9
independence, 16–17
medieval, 7
North, 1, 186–187
politics in, 120–121
South, 1, 16, 40–41, 52, 186–187, 188–190
Indian constitution
Article 40, 9, 11
73rd amendment to, 1, 11
Indonesia, 3
inequality, 64, 120
informant states, 106, 117
information
asymmetry, 184
dissemination, 73, 118, 126–127
infrastructure, 84, 97–98, 101, 124–125
awareness of, 147–148
budgets for, 165
development of, 182
improvement of, 149
infrastructure schemes, 92
public resources and, 94
interests, 64–65
assessing, 175
corporate, 50–51
household-based material, 40–41
weighing of, 175
interfaith dialog, 7
Islam, 178–179
Jain traditions, 7
jajmani system, 93
jamabandhi, 86
Kannada, 17
Karnataka (KA), 10–11, 26, 64
Bidar, KA, 122
classified as “medium capacity,” 65–66
creation of, 17
history of, 65–66
low literacy villages in, 86–93
mandal panchayats, 10–11
panchayats supported by, 125
quality of participation in, 188
random sampling in, 19–20
SHGs in, 174
Karnataka Act, 11
Karnataka electricity board (KEB), 109, 112
Kasaragod, Kerala, 113–117, 123
gram sabhas in, 117
KEB. See Karnataka electricity board
Kerala (KE), 11, 64, 66, 98, 105
gram sabhas and, 11–12, 116, 175
Kasaragod, 113–117, 123
gram sabhas in, 117
Palakkad, 38, 98–106, 113, 123
People’s Planning Campaign, 12, 66
land, 40, 46
land ownership documents, 97–98
land-use patterns, 64
legitimation, 2
linguistic distance, 19
linguistically defined states, 18, 64
listening, 44, 185
literacy, 49, 133–135. See also illiteracy
in Dakshin Kanada, 106–113
deliberation and, 120–121, 126
formal, 125–126, 129, 173, 181, 186
gram sabhas by village literacy level, 123
gram sabhas in low and medium literacy villages, 74–82
high literacy gram sabhas, 169
accountability and, 171–172
in Coimbatore, 172
high literacy villages, 94–98, 105–106, 117, 122, 125, 163
high rates of, 50
increased levels of, 188
of individual speakers, 123–124
inequality and, 120
in Kasargod, Kerala, 113–117
levels of, 67
low literacy gram sabhas, 127–128, 147
in Bidar, 86–93, 129–133
low literacy villages, 86–93, 120, 122, 125
medium literacy gram sabhas, 128–129, 135–136, 142, 149–153, 157–160
in Coimbatore, 172
medium literacy villages, 126–127, 153
in Palakkad, Kerala, 98–105
political, 124, 125–126, 127, 147, 181, 186
in Coimbatore, 157
in Dharmapuri, 142
high level of, 146, 152, 163
rates of, 122
rural citizens and, 121
state capacity and, 68
unequal distribution of, 172–173
village-level literacy threshold, 40–41
villagers in low literacy settings, 146–147
living standards, 179
local government, 5
local knowledge, 38
lower-caste groups, 12
Madras Presidency, 19
mandal panchayats (several villages), 10–11
Mangalore, 111
mass participation, 28
mass talk-based political participation, 180–181
matching grants, 96
material benefits, 40–41
material equity, 41–42
material inequality, 44
MBC. See Most Backward Caste
Medak, 84, 93–94
local governance in, 85
Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA), 32, 51, 54, 71, 72, 81
methodology
data collection, 20–23, 71
discourse analysis, 3–4
inductive reasoning, 24–25
literacy cutoffs, 121
natural experiment, 1, 15, 19, 191
NVivo, 23–24
sampling, 15, 19–20
midday meals, 90–91
militant deliberators, 69–70, 94, 105–106, 157
MLA. See Member of Legislative Assembly
mobile phones, 40
modernity, 75
monological rhetoric, 180
Most Backward Caste (MBC), 34
Mughal Empire, 15–16
Mysore, 16, 17
Mysore Wars, 16
National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), 188
natural experiment, 15
nepotism, 41, 114, 124–125
Nizam of Hyderabad, 16
Nodal officer, 86, 87, 88, 110
non-communicative bureaucratic mode, 28
non-violence, 8–9
non-working public facilities, 45
NREGS. See National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
Nyaya philosophy, 178–179
OBC. See Other Backward Caste
old-age pension, 169
oral democracy, 177–181, 184, 185, 190, 191
oration, 178
intrinsic oratory skills, 185–186
oral competence, 178–179, 180, 190
oral performance, 181
Other Backward Caste (OBC), 34, 35–36, 155–156
Palakkad, Kerala, 98–106, 113, 123
Panchayat Raj Act, 116–117
Panchayati Raj (local self-government), 9–10, 65–66, 189
decentralized governance through, 117–118
deliberation and, 10–12
panchayats, 7–8, 49, 71–72, 114, 125
accountability of, 148
broad topics of concern broached at, 50–51
budgets of, 53–54, 93–94, 188
coaching, 86
demands on, 87
democratic institution-building capacity of, 65
development priorities of, 78
elections, 65
emphasis on accuracy and fairness in beneficiary selection, 98
federally mandated, 126–127
finance allocation of, 139
immature panchayat systems, 45
jurisdiction of, 181–182
management of, 171
mature panchayat systems, 45
negotiating with, 157
oversight of expenditure of, 82–83
public critique directed, 172
public finances of, 118
regimes of, 135–136
scope of action of, 147–148
staff, 52
state support for, 174
in TN, 186
Union Panchayat, 80
villagers admonishing, 139–141
women on seats in, 42
participation, 103–104, 115, 116–117, 121
in beneficiary selection, 124–125
governance, 59
of illiterate villagers, 88–89
mass, 28
mass talk-based political, 180–181
patterns of, 88–89
political, 187, 188
by women, 142–143, 149–151, 157, 188
participatory budgeting, 3, 25–26
participatory decentralization, 11
participatory democracy, 8, 9
participatory planning, 66
passive petitioners, 186
patta (land with ownership document), 37, 96, 97, 168
patterns of participation, 88–89
Peloponesian war, 178
People’s Campaign, 11–12, 66
impact of, 12
planning process put in place by, 105
performance, 24–25, 69, 94
personal claims
by BPL/ APL status, 37–41
by caste identity, 35–37
personal goods
agonistic talk about, 181, 182–183
for alleviating domestic hardships, 37
competition over, 34–35
personal talk, 30, 37, 183
pesticides, 85
planner states, 117
plebiscitary rhetoric, 180
point allocation system, 98–99, 102, 113–114
policy implementation, 5
policy Implications, 190–192
policy outcomes, 27
political consciousness, 185
political culture, 29, 147
political factionalism, 94
political participation, 187, 188
political society, 4, 5, 176
populism, 177
poverty, 2, 120–121. See also above-poverty-line; Below Poverty Line
eradication, 102
extreme, 26
measurement of, 183
official definitions of, 62
power, 183–185
pragmatic deliberators, 70, 106, 117
production of arbitrariness, 180
public attendance, 115
public audits, 86, 87
public awareness, 51
public cooperation, 55, 105–106
public criticism, 108–109
public goods, 6
agonistic talk about, 182
allocations, 62
competition over, 30–34
discussions about, 151
problems, 49–50
in TN, 54
public interest, 75
public lands, 46
public officials, 87
accountability from, 25, 85, 110–111
public policy, 178
public reasoning, 157, 172
public resources
allocation of, 166, 179
awareness of, 147–148
budgets for, 165
demands for, 144
infrastructure and, 94
needs for, 172–173
upkeep of, 148
villagers ownership of, 92
public sanitation, 54
public services, 48
maintaining, 157
rural public service delivery, 68–69
public sphere, 119
non-western experiences of, 121
public political sphere, 180
public toilets, 56, 81
public works, 45, 83, 124–125, 158, 176
monitoring progress of, 82–83
subsidized, 61–62
public works department (PWD), 109
public-spirited talk, 45, 181, 182
by citizens, 184
forms of, 181–182
political effect of, 51
PWD. See public works department
quality of life, 62–63
rabid dogs, 106–108
rainwater harvesting, 74, 83
Rajasthan, 108, 186–187
Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water Project, 56–57
ration cards, 71–72
rational choice models, 14
rationality, 2–3
recognition
performance of, 181
politics of, 29–30, 44
redistribution
commensuration and, 34, 40–41
federal rules of, 41
general caste left behind by policies of, 35–36
politics of, 29–30, 44
reflective
decision-making, 175
democracy, 175–176
respect, 7, 41–42, 183–184
rhetoric, 178–179
deliberative rhetoric, 180
monological rhetoric, 180
plebiscitary rhetoric, 180
rice, 59–60, 79, 92
ritualized interactions, 44
roads, 50, 78–80, 85, 132
concrete, 104, 159
construction projects, 56
demand for, 137–138
maintaining, 101
public contribution requirement for, 131
village roads, 23
water stagnation and, 96
role of the state, 24, 180–181, 183–185
rude accountability, 88, 185–186
rural citizens, 98, 188–189
gram sabhas and, 51
literacy and, 121
political lives of, 65
problems facing, 109–110
quality of life of, 62–63
rural civic sphere, 187
rural development, 187
rural India, 1, 2
changes to, 25–26
epistemic injustices in, 27
gram sabhas in, 28–29
ryotwari system, 71
sabhas (assembly), 7–8, 10–11
sacred spheres, 44
samajs, 7–8
sanitation, 75, 83, 188
women and, 76
sarcasm, 48
sarpanch, 71–72, 83–84
SC. See scheduled caste
scaling-up, 5–6
scheduled caste (SC), 33–34, 114, 133–134, 136–137
housing subsidies and, 35–36, 100–101
scheduled tribes (ST), 100–101, 114
schools, 97
mid-day meal program, 90–91
scrutinizer states, 86, 106
seed policy, 50–51, 85
self-governance, 59
self-help groups (SHGs), 14–15, 54, 142–143, 149–150, 157
intervention by, 174
in Karnataka, 174
SHG effect, 173–174
self-interest, 114
service sector, 101
73rd amendment to Indian constitution, 1, 11
sewage pond, 80
SHGs. See self-help groups
silence, 123–124
social class, stratification, 120, 172–173
social creativity, 190–191
social forest officer, 46, 48
social protection, 190
social reformer states, 75, 78, 80, 82–83, 105–106
social relations, 44
socio-economic mobility, 50
South India, 1, 16, 40–41, 52, 186–187, 188–190
speech
communities, 64
forms of, 177
starvation, 170
state enactments, 68–69, 117–118
“complaint collector,” 69, 71–73
“informant,” 106, 117
“planner,” 117
“scrutinizer,” 86, 106
“social reformer,” 75, 78, 80, 82–83, 105–106
state indoctrination, 78
state negligence, 31–32, 98
state performance, 106
state-citizen deliberation, 184
state-citizen engagement, 62, 183–184
state-citizen power, 185
power inversion, 185
States Reorganization Commission, 17
state-speak, 52
streetlights, 22, 45–46, 60, 61, 73, 102, 104, 129, 158, 163
structural violence, 120–121, 180, 190
subsidies, 34, 103, 118
for food, 135–136
housing, 35–36, 100–101, 155
public works, 61–62
symbolic inequality, 44
systemic discrimination, 44
talk-based analysis
“agonistic talk,” 30, 33
about personal goods, 181, 182–183
about public goods, 182
“personal talk,” 30, 37, 183
“public-spirited talk,” 45, 181, 182
by citizens, 184
forms of, 181–182
political effect of, 51
“state-speak,” 52
talk-based deliberative institutions, 185
taluk, 47–48, 106
Tamil, 17
Tamil: A Biography (Shulman), 64
Tamil Nadu (TN), 17, 19–20, 31–32, 64, 65–66, 125, 188. See also Dharmapuri
Coimbatore, 35–36, 56, 69–70
high literacy villages in, 94–98, 105–106, 163
medium and high literacy gram sabhas in, 172
political literacy, 157
gram sabhas in, 82
levels of participation found in, 174
panchayats in, 186
public goods in, 54
taxes, 59, 80, 96
citizens and, 148
house tax, 60, 61
irregular collection of, 163
Telangana Rashtra Samithi, 189
telephone connections, 40
Telugu Desam, 189
Tipu Sultan, 16
TN. See Tamil Nadu
Total Village distribution project, 40
translation, 26
transparency, 86–87, 166
tribal groups, 33–34
Union Panchayat, 80
upper castes, 33–34, 84
Uttar Pradesh, 9
vaccines, 110–111
Veerappan, 31–32
verbal fights, 53–54, 94, 130, 141
verbal negotiation, 44
verbal reaffirmations, 78
veterinary inspectors, 106–108
village democracy, 9
village development, 61–62, 69–70, 105–106
village roads, 23
Village Swaraj (Gandhi), 8–9
village-level committees, 52
villagers, 52, 61–62, 68–69, 124–125
accountability demands from, 90, 94–95, 128, 153–157, 163
arguments by, 97–98
belligerent discursive style of, 94
budgets and, 159
as civic deliberators, 83
as elite stewards, 70, 89, 130
framing problems, 142–143
gram sabhas and, 35
interests of, 65
in low literacy settings, 146–147
minimally-stated petitions by, 127–128
needs of, 155–156
panchayats admonished by, 139–141
participation of illiterate villagers, 88–89
participatory role of, 67
public audits and, 87
public resources ownership by, 92
refusal to pay taxes, 59
villages, 8, 74–82
assemblies in, 2
direct democracy in, 1
high literacy, 94–98, 105–106, 117, 122, 125, 163
low literacy villages, 86–93, 120, 122, 125
medium literacy villages, 126–127, 153
systemic discrimination in, 44
village-level literacy threshold, 40–41
voice, 15, 27, 33–34, 62–63, 84
water allocation, 41–42, 61
water bills, 112
water board, 82
water pipe connections, 61, 80–82
water problems, 49–50, 53, 58, 85, 95, 96
non-availability of water, 108
water tanks and, 81
welfare benefits, 99–100, 114
West Bengal, 186–187
Western liberal philosophers, 8
Wodeyar family, 16
women, 11, 12, 14–15, 22, 54, 61, 103, 143, 173
complaints voiced by, 144
in Dharmapuri, 173–174
housing for, 103
increased participation by, 188
modernity and, 75
on panchayat seats, 42
participation of, 149–151, 157
sanitation and, 76
vocal participation by, 142–143
working committees, 98
working groups, 98, 99
written communication, 120–121
zilla panchayat members, 106, 109, 114–115

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