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Invited Paper B The ten Ds of health outcomes measurement for the twenty-first century

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 December 2009

By
Colleen A. McHorney Ph.D.  and
Karon F. Cook Ph.D.
Edited by
Joseph Lipscomb ,
Carolyn C. Gotay  and
Claire Snyder
Colleen A. McHorney Ph.D.
Affiliation:
Professor of Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine and Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
Karon F. Cook Ph.D.
Affiliation:
Director for Research Baylor College of Medicine and Houston Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX
Joseph Lipscomb
Affiliation:
National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
Carolyn C. Gotay
Affiliation:
Cancer Research Center, Hawaii
Claire Snyder
Affiliation:
National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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Summary

Introduction

The origins of health status assessment can be traced to the 1960s and the need at that time for a new armamentaria of health statistics to measure outcomes above and beyond mortality and morbidity. The state of health outcomes assessment in the 1960s has been characterized by the five Ds: death, disease, disability, discomfort, and dissatisfaction. In the USA, death registration was standardized in most states by 1930 and disease surveys had been underway since the late 1880s.– Measurement of disability began in the 1930s– but earnestly gained momentum in the late 1950s.– The National Health Interview Survey, which is a major source of information on disease and disability, was instituted in 1957 and continues today. Measurement of discomfort (subjective and objective sickness impacts) began in the 1940s, and continues to constitute a significant component of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) surveys. Measurement of patient satisfaction commenced in the 1950s for mental health care, and the 1960s for general medical care.

We have made great progress in measuring patient health outcomes since the five Ds were first propounded. There are over 85 tools that measure basic and instrumental activities of daily living. Myriad measures of depression exist. Close to two dozen generic HRQOL instruments have been developed. Hundreds of disease-specific instruments abound., In cancer, over 75 different HRQOL measures exist. The vast majority of these measures have been created under the umbrella of classical test theory (CTT).

Type
Chapter
Information
Outcomes Assessment in Cancer
Measures, Methods and Applications
 , pp. 590 - 609
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2004

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