Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-xtgtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T01:21:35.456Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

9 - Ecology of natural enemies and genetically engineered host plants

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 August 2010

By
George G. Kennedy  and
Fred Gould
Edited by
Marcos Kogan  and
Paul Jepson
Marcos Kogan
Affiliation:
Oregon State University
Paul Jepson
Affiliation:
Oregon State University
Get access

Summary

Introduction

Plants play an important role in the interaction between phytophagous arthropods and the parasitoids, predators, and pathogens that attack them. They provide habitat for both phytophagous arthropods and their natural enemies, and they provide behavioral cues that are important in host/prey location by parasitoids and predators (Vet and Dicke, 1992). Plants also serve as the primary source of food for phytophagous species and, in the case of some parasitoids and predators, as a source of supplemental food. The nutritional quality and phytochemical content of this plant-supplied food is known to affect the vulnerability of phytophagous species to attack by parasitoids, predators, and pathogens, as well their suitability as hosts or prey following attack. The nutritional quality and phytochemical content of plant-supplied food can also affect parasitoids and predators that feed on plant tissues and plant products, such as pollen, nectar, and plant sap.

Plant effects on phytophagous arthropods and their natural enemies occur largely at the level of the individual but have consequences at the population level for both pests and their natural enemies. It is these population-level effects, which can be manifested in both ecological time and in evolutionary time, that are most important in the context of crop protection and integrated pest management (IPM).

Type
Chapter
Information
Perspectives in Ecological Theory and Integrated Pest Management , pp. 269 - 300
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arpaia, S., Gould, F. and Kennedy, G. G. (1997). Potential impact of Coleomegilla maculata predation on adaptation of Leptinotarsa decemlineata to Bt-transgenic potatoes. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 82, 91–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbosa, P. (1998). Agroecosystems and conservation biological control. In Barbosa, P. (ed.), Conservation Biological Control. New York: Academic Press. pp. 39–54.Google Scholar
Barbosa, P. and Benrey, B. (1998). The influence of plants on insect parasitoids: implications for conservation biological control. In Barbosa, P. (ed.), Conservation Biological Control. New York: Academic Press. pp. 55–82.Google Scholar
Barbosa, P., Saunders, J. A., Kemper, J.et al. (1986). Plant allelochemicals and insect parasitoids: effects of nicotine on Cotesia congregata and Hyposoter annulipes. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 12, 1319–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbour, J. D., Farrar, R. R. Jr. and Kennedy, G. G. (1997). Populations of predaceous natural enemies developing on insect-resistant and susceptible tomato in North Carolina. Biological Control, 9, 173–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, J. V. (1978). Development and mortality of bollworms fed resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars treated with Nomuraea rileyi or Bacillus thuringiensis. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society, 13, 43–50.Google Scholar
Benrey, B. and Denno, R. F. (1997). The slow-growth-high-mortality hypothesis: a test using the cabbage butterfly. Ecology, 78, 987–99.Google Scholar
Bloem, K., Kelley, K. C. and Duffey, S. S. (1989). Differential effect of tomatine and its alleviation by cholesterol on larval growth efficiency of food utilization in Heliothis zea and Spodoptera exigua. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 15, 387–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bottrell, D. G., Barbosa, P. and Gould, F. (1998). Manipulating natural enemies by plant variety selection and modification: a realistic strategy?Annual Review of Entomology, 43, 347–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowers, M. D. and Larin, Z. (1989). Acquired chemical defense in the lycaenid butterfly, Eumaeus atala. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 15, 133–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cabrera, J. C. (2001). Interactions Between Spodoptera frugiperda, (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Bt-Transgenic Sweet Corn. Ph.D. Thesis. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University.
Cheng, L. (1970). Timing of attack of Lyphia dubia Fall (Diptera: Tachinidae) on the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) as a factor affecting parasite success. Journal of Animal Ecology, 39, 313–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, L. R., Geier, P. W., Hughes, R. D. and Morris, R. F. (1967). The Ecology of Insect Populations in Theory and Practice. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Cloutier, C. and Jean, C. (1998). Synergism between natural enemies and biopesticides: a test case using the stinkbug Perillus bioculatus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and Bacillus thuringiensis against Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 95, 1096–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, S. D. and Gaugler, R. (1989). Influence of Solanum host plants on Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) susceptibility to the entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana. Environmental Entomology, 18, 531–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cottrell, T. E. and Yeargan, K. V. (1998). Effect of pollen on Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) population density, predation, and cannibalism in sweet corn. Environmental Entomology, 27, 1402–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dicke, M. (1999). Are herbivore-induced plant volatiles reliable indicators of herbivore identity to foraging carnivorous arthropods?Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 91, 131–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duan, J. J., Head, G. and McKee, M. J.et al. (2002). Evaluation of dietary effects of transgenic corn pollen expressing Cry2Bb1 protein on a non-target ladybird beetle, Coleomegilla maculata. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 104, 271–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duffey, S. S. and Bloem, K. A. (1986). Plant defense–herbivore–parasite interactions and biological control. In Kogan, M. (ed.), Ecological Theory and Integrated Pest Management Practice. New York: Wiley. pp. 135–83.Google Scholar
Dutton, A., Klein, H., Romeis, J. and Bigler, F. (2002). Uptake of Bt-toxin by herbivores feeding on transgenic maize and consequences for the predator Chrysoperla carnea. Ecological Entomology, 27, 441–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliger, C. A., Wong, Y., Chan, B. G. and Waiss, A. C. Jr. (1981). Growth inhibitors in tomato (Lycopersicon) to tomato fruitworm (Heliothis zea). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 7, 753–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrar, R. R. Jr. and Kennedy, G. G. (1993). Field cage performance of two tachinid parasitoids of the tomato fruitworm on insect resistant and susceptible tomato lines. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 67, 73–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrar, R. R. Jr., Barbour, J. D. and Kennedy, G. G. (1994). Field evaluation of insect resistance in a wild tomato and its effect on insect parasitoids. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 71, 211–26.Google Scholar
Farrar, R. R. Jr., Kennedy, G. G. and Kashyap, R. K. (1992). Influence of life history differences of two tachinid parasitoids of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on their interactions with glandular trichome/methyl ketone-based insect resistance in tomato. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 18, 499–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferre, J. and Rie, J. (2002). Biochemistry and genetics of insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis. Annual Review of Entomology, 47, 501–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallardo, F., Boethel, D. J., Fuxa, J. R. and Richter, A. (1990). Susceptibility of Heliothis zea (Boddie) larvae to Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson: effects of alpha-tomatine at the third trophic level. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 16, 1751–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, F. (1994). Potential and problems with high-dose strategies for pesticidal engineered crops. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 4, 451–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, F. (1998). Sustainability of transgenic insecticidal cultivars: integrating pest genetics and ecology. Annual Review of Entomology, 43, 701–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gould, F., Kennedy, G. G. and Johnson, M. T. (1991). Effects of natural enemies on the rate of herbivore adaptation to resistant host plants. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 58, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groot, A. T. and Dicke, M. (2001). Transgenic Crops in an Agro-Ecological Context: Multitrophic Effects of Insect-Resistant Plants. Wageningen: Ponsen and Looyen BV.Google Scholar
Gutierrez, A. P. (1986). Analysis of the interaction of host plant resistance, phytophagous and entomophagous species. In Boethel, D. J. and Eikenbary, R. D. (eds.), Interactions of Plant Resistance and Parasitoids and Predators of Insects. Chichester, UK: Ellis Horwood. pp. 198–215.Google Scholar
Hagen, K. S. (1987). Nutritional ecology of terrestrial insect predators. In Slansky, F.. and Rodriguez, J. G. (eds.), Nutritional Ecology of Insects, Mites, Spiders, and Related Invertebrates. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. pp. 533–77.Google Scholar
Hansen, F. T., Forbes, V. E. and Forbes, T. L. (1999). Using elasticity analysis of demographic models to link toxicant effects on individuals to the population level: an example. Functional Ecology, 13, 157–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hare, J. D. (1992). Effects of plant variation on herbivore-natural enemy interactions. In Fritz, R. S. and Simms, E. L. (eds.), Plant resistance to Herbivores and Pathogens – Ecology, Evolution, and Genetics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 278–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hare, J. D. and Andreadis, T. G. (1983). Variation in the susceptibility of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) when reared on different host plants to the fungal pathogen, Beauveria bassiana in the field and laboratory. Environmental Entomology, 12, 1871–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Head, G., Brown, C. R., Groth, M. E. and Duan, J. J. (2001). Cry1Ab protein levels in phytophagous insects feeding on transgenic corn: implications for secondary exposure risk analysis. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 99, 37–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilbeck, A. (2002). Transgenic host plant resistance and non-target effects. In Letourneau, D. K. and Burrows, B. E. (eds.), Genetically Engineered Organisms: Assessing Environmental and Human Health Effects. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 167–85.Google Scholar
Hilbeck, A. and Kennedy, G. G. (1995). Predators feeding on the Colorado potato beetle in insecticide-free plots and insecticide-treated commercial potato fields in eastern North Carolina. Biological Control, 6, 273–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilbeck, A., Eckel, C. and Kennedy, G. G. (1997). Predation on Colorado potato beetle eggs by generalist predators in research and commercial plantings. Biological Control, 8, 191–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilbeck, A., Baumgartner, M., Fried, P. M. and Bigler, F. (1998 a). Effects of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn-fed prey on mortality and development time of immature Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Environmental Entomology, 27, 480–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilbeck, A., Moar, W. J., Pusztai-Carey, J., Filippini, A. and Bigler, F. (1998 b). Toxicity of the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab toxin and protoxin and Cry 2A protoxin on the predator Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) using diet incorporated bioassays. Environmental Entomology, 27, 1255–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilbeck, A., Moar, W. J., Pusztai-Carey, J., Filippini, A. and Bigler, F. (1999). Prey-mediated effects of Cry1Ab toxin and protoxin and Cry2A protoxin on the predator Chrysoperla carnea. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 91, 305–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodek, I. (1973). Biology of Coccinellidae. The Hague, Netherlands: Junk Publ.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isenhour, D. J. and Wiseman, B. R. (1989). Parasitism of the fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by Campoletis sonorensis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) as affected by host feeding on silks of Zea mays L. cv. Zapalote Chico. Environmental Entomology, 18, 394–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isenhour, D. J., Wiseman, B. R. and Layton, J. R. (1989). Enhanced predation by Orius insidiosus (Homoptera: Anthocoridae) on larvae of Heliothis zea and Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) caused by prey feeding on resistant corn genotypes. Environmental Entomology, 18, 418–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, M. T. (1997). Interaction of resistant plants and wasp parasitoids of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Environmental Entomology, 26, 207–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, M. T. and Gould, F. (1992). Interaction of genetically engineered host plant resistance and natural enemies of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in tobacco. Environmental Entomology, 21, 586–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, M. T., Gould, F. and Kennedy, G. G. (1997 a). Effects of natural enemies on relative fitness of Heliothis virescens genotypes adapted and not adapted to resistant host plants. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 82, 219–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, M. T., Gould, F. and Kennedy, G. G. (1997 b). Effect of an entomopathogen on adaptation of Heliothis virescens populations selected on resistant host plants. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 83, 121–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juvik, J. A. and Stevens, M. A. (1982). Physiological mechanisms of host-plant resistance in the genus Lycopersicon to Heliothis zea and Spodoptera exigua, two insect pests of the cultivated tomato. Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science, 107, 1065–9.Google Scholar
Kartohardjono, A. and Heinrichs, E. A. (1984). Populations of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Homoptera: Delphacidae), and its predators on rice varieties with different levels of resistance. Environmental Entomology, 13, 359–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kauffman, W. C. and Flanders, R. V. (1985). Effects of variably resistant soybean and lima bean cultivars on Pediobius foveolatus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) a parasitoid of the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Environmental Entomology, 14, 678–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kauffman, W. C., Flanders, R. V. and Edwards, C. R. (1985). Population growth potentials of the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on soybean and lima bean cultivars. Environmental Entomology, 14, 674–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kea, W. C., Turnipseed, S. G. and Carner, G. R. (1978). Influence of resistant soybeans on the susceptibility of lepidopterous pests to insecticides. Journal of Economic Entomology, 71, 58–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, G. G. (2003). Tomato, pests, parasitoids, and predators: tritrophic interactions involving the genus Lycopersicon. Annual Review of Entomology, 48, 51–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kennedy, G. G., Kishaba, A. N. and Bohn, G. W. (1975). Response of several pest species to Cucumis melo L. lines resistance to Aphis gossypii Glover. Environmental Entomology, 4, 653–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Letourneau, D. K. (1998). Conservation biology: lessons for conserving natural enemies. In Barbosa, P. (ed.), Conservation Biological Control. New York: Academic Press. pp. 9–38.Google Scholar
Lu, W., Kennedy, G. G. and Gould, F. (1996). Differential predation by Coleomegilla maculata on Colorado potato beetle strains that vary in growth on tomato. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 81, 7–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lundgren, J. G. and Wiedenmann, R. N. (2002). Coleopteran-specific Cry3Bb toxin from transgenic corn pollen does not affect the fitness of a nontarget species, Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Environmental Entomology, 31, 1213–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maredia, K. M., Gage, S. H., Landis, D. A. and Worth, T. M. (1992). Ecological observations on predatory coccinellidae (Coleoptera) in southwestern Michigan. Great Lakes Entomologist, 25, 265–70.Google Scholar
McCutcheon, G. S. and Turnipseed, S. G. (1981). Parasites of lepidopterous larvaea in insect resistant and susceptible soybeans in South Carolina. Environmental Entomology, 10, 69–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myint, M. M., Rapusas, H. R. and Heinrichs, E. A. (1986). Integration of varietal resistance and predation for the management of Nephotettix virescens (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) populations on rice. Crop Protection, 5, 259–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Research Council. (2002). Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: The Scope and Adequacy of Regulation. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences Press.
Nault, B. A. and Kennedy, G. G. (2000). Seasonal changes in habitat preference by Coleomegilla maculata: implications for Colorado potato beetle management in potato. Biological Control, 17, 164–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obrycki, J. J. and Tauber, M. J. (1984). Natural enemy activity on glandular pubescent potato plants in the greenhouse: an unreliable predictor of effects in the field. Environmental Entomology, 13, 679–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orr, D. B., Boethel, D. J. and Jones, W. A. (1985). Biology of Telenomus chloropus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) reared on resistant and susceptible soybean genotypes. Canadian Entomologist, 117, 1137–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pair, S. D., Wiseman, B. R. and Sparks, A. N. (1986). Influence of four corn cultivars on fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) establishment of parasitization. Florida Entomologist, 69, 566–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pilcher, C. D., Obrycki, J. J., Rice, M. E. and Lewis, L. C. (1997). Preimaginal development, survival, and field abundance of insect predators on transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn. Environmental Entomology, 26, 446–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pimentel, D. and Wheeler, A. G. Jr. (1973). Influence of alfalfa resistance on a pea aphid population and its associated parasites, predators, and competitors. Environmental Entomology, 2, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ponsard, S., Gutierrez, A. P. and Mills, N. J. (2002). Effect of Bt-toxin (Cry1Ac) in transgenic cotton on the adult longevity of four heteropteran predators. Environmental Entomology, 31, 1197–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, P. W. (1986). Ecological aspects of host plant resistance and biological control: interactions among three trophic levels. In Boethel, D. J. and Eikenbary, R. D. (eds.), Interactions of Plant Resistance and Parasitoids and Predators of Insects. Chichester, UK: Ellis Horwood. pp. 11–30.Google Scholar
Rabb, R. L. and Bradley, J. R. Jr. (1968). The influence of host plants on parasitism of eggs of the tobacco hornworm. Journal of Economic Entomology, 61, 1249–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rausher, M. D. (1988). Is coevolution dead?Ecology, 69, 898–901.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, G. L., Jensen, A. S., Riebe, J., Head, G. and Duan, J. J. (2001). Transgenic Bt potato and conventional insecticides for Colorado potato beetle management: comparative efficacy and non-target impacts. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 100, 89–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riddick, E. W., Dively, G. and Barbosa, P. (1998). Effect of a seed-mix deployment of Cry3A-transgenic and nontransgenic potato on the abundance of Lebia grandis (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 91, 647–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riggin-Bucci, T. M. and Gould, F. (1997). Impact of intraplot mixtures of toxic and nontoxic plants on population dynamics of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and its natural enemies. Economic Entomology, 90, 241–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romeis, J., Badendreier, D. and Wackers, F. L. (2003). Consumption of snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin) causes direct effects on adult parasitic wasps. Oecologia, 134, 528–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saito, C. E., Eikenbary, R. D. and Starks, K. J. (1983). Compatibility of Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Homoptera: Aphididae) biotypes “C” and “E” reared on susceptible and resistant oat varieties. Environmental Entomology, 12, 603–4.Google Scholar
Salim, M. and Heinrichs, E. A. (1986). Impact of varietal resistance in rice and predation on the mortality of Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Crop Protection, 5, 395–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schuler, T. H., Potting, R. P. J., Denholm, I. and Poppy, G. M. (1999). Parasitoid behavior and Bacillus thuringiensis plants. Nature, 400, 825–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shelton, A. M., Zhao, J. Z. and Roush, R. T. (2002). Economic, ecological, food safety, and social consequences of the deployment of Bt transgenic plants. Annual Review of Entomology, 47, 845–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sibly, R. M. (1999). Efficient experimental designs for studying stress and population density in animal populations. Ecological Applications, 9, 496–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smiley, J. T., Horn, J. M. and Rank, N. E. (1985). Ecological effects of salicin at three trophic levels: new problems from old adaptations. Science, 229, 649–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, R. C. (1960). A technique for rearing coccinellid beetles on dry foods, and influence of various pollens on the development of Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timb. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 38, 1047–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stark, J. D. and Banks, J. E. (2003). Population-level effects of pesticides and other toxicants on arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology, 48, 505–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Starks, K. J., Muniappan, R. and Eikenbary, R. D. (1972). Interaction between plant resistance and parasitism against the greenbug on barley and sorghum. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 65, 650–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thaler, J. S. (1999 a). Induced resistance in agricultural crops: effects of jasmonic acid on herbivory and yield in tomato plants. Environmental Entomology, 28, 30–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thaler, J. S. (1999 b). Jasmonate-inducible plant defenses cause increased parasitism of herbivores. Nature, 399, 686–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorpe, K. W. and Barbosa, P. (1986). Effects of consumption of high and low nicotine tobacco by Manduca sexta on survival of gregarious endoparasitoid Cotesia congregata. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 12, 1329–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Traugott, M. S. and Stamp, N. E. (1996). Effects of chlorogenic acid and tomatine-fed caterpillars on the behavior of an insect predator. Journal of Insect Behavior, 9, 461–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
US Environmental Protection Agency. (1998). The Environmental Protection Agency's White Paper on Bt Plant-Pesticide Resistance Management. #739-S-98-001. Washington, DC: Author.
Emden, H. F. (1966). Plant insect relationships and pest control. World Review of Pest Control, 5, 115–23.Google Scholar
van Emden, H. F. (1986). The interaction of plant resistance and natural enemies: effects on populations of sucking insects. In Boethel, D. J. and Eikenbary, R. D. (eds.), Interactions of Plant Resistance and Parasitoids and Predators of Insects. Chichester, UK: Ellis Horwood. pp. 138–50.Google Scholar
Vet, L. E. M. and Dicke, M. (1992). Ecology of infochemical use by natural enemies in a tritrophic context. Annual Review of Entomology, 37, 141–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vinson, S. B. and Barbosa, P. (1987). Interrelationships of nutritional ecology of parasitoids. In Slansky, F. and Rodriguez, J. G. (eds.), Nutritional Ecology of Insects, Mites, and Spiders and Related Invertebrates. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. pp. 673–95.Google Scholar
Wright, E. J. and Laing, J. E. (1982). Stage specific mortality of Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake on corn in southern Ontario. Environmental Entomology, 11, 32–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wyatt, I. J. (1983). The distribution of Myzus persicae (Sulz.) on year-round chrysanthemums. II. Winter season: the effect of parasitization by Aphidius matricariae Hal. Annals of Applied Biology, 65, 31–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yanes, J. Jr. and Boethel, D. J. (1983). Effect of a resistant soybean genotype on the development of the soybean looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and an introduced parasitoid, Micropletis demolitor Wilkinson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Environmental Entomology, 12, 1270–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×