References and further reading
Adams, H. A., Wolf, C., Michaelis, G., Hempelmann, G. (1990). [Postoperative course and endocrine stress reaction of geriatric patients with para-articular hip fractures. Prospective randomized study comparing spinal anesthesia and halothane intubation narcosis]. Anästhesie, Intensivtherapie, Notfallmedizin, 25, 263–70.
Beaudoin, F. L., Nagdev, A., Merchant, R. C., Becker, B. M. (2010). Ultrasound-guided femoral nerve blocks in elderly patients with hip fractures. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 28, 76–81.
Biffoli, F., Piacentino, V., Meconcelli, Get al. (1998). [The effect of anesthesiologic technique on the mental state of elderly patients submitted for orthopedic surgery of the lower limbs]. Minerva Anestesiologica, 64, 13–19.
Breivik, H., Bang, U., Jalonen, J.et al. (2010). Nordic guidelines for neuraxial blocks in disturbed haemostasis from the Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 54, 16–41.
Casati, A., Aldegheri, G., Vinciguerra, E.et al. (2003). Randomized comparison between sevoflurane anaesthesia and unilateral spinal anaesthesia in elderly patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery. European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 20, 640–6.
GadsdenJ, ToddK.Regional anesthesia and acute pain management in the emergency department. In: Hadzic, A. (2006). Textbook of Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Management, 1st edn. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, pp. 955–66.
Griffiths, R., Alper, J., Beckingsale, A.et al. (2012). Management of proximal femoral fractures 2011: Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Anaesthesia, 67, 85–98.
Ho, A. M. H., Karmakar, M. K. (2002). Combined paravertebral lumbar plexus and parasacral sciatic nerve block for reduction of hip fracture in a patient with severe aortic stenosis. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, 49, 946–50.
Holdgate, A., Shepherd, S. A., Huckson, S. (2010). Patterns of analgesia for fractured neck of femur in Australian emergency departments. Emergency Medicine Australasia: EMA, 22, 3–8.
Juelsgaard, P., Sand, N. P., Felsby, S.et al. (1998). Perioperative myocardial ischaemia in patients undergoing surgery for fractured hip randomized to incremental spinal, single-dose spinal or general anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 15, 656–63.
Luger, T. J., Kammerlander, C., Gosch, M.et al. (2010). Neuroaxial versus general anaesthesia in geriatric patients for hip fracture surgery: does it matter?Osteoporosis International, 21, S555–72.
Marino, J., Russo, J., Kenny, M.et al. (2009). Continuous lumbar plexus block for postoperative pain control after total hip arthroplasty. A randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume, 91, 29–37.
Mouzopoulos, G., Vasiliadis, G., Lasanianos, N.et al. (2009). Fascia iliaca block prophylaxis for hip fracture patients at risk for delirium: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 10, 127–33.
Neuman, M. D., Silber, J. H., Elkassabany, N. M.et al. (2012). Comparative effectiveness of regional versus general anesthesia for hip fracture surgery in adults. Anesthesiology, 117, 72–92.
Parker, M. J., Handoll, H. H. G., Griffiths, R. (2004). Anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online), (4), CD000521.
Urwin, S. C., Parker, M. J., Griffiths, R. (2000). General versus regional anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 84, 450–5.
