References
Barrett, K. L., N. Grandy, E. G. Harrison, S. Hassan, and P. Oomen, eds. 1994. Guidance Document on Regulatory Testing Procedures for Pesticides with Non-Target Arthropods. From the Workshop European Standard Characteristics of Beneficials Regulatory Testing (ESCORT). Brussels: Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Europe.
Bates, S. L., J.-Z. Zhoa, R. T. Roush, and A. M. Shelton. 2005. “Insect Resistance Management in GM Crops: Past, Present and Future.” Nature Biotechnology 23 (1): 57–62. doi:10.1038/nbt1056.
Brookes, G., and P. Barfoot. 2006. “Global Impact of Biotech Crops: Socioeconomic and Environmental Effects in the First Ten Years of Commercial Use.” AgBioForum 9 (3): 139–51.
Candolfi, M., F. Bigler, P. Campbell, U. Heimbach, R. Schmuck, G. Angeli, F. Bakker, et al. 2000. “Principles for Regulatory Testing and Interpretation of Semi-Field and Field Studies with Non-Target Arthropods.” Journal of Pest Science 73 (6): 141–7.
Candolfi, M., S. Blumel, R. Forster, F. M. Bakker, C. Grimm, S. A. Hassan, U. Heimbach, et al., eds. 2000. Guidelines to Evaluate Side-Effects of Plant Protection Products to Non-Target Arthropods. Gent: IOBC/WPRS (International Organisation for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants/ West Palaearctic Regional Section).
Caro, T. M., and G. O’Doherty. 1999. “On the Use of Surrogate Species in Conservation Biology.” Conservative Biology 13 (4): 805–14.
Carrière, Y., P. Dutilleul, C. Ellers-Kirk, B. Pedersen, S. Haller, L. Antilla, T. J. Dennehy, and B. E. Tabashnik. 2004. “Sources, Sinks, and Zone of Influence of Refuges for Managing Insect Resistance to Bt Crops.” Ecological Applications 14 (6): 1615–23.
Cohen, M. B., M. Chen, J. S. Bentur, K. L. Heong, and G. Ye. 2008. “Bt Rice in Asia: Potential Benefits, Impact and Sustainability.” In Integration of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Crops within IPM Programs, edited by J. Romeis, A. M. Shelton, and G. Kennedy, 223–48. Vol. 5 of Progress in Biological Control. New York: Springer.
Crommelin, D. J. A., R. D. Sindelar, and B. Meibohm, eds. 2007. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology: Fundamentals and Applications, 3rd ed. New York: Informa Healthcare.
Daehler, C. C., J. S. Denslow, S. Ansari, and H.-C. Kuo. 2004. “A Risk-Assessment System for Screening out Invasive Pest Plants from Hawaii and Other Pacific Islands.” Conservation Biology 18 (2): 360–8.
Denby, K., and C. Gehring. 2005. “Engineering Drought and Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Lessons from Genome-Wide Expression Profiling in Arabidopsis.” Trends in Biotechnology 23 (11): 547–52. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.09.001.
Dively, G. P., R. Rose, M. K. Sears, R. L. Hellmich, D. E. Stanley-Horn, J. M. Russo, D. D. Calvin, and P. L. Anderson. 2004. “Effects on Monarch Butterfly Larvae (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) after Continuous Exposure to Cry1Ab-Expressing Corn During Anthesis.” Environmental Entomology 33 (4): 1116–25.
Duan, J. J., G. Head, M. J. McKee, T. E. Nickson, J. W. Martin, and F. S. Sayegh. 2002. “Evaluation of Dietary Effects of Transgenic Corn Pollen Expressing Cry3Bb1 Protein on a Non-Target Ladybird Beetle, Coleomegilla maculata.” Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 104 (2–3): 271–80. doi: 10.1023/A:1021258803866
Duan, J. J., M. S. Paradise, J. G. Lundgren, J. T. Bookout, C. Jiang, and R. N. Wiedenmann. 2006. “Assessing Nontarget Impacts of Bt Corn Resistant to Corn Rootworms: Tier-1 Testing with Larvae of Poecilus chalcites (Coleoptera: Carabidae).” Environmental Entomology 35 (1): 135–42. doi: 10.1603/0046-225X-35.1.135
Duke, S. O., and N. N. Ragsdale, eds. 2005. “Herbicide-Resistant Crops from Biotechnology.” Special issue, Pest Management Science 61 (1).
EFSA (European Food Safety Authority).
2006.
Guidance Document of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms for the Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Plants and Derived Food and Feed.
Parma, Italy:
EFSA.
http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/doc/99.pdf.
EU (European Union).
2003. “
Regulation (EC) No. 1830/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 Concerning the Traceability and Labelling of Genetically Modified Organisms and the Traceability of Food and Feed Products Produced from Genetically Modified Organisms and Amending Directive 2001/18/EC.”
Official Journal of the European Union 268:
24–8.
http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/animalnutrition/labelling/reg_1830-2003.pdf.
Ferré, J., J. van Rie, and S. C. MacIntosh. 2008. “Insecticidal Genetically Modified Crops and Insect Resistance Management (IRM).” In Integration of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Crops within IPM Programs, edited by J. Romeis, A. M. Shelton, and G. Kennedy, 41–86. Vol. 5 of Progress in Biological Control. New York: Springer.
Garcia-Alonso, M., E. Jacobs, A. Raybould, T. E. Nickson, P. Sowig, H. Willekens, P. van der Kouwe, et al. 2006. “A Tiered System for Assessing the Risk of Genetically Modified Plants to Non-Target Organisms.” Environmental Biosafety Research 5 (2): 57–65.
Gonsalves, D. 1998. “Control of Papaya Ring Spot Virus in Papaya: A Case Study.” Annual Review of Phytopathology 36: 415–37.
Grady, N., and R. Schmuck. 2001. Guidance Document on Regulatory Testing and Risk Assessment Procedures for Plant Protection Products with Non-Target Arthropods. Pensacola, FL: Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
Grafius, E. J., and D. S. Douches. 2008. “The Present and Future Role of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Potato Cultivars in IPM.” In Integration of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Crops within IPM Programs, edited by J. Romeis, A. M. Shelton, and G. Kennedy, 195–222. Vol. 5 of Progress in Biological Control. New York: Springer.
Hellmich, R. L., R. Albajes, D. Bergvinson, J. R. Prasifka, Z.-Y. Wang, and M. J. Weiss. 2008. “The Present and Future Role of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Maize in IPM.” In Integration of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Crops within IPM Programs, edited by J. Romeis, A. M. Shelton, and G. Kennedy, 119–58. Vol. 5 of Progress in Biological Control. New York: Springer.
Hellmich, R. L., B. D. Siegfried, M. K. Sears, D. E. Stanley-Horn, M. J. Daniels, H. R. Mattila, T. Spencer, K. G. Bidne, and L. C. Lewis. 2001. “Monarch Larvae Sensitivity to Bacillus Thuringiensis-Purified Proteins and Pollen.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 (21): 11925–30. doi: 10.1073/pnas.211297698.
Icoz, I., and G. Stotzky. 2008. “Fate and Effects of Insect Resistant Bt Crops in Soil Ecosystems.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40 (3): 559–86. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.11.002.
James, C. 2009. Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2009. ISAAA (International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications) Brief 37. Ithaca, NY: ISAAA.
Kennedy, G. G. 2008. “Integration of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Crops within IPM Programs.” In Integration of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Crops within IPM Programs, edited by J. Romeis, A. M. Shelton, and G. Kennedy, 1–26. Vol. 5 of Progress in Biological Control. New York: Springer.
Keyser, O., and R. H. Müller, eds. 2004. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology: Drug Discovery and Clinical Applications. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley.
Levin, S. A., M. A. Harwell, J. R. Kelly, and K. D. Kimball. 1988. “Ecotoxicology Problems and Approaches.” In Ecotoxicology: Problems and Approaches, edited by S. A. Levin, M. A. Harwell, J. R. Kelly, and K. D. Kimball, 3–8. New York: Springer.
Losey, J. E., L. S. Rayor, and M. E. Carter. 1999. “Transgenic Pollen Harms Monarch Larvae.” Nature (London) 399: 214.
Lu, B.-R. 2008. “Transgene Escape from GM Crops and Potential Biosafety Consequences: An Environmental Perspective.” In Collection of Biosafety Reviews, vol. 4, 66–141. Trieste: ICGEB (International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biosafety).
Lundgren, J. G., and R. N. Wiedenmann. 2002. “Coleopteran-Specific Cry3Bb Toxin from Transgenic Corn Pollen Does Not Affect the Fitness of a Nontarget Species, Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).” Environmental Entomology 31 (6): 1213–18.
Malone, L. A., A. M. R. Gatehouse, and B. I. P. Barratt. 2008. “Beyond Bt: Alternative Strategies for Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Crops.” In Integration of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Crops within IPM Programs, edited by J. Romeis, A. M. Shelton, and G. Kennedy, 357–418. Vol. 5 of Progress in Biological Control. New York: Springer.
McHughen, A., and S. Smyth. 2008. “U.S. Regulatory System for Genetically Modified, rDNA Crop Cultivars.” Plant Biotechnology Journal 6 (1): 2–12. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2007.00300.x.
Morandin, L. A., and M. L. Winston. 2003. “Effects of Novel Pesticides on Bumble Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Colony Health and Foraging Ability.” Environmental Entomology 32 (3): 555–63.
Moreau, P. I., and L. T. Jordan. 2005. “A Framework for the Animal Health Risk Analysis of Biotechnology-Derived Animals: A Canadian Perspective.” Revue Scientifique et Technique 24 (1): 51–60.
Naranjo, S. E., J. R. Ruberson, H. C. Sharma, L. Wilson, and K. Wu. 2008. “The Present and Future Role of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Cotton in IPM.” In Integration of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Crops within IPM Programs, edited by J. Romeis, A. M. Shelton, and G. Kennedy, 159–94. Vol. 5 of Progress in Biological Control. New York: Springer.
Neeser, J. R., and J. B. German, eds. 2004. Biotechnology for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals. Vol. 2 of Nutraceutical Science and Technology, edited by F. Shahidi. New York: Marcel Dekker.
Nickson, T., and M. McKee. 2002. “Ecological Assessment of Crops Derived through Biotechnology.” In Biotechnology and Safety Assessment, 3rd ed., edited by J. A. Thomas and R. L. Fuchs, 234–55. New York: Academic Press.
NRC (National Research Council). 2002a. Animal Biotechnology: Science-Based Concerns. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
NRC (National Research Council). 2002b. Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: The Scope of Adequacy of Regulation. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Oberhauser, K., M. D. Prysby, H. R. Mattila, D. E. Stanley-Horn, M. K. Sears, G. Dively, E. Olsen, J. M. Pleasants, W. K. Lam, and R. L. Hellmich. 2001. “Temporal and Spatial Overlap between Monarch Larvae and Corn Pollen.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 (21): 11913–18. doi: 10.1073/pnas.211234298.
O’Callaghan, M., T. R. Glare, E. P. J. Burgess, and L. A. Malone. 2005. “Effects of Plants Genetically Modified for Insect Resistance on Non-Target Organisms.” Annual Review of Entomology 50 (1): 271–92.
Pheloung, P. C., P. A. Williams, and S. R. Halloy. 1999. “A Weed Risk Assessment Model for Use as a Biosecurity Tool Evaluating Plant Introductions.” Journal of Environmental Management 57 (4): 239–51. doi:10.1006/jema.1999.0297.
Pleasants, J., R. L. Hellmich, G. P. Dively, M. K. Sears, D. E. Stanley-Horn, H. R. Mattile, J. E. Foster, P. Clark, and G. D. Jones. 2001. “Corn Pollen Deposition on Milkweeds in and Near Cornfields.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 (21): 11919–24. doi: 10.1073/pnas.211287498.
Raybould, A. 2006. “Problem Formulation and Hypothesis Testing for Environmental Risk Assessments of Genetically Modified Crops.” Environmental Biosafety Research 5 (3): 119–25. doi: 10.1051/ebr:2007004.
Romeis, J., D. Bartsch, F. Bigler, M. P. Candolfi, M. M. C. Gielkens, S. E. Hartley, R. L. Hellmich, et al. 2008. “Assessment of Risk of Insect-Resistant Transgenic Crops to Nontarget Arthropods.” Nature Biotechnology 26 (2): 203–8. doi:10.1038/nbt1381.
Romeis, J., A. Dutton, and F. Bigler. 2004. “Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin (Cry1Ab) Has No Direct Effect on Larvae of the Green Lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae).” Journal of Insect Physiology 50 (2–3): 175–83.
Romeis, J., M. Meissle, and F. Bigler. 2006. “Transgenic Crops Expressing Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins and Biological Control.” Nature Biotechnology 24 (1): 63–71. doi:10.1038/nbt1180.
Romeis, J., A. M. Shelton, and G. Kennedy, eds. 2008. Integration of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Crops within IPM Programs. Vol. 5 of Progress in Biological Control. New York: Springer.
Rose, R. I. 2006. “
Tier-Based Testing for the Effects of Proteinaceous Insecticidal Plant-Incorporated Protectants on Non-Target Arthropods in the Context of Regulatory Risk Assessments.” Proceedings of the meeting “Ecological Impact of Genetically Modified Organisms,” Llieda, Spain, June 1–3, 2005.
IOBC/WPRS Bulletin 29 (5):
143–50.
http://www.iobc-wprs.org/pub/bulletins/bulletin_2006_29_05.pdf.
Rosi-Marshall, E. J., J. L. Tank, T. V. Royer, M. R. Whiles, M. Evana-White, C. Chambers, N. A. Griffiths, J. Pokelsek, and M. L. Stephen. 2007. “Toxins in Transgenic Crop Byproducts May Affect Headwater Stream Ecosystems.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104 (41): 16204–8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0707177104.
Sears, M. K., R. L. Hellmich, B. D. Siegfried, B. D. Pleasants, J. M. Stanley-Horn, K. S. Oberhauser, and G. P. Dively. 2001. “Impact of Bt Corn Pollen on Monarch Butterfly Populations: A Risk Assessment.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 (1): 11937–42.
Shelton, A. M., M. Fuchs, and F. A. Shotkoski. 2008. “Transgenic Vegetables and Fruits for Control of Insects and Insect-Vectored Pathogens.” In Integration of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Crops within IPM Programs, edited by J. Romeis, A. M. Shelton, and G. Kennedy, 249–72. Vol. 5 of Progress in Biological Control. New York: Springer.
Stacey, D.,
G. Graser,
M. Mead-Briggs, and
A. Raybould.
2006. “
Testing the Impact on Non-Target Organisms of Insecticidal Proteins Expressed in Transgenic Crops.” Proceedings of the meeting “Ecological Impact of Genetically Modified Organisms,” Llieda, Spain, June 1–3, 2005.
IOBC/WPRS Bulletin 29 (5):
165–72.
http://www.iobc-wprs.org/pub/bulletins/bulletin_2006_29_05.pdf.
Stanley-Horn, D. E., G. P. Dively, R. L. Hellmich, H. R. Mattila, M. K. Sears, R. Rose, L. C. Jesse, J. E. Losey, J. J. Obrycki, and L. Lewis. 2001. “Assessing the Impact of Cry1Ab-Expressing Corn Pollen on Monarch Butterfly Larvae in Field Studies.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 (21): 11931–6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.211277798.
Stewart, C. N., Jr., M. D. Halfhill, and S. I. Warwick. 2003. “Transgene Introgression from Genetically Modified Crops to Their Wild Relatives.” Nature Reviews Genetics 4 (10): 806–17.
Storer, M. P., G. P. Dively, and R. A. Herman. 2008. “Landscape Effects of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Crops.” In Integration of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Crops within IPM Programs, edited by J. Romeis, A. M. Shelton, and G. Kennedy, 272–302. Vol. 5 of Progress in Biological Control. New York: Springer.
Wilson, L., M. Hickman, and S. Deutscher. 2006. “Research Update on IPM and Secondary Pests.” In Proceedings of the 13th Australian Cotton Research Conference, 249–58. Thirteenth Australian Cotton Research Conference, Broadbeach, Queensland, August 8–10, 2006.
Wolt, J. D. 2009. “Advancing Environmental Risk Assessment for Transgenic Biofeedstock Crops.” Biotechnology for Biofuels 2 (1): 27. doi:10.1186/1754-6834-2-27.
Wolt, J. D., C. A. Conlan, and K. Majima. 2005. “An Ecological Risk Assessment of Cry1F Maize Pollen Impact to Pale Grass Blue Butterfly.” Environmental Biosafety Research 4 (4): 243–51.
Wolt, J. D., P. Keese, A. Raybould, J. W. Fitzpatrick, M. Burachik, A. Gray, S. S. Olin, J. Schiemann, M. Sears, and F. Wu. 2010. “Problem Formulation in the Environmental Risk Assessment for Genetically Modified Plants.” Transgenic Research 19 (3): 425–36. doi:10.1007/s11248-009-9321-9.
Wolt, J. D., and R. K. D. Peterson. 2010. “Prospective Formulation of Environmental Risk Assessments: Probabilistic Screening for Cry1A(b) Maize Risk to Aquatic Insects. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 73:1182–8.
Wolt, J. D., R. K. D. Peterson, P. Bystrak, and T. Meade. 2003. “A Screening Level Approach for Non-Target Insect Risk Assessment: Transgenic Bt Corn Pollen and the Monarch Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Danaidae).” Environmental Entomology 32 (2): 237–46.