Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-cfpbc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T13:14:35.355Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Cosmological evolution of galaxies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 September 2013

By
Isaac Shlosman
Edited by
Jesús Falcón-Barroso  and
Johan H. Knapen
Isaac Shlosman
Affiliation:
University of Kentucky
Jesús Falcón-Barroso
Affiliation:
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Tenerife
Johan H. Knapen
Affiliation:
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Tenerife
Get access

Summary

Abstract

I review the subject of the cosmological evolution of galaxies, including different aspects of growth in disk galaxies, by focussing on the angular momentum problem, mergers, and their by-products. I discuss the alternative to merger-driven growth – cold accretion and related issues. In the follow-up, I review possible feedback mechanisms and their role in galaxy evolution. Special attention is paid to high-redshift galaxies and their properties. In the next step, I discuss a number of processes, gas- and stellar-dynamical, within the central kiloparsec of disk galaxies, and their effect on the larger spatial scales, as well as on the formation and fuelling of the seed black holes in galactic centres at high redshifts.

Introduction: the paradigm of galaxy evolution

The aim of these lectures is to review the main aspects of secular galaxy evolution, i.e., galaxy evolution on cosmological scales. Two issues stand out in this attempt. First, the subject is immense and cannot be covered within the scope of this chapter. And second, one cannot ignore the fact that galaxy evolution is part of the overall evolution in the Universe – from the largest spatial scales ruled by dark matter (DM) to the smallest ones taken over by dissipative baryons that can form stars and grow supermassive black holes (SMBHs). In other words, the process of galaxy formation can be influenced strongly by a huge range of spatial scales.

Type
Chapter
Information
Secular Evolution of Galaxies , pp. 555 - 638
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aguilar, L. A., White, S. D. M. (1986), ApJ, 307, 97
Anderson, M. E., Bregman, J. N. (2011), ApJ, 737, 22
Arnaboldi, M., Sparke, L. S. (1994), AJ, 107, 958
Athanassoula, E. (2002), ApJL, 569, 83
Athanassoula, E. (2003), MNRAS, 341, 1179
Ballesteros-Paredes, J., Hartmann, L. W., Vazquez-Semadeni, E., Heitsch, F., Zamora-Aviles, M. A. (2011), MNRAS, 411, 65
Barnes, J. (1992), ApJ, 393, 484
Barnes, J., Efstathiou, G. (1987), ApJ, 319, 575
Barnes, J., Hernquist, L. (1996), ApJ, 471, 115
Begelman, M. C., Shlosman, I. (2009), ApJL, 702, 5
Begelman, M. C., Volonteri, M., Rees, M. J. (2006), MNRAS, 370, 289
Bekki, K. (1998), ApJ, 499, 635
Bell, E., Naab, T., Mcintosh, D. H.et al. (2006), ApJ, 640, 241
Bell, E., Papovich, C., Wolf, C.et al. (2005), ApJ, 625, 23
Berentzen, I., Heller, C. H., Shlosman, I., Fricke, K. J. (1998), MNRAS, 300, 49
Berentzen, I., Shlosman, I., Martinez-Valpuesta, I., Heller, C. H. (2007), ApJ, 666, 189
Bertschinger, E. (1987), ApJL, 323, 103
Binney, J., Tremaine, S. (1987), Galactic Dynamics, Princeton: Princeton University Press
Birnboim, Y., Dekel, A. (2003), MNRAS, 345, 349
Blandford, R. D., Payne, D. G. (1982), MNRAS, 199, 883
Blumenthal, G. R., Faber, S. M., Flores, R., Primack, J. R. (1986), ApJ, 301, 27
Bond, J. R., Cole, S., Efstathiou, G., Kaiser, N. (1991), ApJ, 379, 440
Bournaud, F., Combes, F. (2003), A&A, 401, 817
Bournaud, F., Elmegreen, B. G., Elmegreen, D. M. (2007), ApJ, 670, 237
Bouwens, R. J., Illingworth, G. D., Franx, M., Ford, H. (2007), ApJ, 670, 928
Bouwens, R. J., Illingworth, G. D., Oesch, P. A.et al. (2010), ApJL, 708, 69
Bouwens, R. J., Illingworth, G. D., Oesch, P. A.et al. (2011), ApJ, 737, 90
Boylan-Kolchin, M., Ma, C.-P., Quataert, E. (2008), MNRAS, 383, 93
Braine, J., Duc, P.-A., Lisenfeld, U.et al. (2001), A&A, 378, 51
Brinchmann, J., Ellis, R. S. (2000), ApJL, 536, 77
Bromm, V., Loeb, A. (2003), ApJ, 596, 34
Brooks, A. M., Governato, F., Quinn, T., Brooks, C. B., Wadsley, J. (2009), ApJ, 694, 396
Bullock, J. S., Dekel, A., Kolatt, T. S.et al. (2001), ApJ, 555, 240
Burkert, A. (2009), in The Galaxy Disk in Cosmological Context, IAU Symp. 254, J., Andersen, J., Bland-Hawthorn & B., Nordstrom, eds., p. 437
Burstein, D. (1979), ApJ, 234, 829
Burstein, D., Rubin, V. C. (1985), ApJ, 297, 423
Butcher, H., Oemler, A. (1978), ApJ, 219, 18
Ceverino, D., Dekel, A., Bournaud, F. (2010), MNRAS, 404, 2151
Ceverino, D., Klypin, A. (2009), ApJ, 695, 292
Chandrasekhar, S. (1943), ApJ, 97, 255
Chevalier, R. A. (1974), ApJ, 188, 501
Choi, J.-H., Nagamine, K. (2011), MNRAS, 410, 2579
Choi, J.-H., Shlosman, I., Begelman, M. C. (2012), ApJ, submitted
Ciotti, L., Lanzoni, B., Volonteri, M. (2007), ApJ, 658, 65
Colgate, S. A., Petschek, A. G. (1986), Los Alamos Science, Publ. 326898
Combes, F., Debbash, F., Friedli, D., Pfenniger, D. (1990), A&A, 233, 82
Comerán, S., Knapen, J. H., Sheth, K.et al. (2011), ApJ, 729, 18
Corsini, E. M., Debattista, V. P., Aguerri, J. A. L. (2003), ApJL, 599, 29
Couch, W.J., Balogh, M. L., Bower, R. G., Smail, I., Glazebrook, K., Taylor, M. (2001), ApJ, 549, 820
Courteau, S. (1997), AJ, 114, 2402
Cox, T. J., Jonsson, P., Somerville, R. S., Primack, J. R., Dekel, A. (2008), MNRAS, 384, 386
Crain, R. A., McCarthy, I. G., Frenk, C. S., Theuns, T., Schaye, J. (2010a), MNRAS, 407, 1403
Crain, R. A., McCarthy, I. G., Schaye, J., Frenk, C. S., Theuns, T. (2010b), MNRAS, submitted (arXiv:1011.1906)
Cresci, G., Hicks, E. K. S., Genzel, R.et al. (2009), ApJ, 697, 115
Debattista, V., Sellwood, J. A. (1998), ApJL, 493, 5
de Jong, R. S., Lacey, C. (2000), ApJ, 545, 781
Dekel, A., Birnboim, Y. (2006), MNRAS, 368, 2
Dekel, A., Birnboim, Y., Engel, G.et al. (2009b), Nature, 457, 451
Dekel, A., Sari, R., Ceverino, D. (2009a), ApJ, 703, 785
Dekel, A., Woo, J. (2003), MNRAS, 344, 1131
Delgado-Serrano, R., Hammer, F., Yang, Y. B., Puech, M., Flores, H., Rodrigues, M. (2010), A&A, 509, 78
de Vaucouleurs, G. (1975), ApJSS, 29, 193
Diemand, J., Kuhlen, M., Madau, P. (2007), ApJ, 667, 859
Dijkstra, M., Loeb, A. (2009), MNRAS, 400, 1109
Di Matteo, P., Combes, F., Melchior, A.-L., Semelin, B. (2007), A&A, 468, 61
Djorgovski, G., Davis, M. (1987), ApJ, 313, 59
Doroshkevich, A. G. (1970), Astrophysics, 6, 320
Dressler, A. (1980), ApJ, 236, 351
Dressler, A., Smail, I., Poggianti, B. M.et al. (1999), ApJSS, 122, 51
Dubinski, J., Berentzen, I., Shlosman, I. (2009), ApJ, 697, 292
Dubinski, J., Mihos, J. C., Hernquist, L. (1996), ApJ, 462, 576
Dunn, J. P., Bautista, M., Arav, N.et al. (2010), ApJ, 709, 611
Elitzur, M., Shlosman, I. (2006), ApJL, 648, 101
Elmegreen, B. G. (2002), ApJ, 577, 206
El-Zant, A., Shlosman, I. (2003), ApJL, 595, 41
El-Zant, A., Shlosman, I., Hoffman, Y. (2001), ApJ, 560, 636
Emmering, R. T., Blandford, R. D., Shlosman, I. (1992), ApJ, 385, 460
Englmaier, P., Shlosman, I. (2004), ApJL, 617, 115
Erwin, P. (2004), A&A, 415, 941
Erwin, P., Sparke, L. S. (2002), AJ, 124, 65
Evans, D. S. (1951), MNRAS, 111, 526
Faber, S. M., Jackson, R. E. (1976), ApJ, 204, 668
Faber, S. M., Willmer, C. N. A., Wolf, C.et al. (2007), ApJ, 665, 265
Fall, S. M., Efstathiou, G. (1980), MNRAS, 193, 189
Fardal, M. A., Katz, N., Gardner, J. P., Hernquist, L., Weinberg, D. H., Dave, R. (2001), ApJ, 562, 605
Fisher, D. B., Drory, N. (2011), ApJL, 733, 47
Förster-Schreiber, N. M., Genzel, R., Bouche, N.et al. (2009), ApJ, 706, 1364
Friedli, D., Martinet, L. (1993), A&A, 277, 27
Friedli, D., Wozniak, H., Rieke, M., Martinet, L., Bratschi, P. (1996), A&A Suppl., 118, 461
Furlanetto, S. R., Schaye, J., Springel, V., Hernquist, L. (2005), ApJ, 622, 7
Genzel, R., Burkert, A., Bouche, N.et al. (2008), ApJ, 687, 59
Genzel, R., Tacconi, L. J., Eisenhauer, F.et al. (2006), Nature, 442, 786
Giavalisco, M., Vanzella, E., Salimbeni, S.et al. (2011), ApJ, 743, 95
Gnedin, N. Y., Kravtsov, A. V. (2011), ApJ, 728, 88
Governato, F., Brook, C. B., Brooks, A. M.et al. (2009), MNRAS, 398, 312
Governato, F., Mayer, L., Wadsley, J.et al. (2004), ApJ, 607, 688
Heckman, T. (1994), in Mass-Transfer Induced Activity in Galaxies, I., Shlosman, ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press p. 234
Heller, C. H., Shlosman, I. (1994), ApJ, 424, 84
Heller, C. H., Shlosman, I., Athanassoula, E. (2007a), ApJL, 657, 65
Heller, C. H., Shlosman, I., Athanassoula, E. (2007b), ApJ, 671, 226
Hernquist, L. (1992), ApJ. 400, 460
Hetznecker, H., Burkert, A. (2006), MNRAS, 370, 1905
Hibbard, J. E., Mihos, J. C. (1995), AJ, 110, 140
Hoffman, Y., Ribak, E. (1991), ApJL, 380, 5
Hohl, F. (1971), ApJ, 168, 343
Holmberg, E. (1941), ApJ, 94, 385
Hopkins, P. F., Bundy, K., Croton, D.et al. (2010), ApJ, 715, 202
Hopkins, P. F., Hernquist, L., Cox, T. J., Younger, J. D., Besla, G. (2008), ApJ, 688, 757
Horellou, C., Combes, F. (2001), Astrophys. Space Sci., 276, 1141
Hoyle, F. (1949), in Problems in Cosmical Aerodynamics, J. M., Burgers & H. C., van de Hulst, eds., Central Air Documents Office, Dayton, OH, p. 195
Jenkins, A., Frenk, C. S., White, S. D. M.et al. (2001), MNRAS, 321, 372
Jogee, S., Barazza, F. D., Rix, H.-W.et al. (2004), ApJL, 615, 105
Kannappan, S. J. (2004), ApJL, 611, 89
Katz, N. (1992), ApJ, 391, 502
Kauffmann, G. (1995), MNRAS, 274, 153
Kauffmann, G., White, S. D. M., Heckman, T. M.et al. (2004), MNRAS, 353, 713
Kazantzidis, S., Bullock, J. S., Zentner, A. R., Kravtsov, A. V., Moustakas, L. A. (2008), ApJ, 688, 254
Keres, D., Hernquist, L. (2009), ApJL, 700, 1
Keres, D., Katz, N., Dave, R., Fardal, M., Weinberg, D. H. (2009b), MNRAS, 396, 2332
Keres, D., Katz, N., Fardal, M., Dave, R., Weinberg, D. H. (2009a), MNRAS, 395, 160
Keres, D., Katz, N., Weinberg, D. H., Dave, R. (2005), MNRAS, 363, 2
Khochfar, S., Burkert, A. (2003), ApJL, 597, 117
Konigl, A., Kartje, J. F. (1994), ApJ, 434, 446
Kormendy, J. (1977), ApJ, 218, 333
Kormendy, J. (1979), ApJ, 227, 714
Kormendy, J. (1982), ApJ, 257, 75
Kormendy, J., Kennicutt, R. C. (2004), ARA&A, 42, 603
Lacey, C. G., Baugh, C. M., Frenk, C. S., Benson, A. J. (2011), MNRAS, 412, 1828
Laine, S., Shlosman, I., Knapen, J. H., Peletier, R. F. (2002), ApJ, 567, 97
Larson, R. B. (1981), MNRAS, 194, 809
Latif, M. A., Zaroubi, S., Spaans, M. (2011), MNRAS, 411, 1659
Le Fevre, O., Abraham, R., Lilly, S. J.et al. (2000), MNRAS, 311, 565
Lemonias, J. J., Schiminovich, D., Thilker, D.et al. (2011), ApJ, 733, 74
Li, C., Kauffmann, G., Heckman, T. M., Jing, Y. P., White, S. D. M. (2008), MNRAS, 385, 1903
Lichtenberg, A. J., Lieberman, M. A. (1995), Regular and stochastic motion, Second edition, New York: Springer-Verlag
Lucy, L. B. (1977), AJ, 82, 1013
Lukic, Z., Heitmann, K., Habib, Z., Bashinsky, S., Ricker, P. M. (2007), ApJ, 671, 1160
Lynden-Bell, D. (1967), MNRAS, 136, 101
Lynden-Bell, D., Kalnajs, A. G. (1972), MNRAS, 157, 1
Lynds, R., Toomre, A. (1976), ApJ, 209, 382
Maciejewski, W., Athanassoula, E. (2007), MNRAS, 380, 999
Maciejewski, W., Sparke, L. S. (2000), MNRAS, 313, 745
Madau, P., Ferguson, H. C., Dickinson, M. E., Giavalisco, M., Steidel, C. C., Fruchter, A. (1996), MNRAS, 283, 1388
Madau, P., Pozzetti, L., Dickinson, M. (1998), ApJ, 498, 106
Maller, A. H., Dekel, A. (2002), MNRAS, 335, 487
Martin, C. L. (2005), ApJ, 621, 227
Martinez-Valpuesta, I., Shlosman, I., Heller, C. H. (2006), ApJ, 637, 214
Mayer, L., Governato, F., Kaufmann, T. (2008), Advanced Sci. Lett., 1, 7
McKee, C. F., Ostriker, J. P. (1977), ApJ, 218, 148
Mestel, L. (1963), MNRAS, 126, 553
Mo, H. J., Mao, S., White, S. D. M. (1998), MNRAS, 295, 319
Mo, H. J., van den Bosch, F., White, S. D. M. (2010), Galaxy Formation and Evolution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Monaghan, J. J. 1982, SIAM, 3, 422
Moore, B., Lake, G., Katz, N. (1998), ApJ, 495, 139
Naab, T., Johansson, P. H., Ostriker, J. P., Efstathiou, G. (2007), ApJ, 658, 710
Naab, T., Ostriker, J. P. (2009), ApJ, 590, 1452
Nagai, D., Kravtsov, A. V. (2003), ApJ, 587, 514
Navarro, J. F., Frenk, C. S., White, S. D. M. (1996), ApJ, 462, 563
Navarro, J. F., Steinmetz, M. (2000), ApJ, 538, 477
Nipoti, C., Stiavelli, M., Ciotti, L., Treu, T., Rosati, P. (2003), MNRAS, 344, 748
Noguchi, M. (1988), in The Few Body Problem, IAU Colloq. 96, M. J., Valtonen, ed., Dordrecht: Kluwer, 405
Noguchi, M. (1999), ApJ, 514, 77
Oemler, A., Dressler, A., Butcher, H. R. (1997), ApJ, 474, 561
Oesch, P. A., Bouwens, R. J., Illingworth, G. D.et al. (2010), ApJL, 709, 16
Oesch, P. A., Bouwens, R. J., Illingworth, G. D.et al. (2012), ApJ, 745, 110
Okamoto, T., Eke, V. R., Frenk, C. S., Jenkins, A. (2005), MNRAS, 363, 1299
Ostriker, J. P., Choi, E., Ciotti, L., Novak, G. S., Proga, D. (2010), ApJ, 722, 642
Paczynski, B. (1978), Acta Astron., 28, 91
Padoan, P., Nordlund, A. (2002), ApJ, 576, 870
Patsis, P. A., Athanassoula, E., Grosbol, P., Skokos, Ch. (2002), MNRAS, 335, 1049
Peebles, P. J. E. (1969), ApJ, 155, 393
Pentericci, L., Fontana, A., Vanzella, E.et al. (2011), ApJ, 743, 132
Pfenniger, D. (2001), Talk at the Workshop on Evolution of Galaxies, INAOE
Pfenniger, D., Friedli, D. (1991), A&A, 252, 75
Poggianti, B. M., Smail, I., Dressler, A.et al. (1999), ApJ, 518, 576
Porciani, C., Dekel, A., Hoffman, Y. (2002a), MNRAS, 332, 325
Porciani, C., Dekel, A., Hoffman, Y. (2002b), MNRAS, 332, 339
Press, W. H., Schechter, P. (1974), ApJ, 187, 425
Primack, J. R. (2009), New Journal of Physics, 11, 105029
Raha, N., Sellwood, J. A., James, R. A., Kahn, F. D. (1991), Nature, 352, 411
Rakic, O., Schaye, J., Steidel, C. C., Rudie, G. C. (2012), ApJ, 751, 94
Rauch, M., Becker, G. D., Haehnelt, M. G., Gauthier, J.-R., Ravindranath, S., Sargent, W. L. W. (2011), MNRAS, 418, 1115
Rawat, A., Hammer, F., Kembhavi, A. K., Flores, H. (2008), ApJ, 681, 1089
Reed, D. S., Bower, R., Frenk, C. S., Jenkins, A., Theuns, T. (2007), MNRAS, 374, 2
Rees, M. J., Ostriker, J. P. (1977), MNRAS, 179, 541
Reeves, J. N., O'Brien, P. T., Braito, V.et al. (2009), ApJ, 701, 493
Reshetnikov, V., Sotnikova, N. (1997), A&A, 325, 933
Rieke, G. H., Young, E. T., Engelbracht, C. W.et al. (2004), ApJSS, 154, 25
Rix, H.-W., Barden, M., Beckwith, S. V. W.et al. (2004), ApJSS, 152, 163
Robaina, A. R., Bell, E. F., Skelton, R. E.et al. (2009), ApJ, 704, 324
Robertson, B. E., Bullock, J. S. (2008), ApJ, 685, 27
Robertson, B., Bullock, J. S., Cox, T. J.et al. (2006), ApJ, 645, 986
Robertson, B., Yoshida, N., Springel, V., Hernquist, L. (2004), ApJ, 606, 32
Romano-Díaz, E., Choi, J.-H., Shlosman, I., Trenti, M. (2011b), ApJL, 738, 19
Romano-Díaz, E.et al. (2012), in preparation
Romano-Díaz, E., Hoffman, Y., Heller, C., Faltenbacher, A., Jones, D., Shlosman, I. (2007), ApJ, 657, 56
Romano-Díaz, E., Shlosman, I., Heller, C. H., Hoffman, Y. (2008b), ApJL, 687, 13
Romano-Díaz, E., Shlosman, I., Heller, C. H., Hoffman, Y. (2009), ApJ, 702, 1250
Romano-Díaz, E., Shlosman, I., Heller, C. H., Hoffman, Y. (2010), ApJ, 716, 1095
Romano-Díaz, E., Shlosman, I., Hoffman, Y., Heller, C. H. (2008a), ApJL, 685, 105
Romano-Díaz, E., Shlosman, I., Trenti, M., Hoffman, Y. (2011a), ApJ, 736, 66
Roskar, R., Debattista, V. P., Brooks, A. M.et al. (2010), MNRAS, 408, 783
Sackett, P. D., Sparke, L. S. (1990), ApJ, 361, 408
Salpeter, E. E. (1964), ApJ, 140, 796
Sancisi, R., Fraternali, F., Oosterloo, T., van der Hülst, T. (2008), A&A Rev., 15, 189
Schaye, J., Dalla Vecchia, C. (2008), MNRAS, 383, 1210
Schweizer, F., Whitmore, B. C., Rubin, V. C. (1983), AJ, 88, 909
Sellwood, J. (1980), A&A, 89, 296
Sheth, K., Elmegreen, D. M., Elmegreen, B. G.et al. (2008), ApJ, 675, 1141
Shlosman, I. (1999), in The Evolution of Galaxies on Cosmological Timescales, J. E., Beckman & T. J., Mahoney, eds., ASP Conf. Ser., 187, 100
Shlosman, I. (2005), in The Evolution of Starbursts, AIP Conf., 783, 223
Shlosman, I. (2008), in Pathways Through an Eclectic Universe, J. H., Knapen, T. J., Mahoney, and A., Vazdekis, eds., ASP Conf. Ser., 390, 440
Shlosman, I. (2011), Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana Supplement, 18, 175
Shlosman, I., Begelman, M. C., Frank, J. (1990), Nature, 345, 679
Shlosman, I., Frank, J., Begelman, M. C. (1989), Nature, 338, 455
Shlosman, I., Heller, C. H. (2002), ApJ, 565, 921
Shlosman, I., Noguchi, M. (1993), ApJ, 414, 474
Shlosman, I., Vitello, P., Shaviv, G. (1985), ApJ, 294, 96
Sommerville, R. S., Hopkins, P. F., Cox, T. J., Robertson, B. E., Hernquist, L. (2008), MNRAS, 391, 481
Spaans, M., Silk, J. (2006), ApJ, 652, 902
Sparke, L. S. (1986), MNRAS, 219, 657
Springel, V. (2005), MNRAS, 364, 1105
Springel, V., Hernquist, L. (2003), MNRAS, 339, 289
Springel, V., Hernquist, L. (2005), ApJL, 622, 9
Steidel, C. C., Giavalisco, M., Pettini, M., Dickinson, M., Adelberger, K. L. (1996), ApJL, 462, 17
Steinmetz, M., Navarro, J. F. (2002), New Astron., 738, 1555
Stewart, K. R., Kaufmann, T., Bullock, J. S., et al. (2011), ApJ, 738, 39
Stinson, G., Seth, A., Katz, N., Wadsley, J., Governato, F., Quinn, T. (2006), MNRAS, 373, 1074
Swaters, R. A. (1999), PhD thesis, University of Groningen
Tagger, M., Sygnet, J. F., Athanassoula, E., Pellat, R. (1987), ApJL, 318, 43
Thacker, R. J., Couchman, H. M. P. (2000), ApJ, 545, 728
Tonini, C., Lapi, A., Salucci, P. (2006), ApJ, 649, 591
Tonnesen, S., Bryan, G. L., van Gorkom, J. H. (2007), ApJ, 671, 1434
Toomre, A. (1964), ApJ, 139, 1217
Toomre, A., Toomre, J. (1972), ApJ, 178, 623
Trenti, M. (2012), in First Stars IV Meeting – From Hayashi to the Future, AIP Conf. Proc., 1480, p. 238
Trenti, M., Bradley, L. D., Stiavelli, M.et al. (2011), ApJL, 727, 39
Trenti, M., Stiavelli, M., Bouwens, R. J.et al. (2010), ApJL, 714, 202
van den Bosch, F. C., Burkert, A., Swaters, R. A. (2001), MNRAS, 326, 1205
van de Voort, F., Schaye, J., Altay, G., Theuns, T. (2012), MNRAS, 421, 2809
van Dokkum, P. G., Franx, M., Fabricant, D., Kelson, D. D., Illingworth, G. D. (1999), ApJ, 520, 95
van Driel, W., Combes, F., Arnaboldi, M., Sparke, L. S. (2002), A&A, 386, 140
Vanzella, E., Pentericci, L., Fontana, A.et al. (2011), ApJL, 730, 35
Warren, M. S., Abazajian, K., Holz, D. E., Teodoro, L. (2006), ApJ, 646, 881
Wechsler, R. H. (2001), Ph.D. Thesis, University of California Santa Cruz
Weinzirl, T., Jogee, S., Khochfar, S., Burkert, A., Kormendy, J. (2009), ApJ, 696, 411
Wise, J. H., Turk, M. J., Abel, T. (2008), ApJ, 682, 745
White, S. D. M. (1978), MNRAS, 184, 185
White, S. D. M., Rees, M. J. (1978), MNRAS, 183, 341
Wolf, C., Meisenheimer, K., Kleinheinrich, M.et al. (2004), A&A, 421, 913

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×