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Chapter
  • Print publication year: 2009
  • Online publication date: October 2009

Chapter 4 - The lumbar level

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Spine Disorders
  • Online ISBN: 9780511596902
  • Book DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511596902
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Further reading

1. AhnUM, AhnNU, BuchowskiJM, et al. Cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disk herniation: a meta-analysis of surgical outcomes (literature review). Spine 2000; 25(12):1515–1522.
2. ArmonC, ArgoffCE, SamuelsJ, BackonjaMM. Assessment: use of epidural steroid injections to treat radicular lumbosacral pain: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2007; 68(10):723–729.
3. BorensteinDG, WieselSW, BodenSD. Low Back and Neck Pain: Comprehensive Diagnosis and Management, Third Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Inc. 2004.
4. Bruske-HohlfeldI, MerrittJL, OnofrioBM, et al. Incidence of lumbar disk surgery: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1950–1979. Spine 1990; 15(1):31–35.
5. CarrageeEJ. Persistent low back pain. New Engl J Med 2005; 352:1891–1898.
6. CarrageeE. Surgical treatment of lumbar disk disorders. J Am Med Assoc 2006; 296(20):2485–2487.
7. ChouR, HuffmanLH. Nonpharmacologic therapies for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147:492–504.
8. ChouR, HuffmanLH. Medications for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147:505–514.
9. ChouR, QaseemA, SnowV, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint Clinical Practice Guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147:478–491.
10. CrisostomoRA, SchmidtJE, HootenWM, et al. Withdrawal of analgesic medication for chronic low-back pain patients: improvement in outcomes of multidisciplinary rehabilitation regardless of surgical history. Am J Physical Med Rehabil 2008; 87:527–536.
11. DagenaisS, HaldemanS, eds. Special issue on evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain without surgery. Spine J 2008; 8(1): 1–278.
12. DeJongRN. The Neurologic Examination: Incorporating the Fundamentals of Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology, 4th edn. Hagerstown, MD: Harper & Row, 1979.
13. DeyoRA, WeinsteinJN. Low back pain. New Engl J Med 2001; 344(5):363–370.
14. DeyoRA, RainvilleJ, KentDL. What can the history and physical examination tell us about low back pain?J Am Med Assoc 1992; 268(6):760–765.
15. FreemanBJC, FraserRD, CainCMJ, et al. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial: intradiscal electrothermal therapy versus placebo for the treatment of chronic discogenic low back pain. Spine 2005; 30:2369–2377.
16. KatzJN, HarrisMB. Lumbar spinal stenosis. New Engl J Med 2008; 358(8):818–825.
17. MirzaSK, DeyoRA. Systematic review of randomized trials comparing lumbar fusion surgery to nonoperative care for treatment of chronic back pain. Spine 2007; 32(7):816–823.
18. NachemsonAL, JonssonE, eds. Neck and Back Pain: The Scientific Evidence of Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.
19. PeulWC, van HouwelingenHC, van den HoutWB, et al. Surgery versus prolonged conservative treatment for sciatica. New Engl J Med 2007; 356:2245–2256.
20. RathmellJP. A 50-year-old man with chronic low back pain. J Am Med Assoc 2008; 299(17):2066–2077.
21. SlipmanCW, DerbyR, SimeoneFA, MayerTG. Interventional Spine: An Algorithmic Approach. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 2008.
22. WaddellG, McCullochJA, KummelE, VennerRM. Nonorganic physical signs in low-back pain. Spine 1980; 5(2):117–125.
23. WeinsteinJN, LurieJD, OlsonPR, et al. United States’ trends and regional variations in lumbar spine surgery: 1992–2003. Spine 2006; 31(23):2707–2714.
24. WeinsteinJN, TostesonTD, LurieJD, et al. Surgical versus nonoperative treatment for lumbar disk herniation: the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT): a randomized trial. J Am Med Assoc 2006; 296(20):2441–2450.
25. WeinsteinJN, LurieJD, TostesonTD, et al. Surgical versus nonoperative treatment for lumbar disk herniation: the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT): observational cohort. J Am Med Assoc 2006; 296(20):2451–2459.
26. WeinsteinJN, LurieJD, TostesonTD, et al. Surgical versus nonsurgical treatment of lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis. New Engl J Med 2007; 356(22):2257–2270.
27. WeinsteinJN, TostesonTD, LurieJD, et al. Surgical versus nonsurgical therapy for lumbar spinal stenosis. New Engl J Med 2008; 358(8):794–810.
28. WongDA, TransfeldtE. Macnab's Backache, Fourth Edition. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.
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