References
1. TengS, HempsteadB. Neurotrophins and their receptors: signaling trios in complex biological systems. Cell Mol Life Sci 2004; 61: 35–48.
2. LeeR, KermaniP, TengKK, et al. Regulation of cell survival by secreted proneurotrophins. Science 2001; 294: 1945–8.
3. TengKK, FeliceS, KimT, et al. Understanding proneurotrophin actions: recent advances and challenges. Dev Neurobiol 2010; 70: 350–9.
4. DechantG, BardeY-A. The neurotrophin receptor p75ntr: novel functions and implications for diseases of the nervous system. Nat Neurosci 2002; 5: 1131–6.
5. SchectersonLC, BothwellM. Neurotrophin receptors: old friends with new partners. Dev Neurobiol 2010; 70: 332–8.
6. CowanWM, HamburgerV, Levi-MontalciniR. The path to the discovery of nerve growth factor. Ann Rev Neurosci 2001; 24: 551–600.
7. Levi-MontalciniRThe nerve growth factor 35 years later. Science 1987; 237: 1154–62.
8. HuangEJ, ReichardtLF. Neurotrophins: roles in neuronal development and function. Ann Rev Neurosci 2001; 24: 677–736.
9. SegalRA. Selectivity in neurotrophin signaling: theme and variations. Ann Rev Neurosci 2003; 26: 299–330.
10. GreeneLS, TischlerAS. Establishment of a noradrenergic clonal line of rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells which respond to nerve growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976; 73: 2424–8.
11. ChaoMV. Neurotrophins and their receptors: a convergence point for many signalling pathways. Nat Rev Neurosci 2003; 4: 299–309.
12. ReichardtLF. Neurotrophin-regulated signalling pathways. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2006; 361: 1545–64.
13. MarkusA, PatelTD, SniderWD. Neurotrophic factors and axonal growth. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2002; 12: 523–31.
14. CowleyS, PatersonH, KempP, et al. Activation of MAP kinase is necessary and sufficient for PC12 differentiation and for transformation of NIH 3T3 cells. Cell 1994; 77: 841–52.
15. Bar-SagiD, HallA. Ras and Rho GTPases: a family reunion. Cell 2000; 103: 227–38.
16. KaplanDR, MillerFD. Neurotrophin signal; transduction in the nervous system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2000; 10: 381–91.
17. DohertyP, WilliamsG, WilliamsEJ. CAMs and axonal growth: a critical evaluation of the role of calcium and the MAPK cascade. Mol Cell Neurosci 2000; 16: 283–95.
18. CampenotRB, MacInnisBL. Retrograde transport of neurotrophins: fact and function. J Neurobiol 2004; 58: 217–29.
19. ZweifelLS, KuruvillaR, GintyDD.Functions and mechanisms of retrograde neurotrophin signaling. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005; 6: 615–25.
20. HoweCL, VallettaJS, RusnakAS, et al. NGF signaling from clathrin-coated vesicles: evidence that signaling endosomes serve as a platform for the Ras-MAPK pathway. Neuron 2001; 32: 801–14.
21. ShaoY, AkmentinW, Toledo-AralJJ, et al. Pincher, a pinocytic chaperone for nerve growth factor/TrkA signaling endosomes. J Cell Biol 2002; 157: 679–91.
22. DelcroixJD, VallettaJS, WuC, et al. NGF signaling in sensory neurons: evidence that early endosomes carry NGF retrograde signals. Neuron 2003; 39: 69–84.
23. PhilippidouP, ValdezG, AkmentinW, et al. Trk retrograde signaling requires persistent, Pincher-directed endosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108: 852–7.
24. GalloG, LetourneauPC. Localized sources of neurotrophins initiate axon collateral sprouting. J Neurosci 1998; 18: 5403–14.
25. HempsteadBL. The many faces of p75NTR. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2002; 12: 260–7.
26. YamashitaT, TuckerKL, BardeY-A. Neurotrophin binding to the p75 receptor modulates Rho activity and axonal outgrowth. Neuron 1999; 24: 585–93.
27. HallA. Rho GTPases and the actin cytoskeleton. Science 1998; 279: 509–14.
28. WangKC, KimJA, SivasankaranR, et al. p75 interacts with the Nogo receptor as a co-receptor for Nogo, MAG and OMgp. Nature 2002; 420: 74–8.
29. YamashitaT, HiguchiH, Tohyama, M. The p75 receptor transduces the signal from myelin-associated glycoprotein to Rho. J Cell Biol 2002; 157: 565–70.
30. AtwalJK, Pinkston-GosseJ, SykenJ, et al. PirB is a functional receptor for myelin inhibitors of axonal regeneration. Science 2008; 322: 967–70.
31. NjaA, PurvesD. The effects of nerve growth factor and its antiserum on synapses in the superior cervical ganglion of the guinea-pig. J Physiol 1978; 277: 55–75.
32. BoydJG, GordonT. Neurotrophic factors and their receptors in axonal regeneration and functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury. Mol Neurobiol 2003; 27: 277–324.
33. TerenghiG. Peripheral nerve regeneration and neurotrophic factors. J Anat 1999; 194: 1–14.
34. KoliatsosVE, ClatterbuckRE, WinslowJW, et al. Evidence that brain-derived neurotrophic factor is a trophic factor for motor neurons in vivo. Neuron 1993; 10: 359–67.
35. SendtnerM, HoltmannB, KolbeckR, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor prevents the death of motoneurons in newborn rats after nerve section. Nature 1992; 360: 757–9.
36. YanQ, Elliott, JL, MathesonC, et al. Influences of neurotrophins on mammalian motoneurons in vivo. J Neurobiol 1993; 24: 1555–77.
37. VejsadaR, TsengJL, LindsayRM, et al. Synergistic but transient rescue effects of BDNF and GDNF on axotomized neonatal motoneurons. Neuroscience 1998; 84: 129–39.
38. HottingerAF, AzzouzM, DeglonN, et al. Complete and long-term rescue of lesioned adult motoneurons by lentiviral-mediated expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in the facial nucleus. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 5587–93.
39. MendellLM, TaylorJS, JohnsonRD, et al. Rescue of motoneuron and muscle afferent function in cats by regeneration into skin. II. Ia-motoneuron synapse. J Neurophysiol 1995; 73: 662–73.
40. MunsonJB, SheltonDL, McMahonSB. Adult mammalian sensory and motor neurons: roles of endogenous neurotrophins and rescue by exogenous neurotrophins after axotomy. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 470–6.
41. MendellLM, JohnsonRD, MunsonJB. Neurotrophin modulation of the monosynaptic reflex after peripheral nerve transection. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 3162–70.
42. BaydyukM, RussellT, LiaoGY, et al. TrkB receptor controls striatal formation by regulating the number of newborn striatal neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108: 1669–74.
43. FunakoshiH, FrisenJ, BarbanyG, et al. Differential expression of mRNAs for neurotrophins and their receptors after axotomy of the sciatic nerve. J Cell Biol 1993; 123: 455–65.
44. HammarbergH, PiehlF, RislingM, et al. Differential regulation of trophic factor receptor mRNAs in spinal motoneurons after sciatic nerve transection and ventral root avulsion in the rat. J Comp Neurol 2000; 426: 587–601.
45. NovikovaLN, NovikovLN, KellerthJO. Differential effects of neurotrophins on neuronal survival and axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury in adult rats. J Comp Neurol 2002; 452: 255–63.
46. GordonT, TyremanN, RajiMA. The basis for diminished functional recovery after delayed peripheral nerve repair. J Neurosci 2011; 31: 5325–34.
47. KuceraJ, FanG, JaenischR, et al. Dependence of developing group Ia afferents on neurotrophin-3. J Comp Neurol 1995; 363: 307–20.
48. OakleyRA, GarnerAS, LargeTH, et al. Muscle sensory neurons require neurotrophin-3 from peripheral tissues during the period of normal cell death. Development 1995; 121: 1341–50.
49. ChenHH, HippenmeyerS, ArberS, et al. Development of the monosynaptic stretch reflex circuit. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2003; 13: 96–102.
50. ShneiderNA, MentisGZ, SchustakJ, et al. Functionally reduced sensorimotor connections form with normal specificity despite abnormal muscle spindle development: the role of spindle-derived neurotrophin 3. J Neurosci 2009; 29: 4719–35.
51. BergmanE, JohnsonH, ZhangX, et al. Neuropeptides and neurotrophin receptor mRNAs in primary sensory neurons of aged rats. J Comp Neurol 1996; 375: 303–19.
52. CurtisR, TonraJR, StarkJL, et al. Neuronal injury increases retrograde axonal transport of the neurotrophins to spinal sensory neurons and motor neurons via multiple receptor mechanisms. Mol Cell Neurosci 1998; 12: 105–18.
53. HökeA, RedettR, HameedH, et al. Schwann cells express motor and sensory phenotypes that regulate axon regeneration. J Neurosci 2006; 26: 9646–55.
54. BradburyEJ, KhemaniS, KingVR, et al. NT-3 promotes growth of lesioned adult rat sensory axons ascending in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord. Eur J Neurosci 1999; 11: 3873–83.
55. LindsayRM. Role of neurotrophins and Trk receptors in the development and maintenance of sensory neurons: an overview. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1996; 351: 365–73.
56. MendellLM. Neurotrophic factors and the specification of neural function. Neuroscientist 1995; 1: 26–34.
57. McMahonSB, ArmaniniMP, LingLH, et al. Expression and coexpression of Trk receptors in subpopulations of adult primary sensory neurons projecting to identified peripheral targets. Neuron 1994; 12: 1161–71.
58. RamerMS, PriestleyJV, McMahonSB. Functional regeneration of sensory axons into the adult spinal cord. Nature 2000; 403: 312–16.
59. RamerMS, BishopT, DockeryP, et al. Neurotrophin-3-mediated regeneration and recovery of proprioception following dorsal rhizotomy. Mol Cell Neurosci 2002; 19: 239–49.
60. WangR, KingT, OssipovMH, et al. Persistent restoration of sensory function by immediate or delayed systemic artemin after dorsal root injury. Nat Neurosci 2008; 11: 488–96.
61. AltoLT, HavtonLA, ConnerJM, et al. Chemotropic guidance facilitates axonal regeneration and synapse formation after spinal cord injury. Nat Neurosci 2009; 422: 1106–13.
62. ZhouL, BaumgartnerBJ, Hill-FelbergSJ, et al. Neurotrophin-3 expressed in situ induces axonal plasticity in the adult injured spinal cord. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 1424–31.
63. TanAM, PetruskaJC, MendellLM, et al. Sensory afferents regenerated into dorsal columns after spinal cord injury remain in a chronic pathophysiological state. Exp Neurol 2007; 206: 257–68.
64. McTigueDM, HornerPJ, StokesBT, et al. Neurotrophin-3 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor induce oligodendrocyte proliferation and myelination of regenerating axons in the contused adult rat spinal cord. J Neurosci 1998; 18: 5354–65.
65. BonnerJF, ConnorsTM, SilvermanWF, et al. Grafted neural progenitors integrate and restore synaptic connectivity across the injured spinal cord. J Neurosci 2011; 31: 4675–86.
66. Keyvan-FouladiN, RaismanG, LiY. Functional repair of the corticospinal tract by delayed transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells in adult rats. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 9428–34.
67. Bretzner, F., Liu, J., Currie, E., et al. Undesired effects of a combinatorial treatment for spinal cord injury–transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells and BDNF infusion to the red nucleus. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 28: 1795–807.
68. KobayashiNR, FanD, GiehlKM, et al. BDNF and NT-4/5 prevent atrophy of rat rubrospinal neurons after cervical axotomy, stimulate GAP-43 and T_1- tubulin mRNA expression and promote axonal regeneration. J Neurosci 1997: 17: 9583–95.
69. BrockJH, RosenzweigES, BleschA, et al. Local and remote growth factor effects after primate spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 2010; 30: 9728–37.
70. KwonBW, LiuJ, MessererC, et al. Survival and regeneration of rubrospinal neurons 1 year after spinal cord injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99: 3246–51.
71. LieblDJ, HuangW, YoungW, et al. Regulation of Trk receptors following contusion of the rat spinal cord. Exp Neurol 2001; 167: 15–26.
72. LuP, BleschA, TuszynskiMH. Neurotrophism without neurotropism: BDNF promotes survival but not growth of lesioned corticospinal neurons. J Comp Neurol 2001; 436: 456–70.
73. KingVR, BradburyEJ, McMahonSB, et al. Changes in truncated trkB and p75 receptor expression in the rat spinal cord following spinal cord hemisection and spinal cord hemisection plus neurotrophin treatment. Exp Neurol 2000; 165: 327–41.
74. GarrawaySM, AndersonAJ, MendellLM. BDNF-induced facilitation of afferent-evoked responses in lamina II neurons is reduced after neonatal spinal cord contusion injury. J Neurophysiol 2005; 94: 1798–804.
75. DoughertyKD, DreyfusCF, BlackIB. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia/macrophages after spinal cord injury. Neurobiol Dis 2000; 7: 574–85.
76. CoullJA, BeggsS, BoudreauD, et al. BDNF from microglia causes the shift in neuronal anion gradient underlying neuropathic pain. Nature 2005; 438: 1017–21.
77. BoulenguezP, LiabeufS, BosR, et al. Down-regulation of the potassium-chloride cotransporter KCC2 contributes to spasticity after spinal cord injury. Nat Med 2011; 16: 302–7.
78. von MeyenburgJ, BrosamleC, MetzGAS, et al. Regeneration and sprouting of chronically injured corticospinal tract fibers in adult rats promoted by NT-3 and the mAb IN-1, which neutralizes myelin-associated neurite growth inhibitors. Exp Neurol 1998; 154: 583–94.
79. GrillRA, BleschA, TuszynskiMH. Robust growth of chronically injured spinal cord axons induced by grafts of genetically modified NGF-secreting cells. Exp Neurol 1997; 148: 444–52.
80. CoumansJV, LinT T-S, DaiHN, et al. Axonal regeneration and functional recovery after complete spinal cord transection in rats by delayed treatment with transplants and neurotrophins. J Neurosci 2001; 21: 9334–44.
81. YeJH, HouleJD. Treatment of the chronically injured spinal cord with neurotrophic factors can promote axonal regeneration from supraspinal neurons. Exp Neurol 1997; 143: 70–81.
82. GonzalezM, CollinsWF III. Modulation of motoneuron excitability by brain-derived neurotrophic factor. J Neurophysiol 1997; 77: 502–6.
83. JakemanLB, WeiP, GuanZ, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor stimulates hindlimb stepping and sprouting of cholinergic fibers after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 1998; 154: 170–84.
84. XuXM, GuénardV, KleitmanN, et al. A combination of BDNF and NT-3 promotes supraspinal axonal regeneration into Schwann cell grafts in adult rat throracic spinal cord. Exp Neurol 1995; 134: 261–72.
85. ArvanianVL, HornerPJ, GageFH, et al. Intrathecal neurotrophin-3-secreting fibroblasts strengthen synaptic connections to motoneurons in the neonatal rat. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 8706–12.
86. ArvanianVL, BowersWJ, AndersonAJ, et al. Combined delivery of neurotrophin-3 and NMDA receptors 2D subunit strengthens synaptic transmission in contused and staggered double hemisected spinal cord of neonatal rat. Exp Neurol 2006; 197: 347–52.
87. BoyceVS, TumoloM, FischerI, et al. Neurotrophic factors promote and enhance locomotor recovery in untrained spinalized cats. J Neurophysiol 2007; 98: 1988–96.
88. BleschA, LuP, TuszynskiMHNeurotrophic factors, gene therapy, and neural stem cells for spinal cord repair. Brain Res Bull 2002; 57: 833–8.
89. LiuY, HimesBT, SolowskaJ, et al. Intraspinal delivery of neurotrophin-3 using neural stem cells genetically modified by recombinant retrovirus. Exp Neurol 1999; 158: 9–26.
90. BlitsB, OudegaM, BoerGJ, et al. Adeno-associated viral vector-mediated neurotrophin gene transfer in the injured adult rat spinal cord improves hind-limb function. Neuroscience 2003; 118: 271–81.
91. Boyce, VS, Park, J, Gage, FH, et al. Differential effects of BDNF and NT-3 on hindlimb function in paraplegic rats. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 53: 221–32.
92. FortunJ, PuzisR, PearseDD, et al. Muscle injection of AAV-NT-3 promotes anatomical reorganization of CST axons and improves behavioral outcome following SCI. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26: 941–53.
93. PetruskaJC, KitayB, BoyceVS, et al. Intramuscular AAV delivery of NT-3 alters synaptic transmission to motoneurons in adult rats. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 32: 997–1005.
94. BlitsB, DijkhuizenPA, BoerGJ, et al. Intercostal nerve implants transduced with an adenoviral vector encoding neurotrophin-3 promote regrowth of injured rat corticospinal tract fibers and improve hindlimb function. Exp Neurol 2000; 164: 25–37.
95. EdgertonVR, CourtineG, GerasimenkoYP, et al. Training locomotor networks. Brain Res Rev 2008; 57: 241–54.
96. CourtineG, GerasimenkoY, van den BrandR, et al. Transformation of nonfunctional spinal circuits into functional states after the loss of brain input. Nat Neurosci 2009; 12: 1333–42.
97. CôtéMP, AzzamGA, LemayMA, et al. Activity-dependent increase in neurotrophic factors is associated with an enhanced modulation of spinal reflexes after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28: 299–309.
98. YingZ, RoyRR, EdgertonVR, et al. Exercise restores levels of neurotrophins and synaptic plasticity following spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2005; 193: 411–19.
99. AngET, Gomez-PinillaF. Potential therapeutic effects of exercise to the brain. Curr Med Chem 2007; 14: 2564–71.
100. PetruskaJC, IchiyamaRM, CrownED, et al. Changes in motoneuron properties and synaptic inputs related to step training following spinal cord transection in rats. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 4460–71.
101. YingZ., RoyRR, ZhongH, et al. BDNF-exercise interactions in the recovery of symmetrical stepping after a cervical hemisection in rats. Neuroscience 2008; 155: 1070–8.
102. ArvanovVL, SeebachBS, Mendell LM NT-3 evokes an LTP- like facilitation of AMPA/Kainate-mediated synaptic transmission in the neonatal rat spinal cord. J Neurophysiol 2000; 84: 752–8.
103. ArvanianVL, BowersWJ, PetruskaJC, et al. Viral delivery of NR2D subunits reduces Mg2+ block of NMDA receptor and restores NT-3-induced potentiation of AMPA/kainate responses in maturing rat motoneuronsJ Neurophysiol 2004; 92: 2394–404.
104. SchnellL, HunanyanA, BowersW, et al. Combined delivery of Nogo-A antibody, neurotrophin-3 and NMDA-2D subunits establishes a functional “detour” in a hemisected spinal cord. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 34: 1256–67.
105. García-AlíasG, PetrosyanH, SchnellH, et al. Chondroitinase ABC combined with NT3 secretion and NR2D expression promotes axonal plasticity and functional recovery in rats with lateral hemisection of the spinal cord. J Neurosci 2011; 31: 17788–99.
106. SchnellL, SchwabME. Sprouting and regeneration of lesioned corticospinal tract fibres in the adult rat spinal cord. Eur J Neurosci 1993; 5: 1156–71.
107. SchnellL, SchneiderR, KolbeckR, et al. Neurotrophin-3 enhances sprouting of corticospinal tract during development and after adult spinal cord lesions. Nature 1994; 367: 170–3.
108. TuszynskiMH, GrillR, JonesLL, et al. NT-3 gene delivery elicits growth of chronically injured corticospinal axons and modestly improves functional deficits after chronic scar resection. Exp Neurol 2003; 181: 47–56.
109. BamberNI, LiH, LuX, et al. Neurotrophins BDNF and NT-3 promote axonal re-entry into the distal host spinal cord through Schwann cell-seeded mini-channels. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 3: 257–68.
110. ChenQ, SmithGM, ShineHD. Immune activation is required for NT-3-induced axonal plasticity in chronic spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2008; 209: 497–509.
111. VavrekR, GirgisJ, TetzlaffW, et al. BDNF promotes connections of corticospinal neurons onto spared descending interneurons in spinal cord injured rats. Brain 2006; 129: 1534–45.
112. HaggT, BakerKA, EmsleyJG, et al. Prolonged local neurotrophin-3 infusion reduces ipsilateral collateral sprouting of spared corticospinal axons in adult rats. Neuroscience 2005; 130: 875–87.
113. JinY, TesslerA, FischerI, et al. Transplants of fibroblasts genetically modified to express BDNF promote axonal regeneration from supraspinal neurons following chronic spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2002; 177: 265–75.
114. MeneiP, Montero-MeneiC, WhittemoreSR, et al. Schwann cells genetically modified to secrete human BDNF promote enhanced axonal regrowth across transected adult rat spinal cord. Eur J Neurosci 1998; 10: 607–21.
115. BregmanBS, McAteeM, DaiHN, et al. Neurotrophic factors increase axonal growth after spinal cord injury and transplantation in the adult rat. Exp Neurol 1997; 148: 475–94.
116. TobiasCA, ShumskyJS, ShibataM, et al. Delayed grafting of BDNF and NT-3 producing fibroblasts into the injured spinal cord stimulates sprouting, partially rescues axotomized red nucleus neurons from loss and atrophy, and provides limited regeneration. Exp Neurol 2003; 184: 97–113.
117. LawrenceDG, KuypersHG. The functional organization of the motor system in the monkey. I. The effects of bilateral pyramidal lesions. Brain 1968; 91: 1–14.
118. LawrenceDG, KuypersHG. The functional organization of the motor system in the monkey. II. The effects of lesions of the descending brain-stem pathways. Brain 1968; 91: 15–36.