Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV

Jennifer S. Read

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511544798.011

8 - Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV

from Part II - General issues in the care of pediatric HIV patients

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 February 2010

Jennifer S. Read

Edited by

Steven L. Zeichner and

Jennifer S. Read

Show author details

Jennifer S. Read: Affiliation:
Pediatric, Adolescent, and Maternal AIDS (PAMA) Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD
Steven L. Zeichner: Affiliation:
National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
Jennifer S. Read: Affiliation:
National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland

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Summary

Introduction

Over the past several years, major successes have been achieved in prevention of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV). However, these successes have occurred primarily in those countries with the greatest resources and the lowest burden of HIV infection among women and children. Significant challenges remain, particularly in those countries with more limited resources and a greater population burden of HIV infection. Each day an estimated 2000 infants become infected with HIV, virtually all residing in resource-poor settings [1]. In this chapter, the timing and rates of, and risk factors for, MTCT of HIV will be reviewed briefly. Interventions for the prevention of MTCT of HIV will be discussed, both those already shown to be efficacious and those under study. Finally, strategies to prevent MTCT of HIV will be addressed.

Mother-to-child transmission of HIV: timing and rates

Mother-to-child transmission of HIV can occur during pregnancy, at the time of labor and delivery, and postnatally (through breastfeeding) [2]. Potential mechanisms of antepartum and intrapartum transmission of HIV include transplacental transfer of the virus from mother to fetus before delivery and exposure of the fetus or infant to maternal blood, amniotic fluid, and cervicovaginal secretions during delivery. Evidence for transmission during each of these periods has been elucidated over several years. Evidence for in utero transmission of HIV includes identification of HIV in fetal tissue and blood, in amniotic fluid, and in placental tissue; and positive viral assays in many HIV-infected infants at birth [3].

Type: Chapter
Information: Textbook of Pediatric HIV Care , pp. 111 - 133

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544798.011 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2005

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8 - Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV

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