Achen, C. H. 1975. “Mass Political Attitudes and the Survey Response.” American Political Science Review 69: 1218–1231CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswick, E., Levinson, D. J., and Sanford, R. Nevitt. 1950. The Authoritarian Personality. New York: WileyGoogle Scholar

Aldrich, J. H., and Nelson, F. D.. 1984. Linear Probability, Logit, and Probit Models. Thousand Oaks, CA: SageCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allport, G. W. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. New York: DoubledayGoogle Scholar

Altemeyer, B. 1981. Right-Wing Authoritarianism. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba PressGoogle Scholar

Altemeyer, B. 1988. Enemies of Freedom: Understanding Right-Wing Authoritarianism. San Francisco: Jossey–BassGoogle Scholar

Altemeyer, B. 1996. The Authoritarian Specter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University PressGoogle Scholar

Alvarez, R. M., and Brehm, J.. 1995. “American Ambivalence Towards Abortion Policy: Development of a Heteroskedastic Probit Model of Competing Values.” American Journal of Political Science 39: 1055–1082CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alvarez, R. M., and Brehm, John. 1997. “Are Americans Ambivalent Towards Racial Policies?” American Journal of Political Science 41: 345–374CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alwin, D. F., and Krosnick, J. A.. 1985. “The Measurement of Values in Surveys: A Comparison of Ratings and Rankings.” Public Opinion Quarterly 49: 535–552CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ammerman, N. T. 1987. Bible Believers. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University PressGoogle Scholar

Anderson, B. A., Silver, B. D., and Abramson, P. R.. 1988a. “The Effects of Race of the Interviewer on Measures of Electoral Participation by Blacks in SRC National Election Studies.” Public Opinion Quarterly 52: 53–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, B. A., Silver, B. D., and Abramson, P. R.. 1988b. “The Effects of the Race of the Interviewer on Race-Related Attitudes of Black Respondents in SRC/CPS National Election Studies.” Public Opinion Quarterly 52: 289–324CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ashmore, R. D., and F. K. Del Boca. 1976. “Psychological Approaches to Understanding Inter-Group Conflict.” In Katz, P. A. (ed.), Towards the Elimination of Racism. New York: PergamonGoogle Scholar

Balibar, E., and Wallerstein, I.. 1991. Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities. New York: VersoGoogle Scholar

Bandura, A. 1977. Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-HallGoogle Scholar

Barnum, D. G. 1982. “Decision Making in a Constitutional Democracy: Policy Formation in the Skokie Free Speech Controversy.” Journal of Politics 44: 480–508CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baron, R. M., and Kenny, D. A.. 1986. “The Moderator–Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic and Statistical Considerations.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51: 1173–1182CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bar-Tal, D., and Staub, E. (eds.). 1997. Patriotism in the Lives of Individuals and Nations. Chicago: WadsworthGoogle Scholar

Bem, D. J. 1972. “Self-Perception Theory.” In Berkowitz, L. (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 6. New York: Academic PressGoogle Scholar

Bergeman, C. S., Chipuer, H. M., Plomin, R., Pedersen, N. L., McClearn, G. E., Nesselroade, J. R., Costa, P. T. Jr., and McCrae, R. R.. 1993. “Genetic and Environmental Effects on Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness: An Adoption/Twin Study.” Journal of Personality 61: 159–179CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berkowitz, L. 1957. “Liking for the Group and the Perceived Merit of the Group's Behavior.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 54: 353–357CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berkowitz, L. 1998. “Affective Aggression: The Role of Stress, Pain, and Negative Affect.” In Geen, R. G. and Donnerstein, E. (eds.), Human Aggression: Theories, Research, and Implications for Policy. New York: AcademicGoogle Scholar

Bishop, G. F., Barclay, A. M., and Rokeach, M.. 1972. “Presidential Preferences and Freedom–Equality Value Patterns in the 1968 American Campaign.” Journal of Social Psychology 88: 207–212CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bobbio, N. 1997. Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction. Chicago: University of Chicago PressGoogle Scholar

Bobo, L. 1983. “Whites' Opposition to Busing: Symbolic Racism or Realistic Group Conflict?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45: 1196–1210CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bobo, L. 1988. “Group Conflict, Prejudice, and the Paradox of Contemporary Racial Attitudes.” In Katz, P. and Taylor, D. (eds.), Eliminating Racism. New York: Plenum PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bobo, L., and Kluegel, J. R.. 1993. “Opposition to Race-Targeting: Self-Interest, Stratification Ideology, or Racial Attitudes?” American Sociological Review 58: 443–464CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bobo, L., J. R. Kluegel, and R. A. Smith. 1997. “Laissez-Faire Racism: The Crystallization of a Kinder, Gentler Anti-Black Ideology.” In Tuch, S. A. and Martin, J. K. (eds.), Racial Attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and Change. Westport, CT: PraegerGoogle Scholar

Bonilla-Silva, E., and Forman, T. A.. 2000. “ ‘I am not a racist but …’: Mapping White College Students' Racial Ideology in the USA.” Discourse and Society 11: 50–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bowser, P. B. (ed.). 1995. Racism and Anti-Racism in World Perspective. Thousand Oaks, CA: SageGoogle Scholar

Brace, P., and Hinckley, B.. 1992. Follow the Leader: Opinion Polls and the Modern Presidents. New York: Basic BooksGoogle Scholar

Braithwaite, V. 1982. “The Structure of Social Values: Validation of Rokeach's Two-Value Model.” British Journal of Social Psychology 21: 203–211CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Braithwaite, V. 1994. “Beyond Rokeach's Equality–Freedom Model: Two-Dimensional Values in a One-Dimensional World.” Journal of Social Issues 50: 67–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Braithwaite, V. 1998. “The Value Orientations Underlying Liberalism–Conservatism.” Personality and Individual Differences 25: 575–589CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brewer, M. B. 1991. “The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 17: 475–482CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brewer, M. B. 1999. “The Psychology of Prejudice: Ingroup Love or Outgroup Hate?” Journal of Social Issues 55: 429–444CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brody, R. 1991. Assessing the President. Stanford, CA: Stanford University PressGoogle Scholar

Brown, R. 1965. Social Psychology. New York: Free PressGoogle Scholar

Bugajski, J. 1996. “Balkan Myths and Bosnian Massacres.” In Thomas, R. G. C. and Friman, H. R. (eds.). The South Slav Conflict: History, Religion, Ethnicity, and Nationalism. New York: GarlandGoogle Scholar

Bureau of Justice Statistics. 1990. Capital Punishment in the United States, 1973–1990 [machine-readable data file]. (ICPSR 9819)

Burke, E. 1790. Reflections on the French Revolution. Vol. XXVI, Part 3. The Harvard Classics. New York: P. F. Collier and Son, 1909–14; Bartleby.com, 2001Google Scholar

Butler, J. C. 2000. “Personality and Emotional Correlates of Right-Wing Authoritarianism.” Social Behavior and Personality 28: 1–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Byrne, D., and Bounds, C.. 1964. “The Reversal of F Scale Items.” Psychology Reports 14: 216CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Campbell, B. A. 1981. “Race-of-Interviewer Effects among Southern Adolescents.” Public Opinion Quarterly 45: 231–244CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Campbell, D., and Stanley, J.. 1963. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Boston: Houghton MifflinGoogle Scholar

Carmines, E. G., and Stimson, J. A.. 1989. Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation of American Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University PressGoogle Scholar

Chaloupka, W. 1996. “The County Supremacy and Militia Movements: Federalism as an Issue on the Radical Right.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 26: 161–175CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chanley, V. 1994. “Commitment to Political Tolerance: Situational and Activity-Based Differences.” Political Behavior 16: 343–363CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chong, D. 1991. Collective Action and the Civil Rights Movement. Chicago: University of Chicago PressGoogle Scholar

Chong, D. 1993. “How People Think, Reason, and Feel about Rights and Liberties.” American Journal of Political Science 37: 867–899CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chong, D. 1994. “Tolerance and Social Adjustment to New Norms and Practices.” Political Behavior 16: 21–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chong, D., McClosky, H., and Zaller, J.. 1983. “Patterns of Support for Democratic and Capitalist Values in the United States.” British Journal of Political Science 13: 401–440CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Christie, R., and Jahoda, M. (eds.). 1954. Studies in the Scope and Method of “The Authoritarian Personality”: Continuities in Social Research. Glencoe, IL: Free PressGoogle Scholar

Christie, R. 1954. “Authoritarianism Re-Examined.” In Christie, R. and Jahoda, M. (eds.), Studies in the Scope and Method of “The Authoritarian Personality”: Continuities in Social Research. Glencoe, IL: Free PressGoogle Scholar

Christie, R., Havel, J., and Seidenberg, B.. 1958. “Is the F Scale Irreversible?” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 56: 143–159CrossRefGoogle Scholar

CITIBASE: Citibank economic database [machine-readable data file]. 1946– present. New York: Citibank, 1978

Cochrane, R., Billig, M., and Hogg, M.. 1979. “Politics and Values in Britain: A Test of Rokeach's Two-Value Model.” British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 18: 159–167CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cohen, L. J. 1993. Broken Bonds: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia.Boulder, CO: Westview PressGoogle Scholar

Converse, P. E. 1964. “The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics.” In D. E. Apter (ed.), Ideology and Discontent. Glencoe, IL: Free Press

Cook, T. D., and Campbell, D. T.. 1979. Quasi-Experimentation: Design and Analysis Issues for Field Settings. Boston: Houghton MifflinGoogle Scholar

Costa, P. T., and McCrae, R. R.. 1985. “Hypochondriasis, Neuroticism, and Aging: When Are Somatic Complaints Unfounded?” American Psychologist 40: 19–28CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Costa, P. T., and McCrae, R. R.. 1988. “Personality in Adulthood: A Six-Year Longitudinal Study of Self-Reports and Spouse Ratings on the NEO Personality Inventory.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54: 853–863CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Costa, P. T., and McCrae, R. R.. 1992. “Four Ways Five Factors Are Basic.” Personality and Individual Differences 13: 653–665CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Costa, P. T., and McCrae, R. R.. 1993. “Ego Development and Trait Models of Personality.” Psychological Inquiry 4: 20–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Costa, P. T. Jr., McCrae, R. R., and Dye, D. A. 1991. “Facet Scales for Agreeableness and Conscientiousness: A Revision of the NEO Personality Inventory.” Personality and Individual Differences 12: 887–898CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cotter, P. R., Cohen, J., and Coulter, P. B.. 1982. “Race-of-Interviewer Effects in Telephone Interviews.” Public Opinion Quarterly 46: 278–284CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davies, J. C. 1962. “Toward a Theory of Revolution.” American Sociological Review 27: 5–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davis, D. W. 1997a. “Nonrandom Measurement Error and Race of Interviewer Effects among African Americans.” Public Opinion Quarterly 61: 183–207CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davis, D. W. 1997b. “The Direction of Race of Interviewer Effects among African Americans: Donning the Black Mask.” American Journal of Political Science 41: 309–322CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davis, J. A., and Smith, T. W.. 1994 General Social Surveys, 1972–1994 [machine-readable data file]. Principal Investigator, J. A. Davis; Director and Co–Principal Investigator, T. W. Smith. Chicago: National Opinion Research Center, producer; Storrs, CT: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut, distributor. One data file (32,380 logical records) and one codebook (1,073 pp)Google Scholar

Devine, P. G. 1989. “Stereotypes and Prejudice: Their Automatic and Controlled Components.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56: 5–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Digman, J. M. 1990. “Personality Structure: Emergence of the Five-Factor Model.” Annual Review of Psychology 41: 417–440CrossRefGoogle Scholar

DiMaggio, P., Evans, J., and Bryson, B.. 1996. “Have Americans' Attitudes Become More Polarized?” American Journal of Sociology 102: 690–755CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dion, K. L. 1973. “Cohesiveness as a Determinant of Ingroup–Outgroup Bias.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 28: 163–171CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Doty, R. M., Peterson, B. E., and Winter, D. G.. 1991. “Threat and Authoritarianism in the United States, 1978–1987.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61: 629–640CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Duckitt, J. H. 1983. “Culture, Class, Personality and Authoritarianism among White South Africans.” Journal of Social Psychology 121: 191–199CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Duckitt, J. H. 1989. “Authoritarianism and Group Identification: A New View of an Old Construct.” Political Psychology 10: 63–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eagly, A. H., and Chaiken, S.. 1993. The Psychology of Attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace JovanovichGoogle Scholar

Emerson, R. M. 1954. “Deviation and Rejection: An Experimental Replication.” American Sociological Review 19: 688–693CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Erickson, K. T. 1966. Wayward Puritans. New York: WileyGoogle Scholar

European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC). 2002. Annual Report, Part 2: Trends, Developments and Good Practice in 2002. Location: EUMC

Evans, G. A., and Heath, A. F.. 1995. “The Measurement of Left–Right and Libertarian–Authoritarian Values: Comparing Balanced and Unbalanced Scales.” Quality and Quantity 29: 191–206CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Evans, G. A., Heath, A. F., and Lalljee, M. G.. 1996. “Measuring Left-Right and Libertarian–Authoritarian Values in the British Electorate.” British Journal of Sociology 47: 93–112CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Evans, J. 1996. “ ‘Culture Wars’ or Status Group Ideology as the Basis of U.S. Moral Politics.” International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 16: 15–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eysenck, H. J. 1990. “Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Individual Differences: The Three Major Dimensions of Personality.” Journal of Personality 58: 245–261CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Federal Bureau of Investigation. Uniform Crime Reports for the United States. Washington, DC: Department of Justice

Feierabend, I. K., Feierabend, R. L., and Gurr, T. R.. 1972. Anger, Violence, and Politics: Theories and Research. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-HallGoogle Scholar

Feldman, S. 1988. “Structure and Consistency in Public Opinion: The Role of Core Beliefs and Values.” American Journal of Political Science 32: 416–440CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feldman, S. 2003. “Values, Ideology, and the Structure of Political Attitudes.” In Sears, D. O., Huddy, L., and Jervis, R. (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology. New York: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar

Feldman, S., and Stenner, K.. 1997. “Perceived Threat and Authoritarianism.” Political Psychology 18: 741–770CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fischle, M. 2000. “Mass Response to the Lewinsky Scandal: Motivated Reasoning or Bayesian Updating?” Political Psychology 21: 135–159CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fiske, S. T. 2002. “What We Know about Bias and Intergroup Conflict, the Problem of the Century.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 11: 123–128CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fleishman, J. A. 1988. “Attitude Organization in the General Public: Evidence for a Bidimensional Structure.” Social Forces 67: 159–184CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Forbes, H. D. 1985. Nationalism, Ethnocentrism, and Personality: Social Science and Critical Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago PressGoogle Scholar

Forer, L. G. 1994. A Rage to Punish: The Unintended Consequences of Mandatory Sentencing. New York: NortonGoogle Scholar

Franklin, C. H. 1989. “Estimation across Data Sets: Two-stage Auxiliary Instrumental Variables Estimation (2SAIV).” Political Analysis 1: 1–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Franklin, J. H., and Moss, A. A.. 1988. From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans. New York: McGraw-HillGoogle Scholar

Frederickson, G. M. 1971. The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro–American Character and Destiny, 1817–1914. New York: Harper and RowGoogle Scholar

Freilich, J. D., Pichardo Almanzar, N. A., and Rivera, C. J.. 1999. “How Social Movement Organizations Explicitly and Implicitly Promote Deviant Behavior: The Case of the Militia Movement.” Justice Quarterly 16: 655–683CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frenkel-Brunswik, E. 1954. “Further Explorations by a Contributor to ‘The Authoritarian Personality’.” In Christie, Richard and Jahoda, Marie (eds.), Studies in the Scope and Method of “The Authoritarian Personality”: Continuities in Social Research. Glencoe, IL: Free PressGoogle Scholar

Friedrich, R. J. 1982. “In Defense of Multiplicative Terms in Multiple Regression Equations.” American Journal of Political Science 26: 797–833CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fromm, E. 1941. Escape from Freedom. New York: Holt, Rinehart and WinstonGoogle Scholar

Gabennesch, H. 1972. “Authoritarianism as World View.” American Journal of Sociology 77: 857–875CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gaertner, S. L., and J. F. Dovidio. 1986. “The Aversive Form of Racism.” In Dovidio, J. F. and Gaertner, S. L. (eds.), Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism. New York: Academic PressGoogle Scholar

Gaertner, S. L., J. F. Dovidio, P. A. Anastasio, B. A. Bachman, and M. C. Rust. 1993. “The Common In-Group Identity Model: Recategorization and the Reduction of Intergroup Bias.” In Stroebe, W. and Hewstone, M. (eds.), European Review of Social Psychology, vol. 4. Chichester, UK: WileyGoogle Scholar

Geen, R. G., and Donnerstein, E. (eds.). 1998. Human Aggression: Theories, Research, and Implications for Policy. New York: AcademicGoogle Scholar

Gerber, A. S., and Green, D. P.. 2000. “The Effects of Canvassing, Telephone Calls, and Direct Mail on Voter Turnout: A Field Experiment.” American Political Science Review 94: 653–663CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gibson, J. L. 1987. “Homosexuals and the Ku Klux Klan: A Contextual Analysis of Political Tolerance.” Western Political Quarterly 40: 427–448CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gibson, J. L. 1988. “Political Intolerance and Political Repression during the McCarthy Red Scare.” American Political Science Review 82: 511–529CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gibson, J. L. 1989. “The Structure of Attitudinal Tolerance in the United States.” British Journal of Political Science 19: 562–570CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gibson, J. L. 1992. “Alternative Measures of Political Tolerance: Must Tolerance Be ‘Least-Liked’?” American Journal of Political Science 36: 560–577CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gibson, J. L. 1996. “Political and Economic Markets: Changes in the Connections between Attitudes toward Political Democracy and a Market Economy within the Mass Culture of Russian and Ukraine.” Journal of Politics 58: 954–984CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gibson, J. L., and Bingham, R. D.. 1985. Civil Liberties and Nazis: The Skokie Free-Speech Controversy. New York: PraegerGoogle Scholar

Gilens, M. 1999. Why Americans Hate Welfare: Race, Media, and the Politics of Antipoverty Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gilens, M., Sniderman, P. M., and Kuklinski, J. H.. 1998. “Affirmative Action and the Politics of Realignment.” British Journal of Political Science 28: 159–183CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Glaser, J. M. 1996. Race, Campaign Politics, and the Realignment in the South. New Haven, CT: Yale University PressGoogle Scholar

Goldberg, L. R. 1993. “The Structure of Phenotypic Personality Traits.” American Psychologist 48: 26–34CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Golebiowska, E. A. 1995. “Individual Value Priorities, Education, and Political Tolerance.” Political Behavior 17: 23–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Golebiowska, E. A. 1996. “The ‘Pictures in Our Heads’ and Individual-Targeted Tolerance.” Journal of Politics 58: 1010–1034CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gosnell, H. F. 1927. Getting Out the Vote: An Experiment in the Stimulation of Voting. Chicago: University of Chicago PressGoogle Scholar

Green, D. P. 1988. “On the Dimensionality of Public Sentiment toward Partisan and Ideological Groups.” American Journal of Political Science 32: 758–780CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Green, D. P. 1990. “The Effects of Measurement Error on Two-Stage, Least Squares Estimates.” In Stimson, J. (ed.), Political Analysis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Green, D. P., R. P. Abelson, and M. Garnett. 1999. “The Distinctive Political Views of Hate-Crime Perpetrators and White Supremacists.” In Prentice, D. A. and Miller, D. T. (eds.), Cultural Divides: Understanding and Overcoming Group Conflict. New York: Russell Sage FoundationGoogle Scholar

Green, D. P., Glaser, J., and Rich, A.. 1998. “From Lynchings to Gay-Bashing: The Elusive Connection between Economic Conditions and Hate Crime.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75: 82–92CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Green, D. P., and Palmquist, B.. 1990. “Of Artifacts and Partisan Instability.” American Journal of Political Science 34: 872–902CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Greenberg, J., T. Pyszczynski, and S. Solomon. 1986. “The Causes and Consequences of the Need for Self-Esteem: A Terror Management Theory.” In Baumeister, R. F. (ed.), Public Self and Private Self. New York: Springer VerlagCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Rosenblatt, A., Veeder, M., Kirkland, S., and Lyon, D.. 1990. “Evidence for Terror Management Theory II: The Effects of Mortality Salience on Reactions to Those Who Threaten or Bolster the Cultural Worldview.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58: 308–318CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Greenstein, F. I. 1987. Personality and Politics: Problems of Evidence, Inference, and Conceptualization. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gurr, T. R. 1970. Why Men Rebel. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University PressGoogle Scholar

Hare, A. P. 1976. Handbook of Small Group Research. New York: Free PressGoogle Scholar

Harsch, D. 1997. “Society, the State, and Abortion in East Germany, 1950–1972.” American Historical Review 102(1): 53–84CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hart, R. P. 2000. Diction 5.0: The Text-Analysis Program. Thousand Oaks, CA: SageGoogle Scholar

Hartz, L. 1955. The Liberal Tradition in America: An Interpretation of American Political Thought since the Revolution. New York: Harcourt, BraceGoogle Scholar

Heath, A. 1986. “Do People Have Consistent Attitudes?” In Jowell, R., Witherspoon, S., and Brook, L. (eds.), British Social Attitudes: The 1986 Report. Aldershot, UK: GowerGoogle Scholar

Heath, A., and G. Evans. 1988. “Working-Class Conservatives and Middle-Class Socialists.” In Jowell, R., Witherspoon, S., and Brook, L. (eds.), British Social Attitudes: The 1988 Report. Aldershot, UK: GowerGoogle Scholar

Heath, A., Evans, G., and Martin, J.. 1994. “The Measurement of Core Beliefs and Values: The Development of Balanced Socialist/Laissez Faire and Libertarian–Authoritarian Scales.” British Journal of Political Science 24: 115–132CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heath, A. F., Jowell, R., Curtice, J., Evans, G. A., Field, J., and Witherspoon, S.. 1991. Understanding Political Change: Voting Behaviour in Britain, 1964–1987. New York: Pergamon PressGoogle Scholar

Heaven, P. C. 1991. “Voting Intention and the Two-Value Model: A Further Investigation.” Australian Journal of Psychology 43: 75–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hibbing, J., and Theiss-Morse, E.. 2002. Stealth Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Himmelweit, H. T., Humphreys, P., and Jaeger, M.. 1985. How Voters Decide. Philadelphia: Open University PressGoogle Scholar

Hogan, R. 1970. “A Dimension of Moral Judgment.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 35: 205–212CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holden, G. W., and Edwards, L. A.. 1989. “Parental Attitudes toward Child-Rearing: Instruments, Issues, and Implications.” Psychological Bulletin 106: 29–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hollifield, J. F. 1994. “Immigration and Republicanism in France: The Hidden Consensus.” In Cornelius, W. A., Martin, P. L., and Hollifield, J. F. (eds.), Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective. Stanford, CA: Stanford University PressGoogle Scholar

Horowitz, D. L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California PressGoogle Scholar

Hovland, C. I., and Sears, R. R.. 1940. “Minor Studies of Aggression: VI. Correlation of Lynchings with Economic Indices.” Journal of Psychology 9: 301–310CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hoyle, R. H., and J. I. Robinson. 2003. “Mediated and Moderated Effects in Social Psychological Research: Measurement, Design, and Analysis Issues.” In C. Sansone, C. Morf, and A. T. Panter (eds.), Sage Handbook of Methods in Social Psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Hume, D. 1752 [1998]. An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals. New York: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar

Hunter, J. D. 1983. American Evangelicalism: Conservative Religion and the Quandary of Modernity. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University PressGoogle Scholar

Hunter, J. D. 1991. Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America. New York: Basic BooksGoogle Scholar

Hunter, J. D. 1994. Before the Shooting Begins: Searching for Democracy in America's Culture War. New York: Free PressGoogle Scholar

Huntington, S. P. 1981. American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony. Cambridge, MA: Belknap PressGoogle Scholar

Hurwitz, J., and Peffley, M.. 1997. “Public Perceptions of Race and Crime: The Role of Racial Stereotypes.” American Journal of Political Science 41: 375–401CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hurwitz, J., and Peffley, M. (eds.). 1998. Perception and Prejudice: Race and Politics in the United States. New Haven, CT: Yale University PressGoogle Scholar

Hyman, H. H., and P. B. Sheatsley. 1954. “‘The Authoritarian Personality’: A Methodological Critique.” In Christie, R. and Jahoda, M. (eds.), Studies in the Scope and Method of “The Authoritarian Personality”: Continuities in Social Research. Glencoe, IL: Free PressGoogle Scholar

Inglehart, R. 1977. The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University PressGoogle Scholar

Inglehart, R., Basañez, M., and Moreno, A.. 1998. Human Values and Beliefs: A Cross-Cultural Sourcebook. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jackman, M. R. 1978. “General and Applied Tolerance: Does Education Increase Commitment to Racial Integration?” American Journal of Political Science 22: 302–324CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jackman, M. R., and Muha, M. J.. 1984. “Education and Intergroup Attitudes: Moral Enlightenment, Superficial Democratic Commitment, or Ideological Refinement.” American Sociological Review 49: 751–769CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jamieson, K. H. 1992. Dirty Politics: Deception, Distraction, and Democracy. New York: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar

Janis, I. L. 1982. Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Boston: Houghton MifflinGoogle Scholar

Johnson, J. A. 1994. “Clarification of Factor 5 with the Help of the AB5C Model.” European Journal of Personality 8: 311–334CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, E. E., and Harris, V. A.. 1967. “The Attribution of Attitudes.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 3: 1–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Joppke, C., and Lukes, S. (eds.). 1999. Multicultural Questions. Oxford: Oxford University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Katz, D. 1960. “The Functional Approach to the Study of Attitudes.” Public Opinion Quarterly 24: 163–204CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Katz, I., and Hass, R. G.. 1988. “Racial Ambivalence and American Value Conflict: Correlational and Priming Studies of Dual Cognitive Structures.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55: 893–905CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Katz, I., J. Wackenhut, and R. G. Hass. 1986. “Racial Ambivalence, Value Duality, and Behavior.” In Dovidio, J. F. and Gaertner, S. L. (eds.), Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism. Orlando, FL: Academic PressGoogle Scholar

Kernell, S. 1978. “Explaining Presidential Popularity: How Ad Hoc Theorizing, Misplaced Emphasis, and Insufficient Care in Measuring One's Variables Refuted Common Sense and Led Conventional Wisdom Down the Path of Anomalies.” American Political Science Review 72: 506–522CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kiesler, C. A. 1963. “Attraction to the Group and Conformity to Group Norms.” Journal of Personality 31: 559–569CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kinder, D. R. 1986. “The Continuing American Dilemma: White Resistance to Racial Change 40 Years after Myrdal.” Journal of Social Issues 42: 151–171CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kinder, D. R. 1994. “Reason and Emotion in American Political Life.” In Schank, R. and Langer, E. (eds.), Beliefs, Reasoning, and Decision Making: Psycho-logic in Honor of Bob Abelson. Hillsdale, NJ: ErlbaumGoogle Scholar

Kinder, D. R. 1998. “Communication and Opinion.” Annual Review of Political Science 1: 167–197CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kinder, D. R., and T. Mendelberg. 2000. “Individualism Reconsidered: Principles and Prejudice in Contemporary American Public Opinion on Race.” In Sears, D. O., Sidanius, J., and Bobo, L. (eds.), Racialized Politics: Values, Ideology, and Prejudice in American Public Opinion. Chicago: University of Chicago PressGoogle Scholar

Kinder, D. R., and T. Palfrey. 1993. “On Behalf of an Experimental Political Science.” In Kinder, D. R. and Palfrey, T. (eds.), Experimental Foundations of Political Science. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kinder, D. R., and Palfrey, T. (eds.). 1993. Experimental Foundations of Political Science. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kinder, D. R., and Sanders, L. M.. 1996. Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. Chicago: University of Chicago PressGoogle Scholar

Kinder, D. R., and Sears, D. O.. 1981. “Prejudice and Politics: Symbolic Racism versus Racial Threats to the Good Life.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40: 414–431CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kirscht, J. P., and Dillehay, R. C.. 1967. Dimensions of Authoritarianism: A Review of Research and Theory. Lexington: University of Kentucky PressGoogle Scholar

Kluckhohn, F. R. 1967. “Dominant and Variant Value Orientations.” In Kluckhohn, C., Murray, H. A., and Sneider, D. M. (eds.), Personality in Nature, Society and Culture. New York: KnopfGoogle Scholar

Kluegel, J. R., and L. Bobo. 1993. “Dimensions of Whites' Beliefs about the Black–White Socioeconomic Gap.” In Sniderman, P. M., Tetlock, P. E., and Carmines, E. G. (eds), Prejudice, Politics and the American Dilemma. Stanford, CA: Stanford University PressGoogle Scholar

Kluegel, J. R., and Smith, E. R.. 1986. Beliefs about Inequality: Americans' Views on What Is and What Ought to Be. New York: Aldine de GruyterGoogle Scholar

Kohn, M. L. 1977. Class and Conformity. Chicago: University of Chicago PressGoogle Scholar

Kohn, P. M. 1974. “The Authoritarianism–Rebellion Scale: A Balanced F Scale with Left–Wing Reversals.” Sociometry 35: 176–189CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kruglanski, A. W. 1996. “The Storehouse/Correspondence Partition in Memory Research: Promises and Perils.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19: 198–199CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kruglanski, A. W., and Webster, D. M.. 1996. “Motivated Closing of the Mind: ‘Seizing’ and ‘Freezing’.” Psychological Review 103: 263–283CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kuklinski, J. H., Riggle, E., Ottati, V., Schwarz, N., and Wyer, R. S. Jr. 1991. “The Cognitive and Affective Bases of Political Tolerance Judgments.” American Journal of Political Science 35: 1–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kuklinski, J. H., Sniderman, P. M., Knight, K., Piazza, T., Tetlock, P. E., Lawrence, G. R., and Mellers, B.. 1997. “Racial Prejudice and Attitudes toward Affirmative Action.” American Journal of Political Science 41: 402–419CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kunda, Z. 1990. “The Case for Motivated Reasoning.” Psychological Bulletin 108: 480–498CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lamont, M. 1995. “National Identity and National Boundary Patterns in France and the United States.” French Historical Studies 19: 349–365CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lamont, M. 2000. The Dignity of Working Men: Morality and the Boundaries of Race, Class, and Immigration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University PressGoogle Scholar

Lasswell, H. D. 1930. Psychopathology and Politics. New York: VikingGoogle Scholar

Lau, R. R. 1985. “Two Explanations for Negativity Effects in Political Behavior.” American Journal of Political Science 29: 119–138CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lauderdale, P. 1976. “Deviance and Moral Boundaries.” American Sociological Review 41: 660–676CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lavine, H., Burgess, D., Snyder, M., Transue, J., Sullivan, J. L., Haney, B., and Wagner, S. H.. 1999. “Threat, Authoritarianism, and Voting: An Investigation of Personality and Persuasion.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 25: 337–347CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lederer, G. 1982. “Trends in Authoritarianism: A Study of Adolescents in West Germany and the United States since 1945.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 13: 299–314CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lendvai, P. 1991. “Yugoslavia without Yugoslavs: The Roots of the Crisis.” International Affairs 67: 251–261CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lerner, M. J. 1980. The Belief in a Just World: A Fundamental Delusion. New York: Plenum PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

LeVine, R. A., and Campbell, D. T.. 1972. Ethnocentrism: Theories of Conflict, Ethnic Attitudes, and Group Behavior. New York: WileyGoogle Scholar

Licht, S. 2000. “Civil Society, Democracy, and the Yugoslav Wars.” In Spencer, M. (ed.), The Lessons of Yugoslavia. New York: JAIGoogle Scholar

Liebman, R. C., and Wuthnow, R.. 1983. The New Christian Right. New York: AldineGoogle Scholar

Lipset, S. M. 1959. “Democracy and Working-Class Authoritarianism.” American Sociological Review 24: 482–501CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lipset, S. M. 1960. Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. Garden City, NY: DoubledayGoogle Scholar

Lipset, S. M., and Raab, E.. 1970. The Politics of Unreason: Right-Wing Extremism in America, 1790–1970. New York: Harper and RowGoogle Scholar

Loehlin, J. C. 1992. Genes and Environment in Personality Development. Newbury Park, CA: SageGoogle Scholar

Louche, C., and Magnier, J.. 1978. “Group Development: Effects on Intergroup and Intragroup Relations.” European Journal of Social Psychology 8: 387–391CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Luttbeg, N. R., and Gant, M. M.. 1985. “The Failure of Liberal/Conservative Ideology as a Cognitive Structure.” Public Opinion Quarterly 49: 80–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marcus, G. E. 2003. “The Psychology of Emotion and Politics.” In Sears, D. O., Huddy, L., and Jervis, R. (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology. New York: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar

Marcus, G. E., Neuman, W. R., and MacKuen, M.. 2000. Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment. Chicago: University of Chicago PressGoogle Scholar

Marcus, G. E., Sullivan, J. L., Theiss-Morse, E., and Wood, S. L.. 1995. With Malice toward Some: How People Make Civil Liberties Judgments. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Martin, J. G. 1964. The Tolerant Personality. Detroit: Wayne State University PressGoogle Scholar

Martin, J. G., and Westie, F. R.. 1959. “The Tolerant Personality.” American Sociological Review 24: 521–528CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Martin, J. L. 2001. “The Authoritarian Personality 50 Years Later: What Lessons Are There for Political Psychology?” Political Psychology 22: 1–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McAdam, D. 1988. Freedom Summer. New York: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar

McCann, S. J. H. 1991. “Threat, Authoritarianism, and the Power of United States Presidents: New Threat and Power Measures.” The Journal of Psychology 125: 237–240CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McClosky, H. 1958. “Conservatism and Personality.” American Political Science Review 52: 27–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McClosky, H. 1964. “Consensus and Ideology in American Politics.” American Political Science Review 58: 361–382CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McClosky, H., and Brill, A.. 1983. Dimensions of Tolerance. New York: Russell SageGoogle Scholar

McClosky, H., and Zaller, J.. 1984. The American Ethos: Public Attitudes toward Capitalism and Democracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

McConahay, J. B. 1986. “Modern Racism, Ambivalence, and the Modern Racism Scale.” In Dovidio, J. and Gaertner, S. L. (eds.), Prejudice, Discrimination and Racism. Orlando, FL: Academic PressGoogle Scholar

McCourt, K., Bouchard, T. J. Jr., Lykken, D. T., Tellegen, A., and Keyes, M.. 1999. “Authoritarianism Revisited: Genetic and Environmental Influences Examined in Twins Reared Apart and Together.” Personality and Individual Differences 27: 985–1014CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McCrae, R. R. 1996. “Social Consequences of Experiential Openness.” Psychological Bulletin 120: 323–337CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

McCrae, R. R., and Costa, P. T. Jr. 1990. Personality in Adulthood. New York: Guilford PressGoogle Scholar

McCrae, R. R., and P. T. Costa. 1992. “Conceptions and Correlates of Openness to Experience.” In Briggs, S. R., Hogan, R., and Jones, W. H. (eds.), Handbook of Personality Psychology. New York: Academic PressGoogle Scholar

McCrae, R. R., and Costa, P. T.. 1995. “Positive and Negative Valence within the Five-Factor Model.” Journal of Research in Personality 29: 443–460CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McFarland, S. G. 1989. “Religious Orientations and the Targets of Discrimination.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 28: 324–336CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McFarland, S. G., Ageyev, V. S., and Abalakina-Paap, M. A.. 1992. “Authoritarianism in the Former Soviet Union.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63: 1004–1010CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McFarland, S. G., V. S. Ageyev, and M. A. Abalakina. 1993. “The Authoritarian Personality in the U.S.A. and U.S.S.R.: Comparative Studies.” In Stone, W. F., Lederer, G., and Christie, R., (eds), Strengths and Weaknesses: The Authoritarian Personality Today.New York: Springer-VerlagCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meertens, R. W., and Pettigrew, T. F.. 1997. “Is Subtle Prejudice Really Prejudice?” Public Opinion Quarterly 61: 54–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mehrabian, A., and Ksionsky, S.. 1970. “Models for Affiliative and Conformity Behavior.” Psychological Bulletin 74: 110–126CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mendelberg, T. 2001. The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages, and the Norm of Equality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Milburn, M. A., Conrad, S. D., Sala, F., and Carberry, S.. 1995. “Childhood Punishment, Denial, and Political Attitudes.” Political Psychology 16: 447–478CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., and Mendoza-Denton, R.. 2002. “Situation–Behavior Profiles as a Locus of Consistency in Personality.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 11: 50–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moscovici, S. 1984. “The Phenomenon of Social Representations.” In Farr, R. M. and Moscovici, S. (eds), Social Representations. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar

Moscovici, S., and G. Paicheler. 1978. “Social Comparison and Social Recognition: Two Complementary Processes of Identification.” In Tajfel, H. (ed.), Differentiation between Social Groups. London: Academic PressGoogle Scholar

Mueller, John. 1973. War, Presidents, and Public Opinion. New York: WileyGoogle Scholar

Mulder, M., and Stermerding, A.. 1963. “Threat, Attraction to Group, and Need for Strong Leadership: A Laboratory Experiment in a Natural Setting.” Human Relations 16: 317–334CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mynhardt, J. 1980. “Prejudice among Afrikaans- and English-Speaking South African Students.” Journal of Social Psychology 110: 9–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Myrdal, G. 1944. An American Dilemma. New York: Harper and RowGoogle Scholar

Newton, M., and Newton, J. A.. 1991. Racial and Religious Violence in America: A Chronology. New York: GarlandGoogle Scholar

Nie, N. H., Junn, J., and Stehlik-Barry, K.. 1996. Education and Democratic Citizenship in America. Chicago: University of Chicago PressGoogle Scholar

Nisbett, R. E., and Kunda, Z.. 1985. “Perception of Social Distributions.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48: 297–311CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Norman, Richard. 1987. Free and Equal: A Philosophical Examination of Political Values. New York: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar

Olson, J. M., and Zanna, M. P.. 1993. “Attitudes and Attitude Change.” Annual Review of Psychology 44: 117–154CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Olzak, S. 1992. The Dynamics of Ethnic Competition and Conflict. Stanford, CA: Stanford University PressGoogle Scholar

Peffley, M., Hurwitz, J., and Sniderman, P. M.. 1997. “Racial Stereotypes and Whites' Political Views of Blacks in the Context of Welfare and Crime.” American Journal of Political Science 41: 30–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pettigrew, T. F. 1958. “Personality and Sociocultural Factors in Intergroup Attitudes: A Cross-National Comparison.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 2: 29–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pettigrew, T. F., and Meertens, R. W.. 1995. “Subtle and Blatant Prejudice in Western Europe.” European Journal of Social Psychology 25: 57–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Prothro, J. W., and Grigg, C. M.. 1960. “Fundamental Principles of Democracy: Bases of Agreement and Disagreement.” Journal of Politics 22: 276–294CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rabbie, J. M., and Bekkers, F.. 1978. “Threatened Leadership and Intergroup Competition.” European Journal of Social Psychology 8: 9–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rabbie, J. M., and Wilkins, G.. 1971. “Intergroup Competition and Its Effect on Intragroup and Intergroup Relations.” European Journal of Social Psychology 1: 215–233CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ray, J. J. 1972. “A New Balanced F Scale – and Its Relation to Social Class.” Australian Psychology 7: 155–166CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ray, J. J. 1976. “Do Authoritarians Hold Authoritarian Attitudes?” Human Relations 29: 307–325CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ray, J. J. 1981. “Do Authoritarian Attitudes or Authoritarian Personalities Reflect Mental Illness?” South African Journal of Psychology 11: 153–157CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ray, J. J. 1983. “Reviving the Problem of Acquiescent Response Set.” Journal of Social Psychology 121: 81–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ray, J. J. 1988. “Racism and Personal Adjustment: Testing the Bagley Hypothesis in Germany and South Africa.” Personality and Individual Differences 9: 685–686CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ray, J. J., and Furnham, A.. 1984. “Authoritarianism, Conservatism, and Racism.” Ethnic Racial Studies 7: 406–412CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reich, W. 1970. The Mass Psychology of Fascism. New York: Farrar, Straus and GirouxGoogle Scholar

Reykowski, J. 1997. “Patriotism and the Collective System of Meanings.” In Bar-Tal, D. and Staub, E. (eds.), Patriotism in the Lives of Individuals and Nations. Chicago: WadsworthGoogle Scholar

Robertson, D. 1984. Class and the British Electorate. Oxford: Basil BlackwellGoogle Scholar

Robertson, R., and Holzner, B.. 1979. Identity and Authority. New York: St. Martin's PressGoogle Scholar

Rodgers, D. T. 1987. Contested Truths: Keywords in American Politics since Independence. New York: BasicGoogle Scholar

Rokeach, M. 1960. The Open and Closed Mind. New York: Basic BooksGoogle Scholar

Rokeach, M. 1973. The Nature of Human Values. New York: Free PressGoogle Scholar

Rokeach, M. 1979. Understanding Human Values. New York: Free PressGoogle Scholar

Rosenberg, M. J., and C. I. Hovland. 1960. “Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Components of Attitudes.” In Rosenberg, M. J., Hovland, C. I., McGuire, W. J., Abelson, R. P., and Brehm, J. W. (eds.), Attitude Organization and Change. New Haven, CT: Yale University PressGoogle Scholar

Rosenblatt, A., Solomon, J. S., Pyszcznski, T., and Lyon, D.. 1989. “Evidence for Terror Management Theory: I. The Effects of Mortality Salience on Reactions to Those Who Violate or Uphold Cultural Values.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57: 681–690CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ross, L. 1977. “The Intuitive Psychologist and His Shortcomings: Distortions in the Attribution Process.” In Berkowitz, L. (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 10. New York: Academic PressGoogle Scholar

Ross, L., Greene, D., and House, P.. 1977. “The False Consensus Effect: An Egocentric Bias in Social Perception and Attribution Processes.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 13: 279–301CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ross, M., and Miller, D. T.. 2002. The Justice Motive in Everyday Life. New York: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rossiter, C. L. 1962. Conservatism in America: The Thankless Persuasion. New York: KnopfGoogle Scholar

Rowe, D. C. 1994. The Limits of Family Influence: Genes, Experience and Behavior. New York: Guilford PressGoogle Scholar

Russell, W. F. 1936. Liberty vs. Equality. New York: MacmillanGoogle Scholar

Rydgren, J. 2002. “Radical Right Populism in Sweden: Still a Failure, but for How Long?” Scandinavian Political Studies 25: 27–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rydgren, J. 2003. The Populist Challenge: Political Protest and Ethno–Nationalist Mobilization in France. New York: Berghahn BooksGoogle Scholar

Sales, S. M. 1972. “Economic Threat as a Determinant of Conversion Rates in Authoritarian and Nonauthoritarian Churches.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 23: 420–428CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sales, S. M. 1973. “Threat as a Factor in Authoritarianism.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 28: 44–57CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sales, S. M., and Friend, K. E.. 1973. “Success and Failure as Determinants of Level of Authoritarianism.” Behavioral Science 18: 163–172CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sansone, C., Morf, C. C., and Panter, A. T. (eds.). Sage Handbook of Methods in Social Psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Sarnoff, I. 1960. “Psychoanalytic Theory and Social Attitudes.” Public Opinion Quarterly 24: 251–279CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sarnoff, I. 1968. “Psychoanalytic Theory and Cognitive Dissonance.” In Abelson, R. P., Aronson, E., McGuire, W. J., Newcomb, T. M., Rosenberg, M. J., and Tannenbaum, P. H. (eds.), Theories of Cognitive Consistency: A Sourcebook. Chicago: Rand McNallyGoogle Scholar

Schachter, S. 1951. “Deviance, Rejection, and Communication.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 46: 190–207CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schaeffer, N. C. 1980. “Evaluating Race-of-Interviewer Effects in a National Survey.” Sociological Methods and Research 8: 400–419CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schain, M. 1999. “Minorities and Immigrant Incorporation in France: The State and the Dynamics of Multiculturalism.” In Joppke, C. and Lukes, S. (eds.), Multicultural Questions. New York: Oxford University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schatz, R. T., Staub, E., and Lavine, H.. 1999. “On the Varieties of National Attachment: Blind versus Constructive Patriotism.” Political Psychology 20: 151–174CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schuman, H., Steeh, C., and Bobo, L.. 1985. Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University PressGoogle Scholar

Schwartz, S. H. 1992. “Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries.” In Zanna, M. P. (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. San Diego, CA: Academic PressGoogle Scholar

Schwartz, S. H. 1994. “Are There Universal Aspects in the Structure and Content of Human Values?” Journal of Social Issues 50: 19–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sears, D. 1988. “Symbolic Racism.” In Katz, P. A. and Taylor, D. A. (eds.), Eliminating Racism: Profiles in Controversy. New York: Plenum PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sears, D. O., and C. Funk. 1991. “The Role of Self-Interest in Social and Political Attitudes.” In Zanna, M. P. (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 24. Orlando, FL: Academic PressGoogle Scholar

Sears, D. O., P. J. Henry, and R. Kosterman. 2000. “Egalitarian Values and Contemporary Racial Politics.” In Sears, D. O., Sidanius, J., and Bobo, L. (eds.), Racialized Politics: Values, Ideology, and Prejudice in American Public Opinion. Chicago: University of Chicago PressGoogle Scholar

Sears, D. O., Sidanius, J., and Bobo, L. (eds.). 2000. Racialized Politics: The Debate about Racism in America. Chicago: University of Chicago PressGoogle Scholar

Sears, D. O., Laar, C., Carrillo, M., and Kosterman, R.. 1997. “Is It Really Racism? The Origins of White Americans' Opposition to Race-Targeted Policies.” Public Opinion Quarterly 61: 16–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Seligson, Amber L. 2003. “The Right in Latin America: Strategies, Successes, and Failures.” Latin American Politics and Society 45: 135–145CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Selznick, G. J., and Steinberg, S.. 1969. The Tenacity of Prejudice: Anti-Semitism in Contemporary America. New York: Harper and RowGoogle Scholar

Sharp, C., and Lodge, M.. 1985. “Partisan and Ideological Belief Systems: Do They Differ?” Political Behavior 7: 147–166CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sherif, M., and Sherif, C. W.. 1953. Groups in Harmony and Tension: An Integration of Studies on Intergroup Relations. New York: HarperGoogle Scholar

Shock, N. W., Greulich, R. C., Andres, R., Arenberg, D., Costa, P. T., Lakatta, E. G., and Tobin, J. D.. 1984. Normal Human Aging: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. (National Institutes of Health Publication No. 84–2450.) Washington, DC: National Institutes of HealthGoogle Scholar

Sidanius, J. 1985. “Cognitive Functioning and Sociopolitical Ideology Revisited.” Political Psychology 6: 637–661CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sidanius, J., Devereux, E., and Pratto, F.. 1992. “A Comparison of Symbolic Racism and Social Dominance Theory as Explanations for Racial Policy Attitudes.” Journal of Social Psychology 132: 377–395Google Scholar

Sigall, H., and Page, R.. 1971. “Current Stereotypes: A Little Fading, A Little Faking.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 18: 247–255CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Silverman, M. 1992. Deconstructing the Nation: Immigration, Racism and Citizenship in Modern France. New York: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar

Smelser, N. J. 1962. Theory of Collective Behavior. New York: Free PressGoogle Scholar

Smith, M. B. 1968. “A Map for the Analysis of Personality and Politics.” Journal of Social Issues 24(3): 15–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, M. B. 1997. “The Authoritarian Personality: A Re-Review 46 Years Later.” Political Psychology 18: 159–163CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, M. B., Bruner, J. S., and White, R. W.. 1956. Opinions and Personality. New York: WileyGoogle Scholar

Smith, M. M. 1997. Mastered by the Clock: Time, Slavery, and Freedom in the American South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina PressGoogle Scholar

Sniderman, P. M. 1979. Personality and Democratic Politics. Berkeley: University of California PressGoogle Scholar

Sniderman, P. M., Brady, H., Tetlock, et al P. E.. 1999. 1998–1999 Multi-Investigator Study. Berkeley, CA: Survey Research CenterGoogle Scholar

Sniderman, P. M., Brody, R. M., and Tetlock, P. E.. 1991. Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology. New York: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sniderman, P. M., and Carmines, E. G.. 1997. Reaching beyond Race. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University PressGoogle Scholar

Sniderman, P. M., Carmines, E. G., Layman, G. C., and Carter, M.. 1996. “Beyond Race: Social Justice as a Race Neutral Ideal.” American Journal of Political Science 40: 33–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sniderman, P. M., G. C. Crosby, and W. G. Howell. 2000. “The Politics of Race.” In Sears, D. O., Sidanius, J., and Bobo, L. (eds.), Racialized Politics: Values, Ideology, and Prejudice in American Public Opinion. Chicago: University of Chicago PressGoogle Scholar

Sniderman, P. M., with Hagen, M. G.. 1985. Race and Inequality: A Study in American Values. Chatham, NJ: Chatham HouseGoogle Scholar

Sniderman, P., Peri, P., Figueiredo, R. J. P. Jr., and Piazza, T.. 2000. The Outsider: Prejudice and Politics in Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University PressGoogle Scholar

Sniderman, P. M., and Piazza, T.. 1993. The Scar of Race. Cambridge, MA: Belknap PressGoogle Scholar

Sniderman, P. M., Piazza, T., Tetlock, P. E., and Kendrick, Ann. 1991. “The New Racism.” American Journal of Political Science 35: 423–447CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sniderman, P. M., and Tetlock, P. E.. 1986. “Symbolic Racism: Problems of Motive Attribution in Political Analysis.” Journal of Social Issues 42: 129–150CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sniderman, P. M., Tetlock, P. E., Glaser, J. M., Green, D. P., and Hout, M.. 1989. “Principled Tolerance and the American Mass Public.” British Journal of Political Science 19: 25–45Google Scholar

Snyder, M., Tanke, E. D., and Berscheid, E.. 1977. “Social Perception and Interpersonal Behavior: On the Self-Fulfilling Nature of Social Stereotypes.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35: 656–666CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Solomon, S., J. Greenberg, and T. Pyszczynski. 1991. “The Terror Management Theory of Self-Esteem.” In Snyder, C. R. and Forsyth, D. R. (eds.), Handbook of Social and Clinical Psychology: The Health Perspective. (Pergamon General Psychology Series, vol. 162.) New York: Pergamon PressGoogle Scholar

Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., and Pyszczynski, T.. 2000. “Pride and Prejudice: Fear of Death and Social Behavior.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 9: 200–204CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Somer, M. 2001. “Cascades of Ethnic Polarization: Lessons from Yugoslavia.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 573: 127–151CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Staub, E. 1989. The Roots of Evil. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar

Stein, A. A. 1976. “Conflict and Cohesion: A Review of Literature.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 20: 143–172CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stenner, K. 1997. “Societal Threat and Authoritarianism: Racism, Intolerance and Punitiveness in America, 1960–1994.” Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Political Science, State University of New York at Stony Brook

Stenner, K. n.d. “The Politics of Fear.” Unpublished manuscript

Stimson, J. A. 1991. Public Opinion in America: Moods, Cycles, and Swings. Boulder, CO: WestviewGoogle Scholar

Stimson, J. A. 1994. “Domestic Policy Mood: An Update.” The Political Methodologist 6: 20–22Google Scholar

Stoker, L. 1992. “Interests and Ethics in Politics.” American Political Science Review 86: 369–380CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stoker, L. 1998. “Understanding Whites' Resistance to Affirmative Action: The Role of Principled Commitments and Racial Prejudice.” In Hurwitz, J. and Peffley, M. (eds.), Perception and Prejudice: Race and Politics in the United States. New Haven, CT: Yale University PressGoogle Scholar

Storandt, M., Siegler, I. C., and Elias, M. F. (eds.). 1978. The Clinical Psychology of Aging. New York: Plenum PressGoogle Scholar

Stouffer, S. A. 1955. Communism, Conformity, and Civil Liberties: A Cross-section of the Nation Speaks Its Mind. Garden City, NY: DoubledayGoogle Scholar

Sullivan, J. L., and Marcus, G. E.. 1988. “A Note on ‘Trends in Political Tolerance’.” Public Opinion Quarterly 52: 26–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sullivan, J. L., Marcus, G. E., Feldman, S., and Piereson, J. E.. 1981. “The Sources of Political Tolerance: A Multivariate Analysis.” American Political Science Review 75: 92–106CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sullivan, J. L., Piereson, J., and Marcus, G. E.. 1979. “An Alternative Conceptualization of Political Tolerance: Illusory Increases 1950s–1970s.” American Political Science Review 73: 781–794CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sullivan, J. L., Piereson, J., and Marcus, G. E.. 1982. Political Tolerance and American Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago PressGoogle Scholar

Sullivan, J. L., Shamir, M., Walsh, P., and Roberts, N. S.. 1985. Political Tolerance in Context. Boulder, CO: WestviewGoogle Scholar

Tajfel, H. 1981. Human Groups and Social Categories: Studies in Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar

Tajfel, H., and J. C. Turner. 1979. “An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict.” In Austin, W. G. and Worchel, S. (eds.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/ColeGoogle Scholar

Tajfel, H., and J. C. Turner. 1986. “The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior.” In Worchel, S. and Austin, W. G. (eds.), Psychology of Intergroup Relations, 2nd ed. Chicago: Nelson-HallGoogle Scholar

Taylor, C. L., and D. A. Jodice. 1985. World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators III, 1948–1982; Part 2: Daily Political Events Data [machine-readable data file]. Second ICPSR edition (ICPSR 7761)

Terkildsen, N. 1993. “When White Voters Evaluate Black Candidates: The Processing Implications of Candidate Skin Color, Prejudice, and Self-Monitoring.” American Journal of Political Science 37: 1032–1053CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thannhauser, D., and Caird, D.. 1990. “Politics and Values in Australia: Testing Rokeach's Two-Value Model of Politics: A Research Note.” Australian Journal of Psychology 42: 57–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar

The Gallup Poll Monthly. Princeton, NJ: The Gallup Poll

Titus, H. E. 1968. “F Scale Validity Considered against Peer Nomination Criteria.” Psychological Record 18: 395–403CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Titus, H. E., and Hollander, E. P.. 1957. “The California F Scale in Psychological Research: 1950–1955.” Psychological Bulletin 54: 47–64Google Scholar

Tomkins, S. S. 1963. “Left and Right: A Basic Dimension of Ideology and Personality.” In White, R. W. (ed.), The Study of Lives. New York: AthertonGoogle Scholar

Trapnell, P. D. 1994. “Openness versus Intellect: A Lexical Left Turn.” European Journal of Personality 8: 273–290CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Truskosky, D., and A. Vaux. 1997. “Authoritarianism and the Five Factor Model of Personality.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, May

Turner, J. C. 1987. “A Self-Categorization Theory.” In Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., and Wetherell, M. S. (eds.), Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory. New York: Basil BlackwellGoogle Scholar

Turner, J., and R. Brown. 1978. “Social Status, Cognitive Alternatives, and Intergroup Relations.” In Tajfel, H. (ed.), Differentiation between Social Groups. London: Academic PressGoogle Scholar

Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., and Wetherell, M. S. (eds.). 1987. Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory. New York: Basil BlackwellGoogle Scholar

Berghe, P. L. 1967. Race and Racism: A Comparative Perspective. New York: WileyGoogle Scholar

Hiel, A., Kossowska, M., and Mervielde, I.. 2000. “The Relationship between Openness to Experience and Political Ideology.” Personality and Individual Differences 28: 741–751CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ijzendoorn, M. H. 1989. “Moral Judgment, Authoritarianism, and Ethnocentrism.” Journal of Social Psychology 129: 37–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vincent, B. S., and Hofer, P. J.. 1994. The Consequences of Mandatory Minimum Prison Terms: A Summary of Recent Findings. Washington, DC: Federal Judicial CenterGoogle Scholar

Wagner, J. 1986. “Political Tolerance and Stages of Moral Development: A Conceptual and Empirical Alternative.” Political Behavior 8: 45–80Google Scholar

Wald, K. D. 1987. Religion and Politics in the United States. New York: St. Martin's PressGoogle Scholar

Waller, N. G. 1999. “Evaluating the Structure of Personality.” In Cloninger, C. R. (ed.), Personality and Psychopathology. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric PressGoogle Scholar

Waller, N. G., Kojetin, B. A., Bouchard, T. J., Lykken, D. T., and Tellegen, A.. 1990. “Genetic and Environmental Influences on Religious Interests, Attitudes, and Values: A Study of Twins Reared Apart and Together.” Psychological Science 1: 138–142CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wellman, D. 1993. Portraits of White Racism, 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wilkinson, R. 1972. The Broken Rebel: A Study of Culture, Politics, and Authoritarian Character. New York: Harper and RowGoogle Scholar

Williams, R. M. Jr. 1964. Strangers Next Door: Ethnic Relations in American Communities. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-HallGoogle Scholar

Wilson, G. D. 1973. The Psychology of Conservatism. New York: Academic PressGoogle Scholar

Wilson, G. D., and Patterson, J. R.. 1968. “A New Measure of Conservatism.” British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 7: 264–269CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Windlesham, D. 1998. Politics, Punishment, and Populism. New York: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar

Wood, J. 1994. “Is ‘Symbolic Racism’ Racism? A Review Informed by Intergroup Behavior.” Political Psychology 15: 673–686CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Woodward, C. V. 1966. The Strange Career of Jim Crow. New York: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar

Zagar, M. 2000. “Yugoslavia: What Went Wrong? Constitutional Aspects of the Yugoslav Crisis from the Perspective of Ethnic Conflict.” In Spencer, M. (ed.), The Lessons of Yugoslavia. New York: JAIGoogle Scholar

Zaller, J. R. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Zaller, J., and Feldman, S.. 1992. “A Simple Theory of the Survey Response: Answering Questions versus Revealing Preferences.” American Journal of Political Science 36: 579–616CrossRefGoogle Scholar