Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 35
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
January 2010
Print publication year:
2006
Online ISBN:
9780511617713
Subjects:
Law, Jurisprudence

Book description

The relationship between science, law and justice has become a pressing issue with US Supreme Court decisions beginning with Daubert v. Merrell-Dow Pharmaceutical. How courts review scientific testimony and its foundation before trial can substantially affect the possibility of justice for persons wrongfully injured by exposure to toxic substances. If courts do not review scientific testimony, they will deny one of the parties the possibility of justice. Even if courts review evidence well, the fact and perception of greater judicial scrutiny increases litigation costs and attorney screening of clients. Mistaken review of scientific evidence can decrease citizen access to the law, increase unfortunate incentives for firms not to test their products, lower deterrence for wrongful conduct and harmful products, and decrease the possibility of justice for citizens injured by toxic substances. This book introduces these issues, reveals the relationships that pose problems, and shows how justice can be denied.

Reviews

"Carl Cranor has achieved the almost impossible goal of a learned, readable, and exciting book on the torturous interactions between law and science in tort litigation. For a scientist, his analysis of case law in this field is exceptionally informative and provocative."
--Ellen K. Silbergeld, PhD, Professor, Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health

"Cranor's insightful discussions of science and law as it is seen by theCourts in toxic tort litigation is a "must read" for scientists intoxicology, epidemiology, and pharmacology."
---Eula Bingham PhD, Professor, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati

"Toxic Torts is a powerful dissection of the use of science in our system of justice. Professor Cranor has written an important book that examines why most victims of toxic exposures never receive the compensation they deserve."
---David Michaels, PhD, MPH, Director,The Project on Scientific Knowledge and Public Policy, and Research Professor and Associate Chairman, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services

"Carl Cranor's exceptionally lucid analysis of science in regulation and litigation reveals brilliantly why circumstantial evidence currently can convict a dangerous person but not a toxic chemical."
--Sheldon Krimsky, Professor. Department of Urban & Environmental Policy & Planning, Tufts University

"This highly sophisticated examination of science's role in toxic tort litigation is presented so clearly that even a lay reader can comprehend the impact the courts' views on science are having on everyday lives."
Margaret A. Berger, Suzanne J. and Norman Miles Professor of Law, Brooklyn Law School

"This is a work of scholarship, dealing with the interactions of law and science in relation to personal injury litigation...The author’s disquisitions onthe disciplines of epidemiology, statistics, and toxicology, and on theirlimitations, are instructive for lawyers and legislators who require to wrestle with scientific evidence and expert opinions, while his exposition of legal principles willinform the scientist. This book commends itself to all of their bookshelves,after first being read."
--- MORRIS GREENBERG, MB, FRCP, FFOM

"Toxic Torts makes a substantial contribution to the ongoing debate concerning the admissibility of expert witness testimony and its role in proving causation in toxic tort suits...Researchers and scientists will also come away from reading the book with a greater understanding of how the judicial system incorporates their work into its quest to make justice, perhaps encouraging “greater acceptance of legal decisions in the scientifc community [and] greater scientifc participation in the legal system.”79"
—Devin Brennan

"TOXIC TORTS is an excellent book, filled with keen observations about the science/law interaction, the epistemic structure of scientific inquiry, the norms and conventions which regulate the community of researchers, and the special difficulties faced by the torts [*108] system in obtaining justice and deterring malfeasance in toxic tort cases."
--- Andrew T. Hayashi, Department of Economics and Boalt Hall School of Law, University of California, Berkeley

"...his analysis is always informed and sophisticated."
---DLF

"...Toxic Torts deserves the attention of judges, lawyers, and legal scholars...compelling and timely...an insightful and important addition to the literature..."
---David S. Caudill, Jurimetrics [Summer 2009]

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

Bibliography
Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418 (1979).
Advisory Committee on Evidence Rules. (2000, December). Proposed Amendment: Rule 702.
Ahlbom, A., and Feychting, M. (1993). Studies of Electromagnetic Fields and Cancer: How Inconsistent?Environmental Science and Technology, 27, 1018–1020.
Allen v. Pennsylvania Engineering Corp., 102 F.3d 194 (5th Cir. 1996).
Alonso-Zaldivar, R., and Maharaj, D. (2000, September 21). Tests Show Firestone ‘Had to Know,‘Probers Say: Congress Cites New Evidence Against Tire Maker as Sentiment Swings in Favor of Criminal Penalties in Such Cases. Los Angeles Times, C1.
Ambrosini v. Labarraque, 101 F.3d 129 (D.C. Cir. 1996).
Amdur, M. O., Doull, J., and Klaassen, C. D. (Eds.). (1991). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology (4th ed.). New York: Pergamon Press.
American and Foreign Ins. Co. v. General Elec. Co., 45 F.3d 13f5 (6th Cir. 1995).
American Federation of Labor and Congress of Indus. Organizations v. Occupational Safety and Health Admin., U.S.Dept. of Labor, 965 F.2d 962 (11th Cir. 1992).
American Law Institute. (2005). Restatement of the Law: Torts: Liability for Physical Harm (Proposed Final Draft).
American Petroleum Institute. (2003). Shanghai Studies: Internal Documents (unveiled in litigation), 1–163.
Ames, B. N. (1989). What Are the Major Carcinogens in the Etiology of Human Cancer? Environmental Pollution, Natural Carcinogens, and Causes of Human Cancer: Six Errors. In V. T. Devita, Jr., S. Hellman, and S. A. Rosenberg (Eds.), Important Advances in Oncology (pp. 237–247). Philadelphia: Lippincott.
Amici Curiae of the Lymphona Foundation of America, Carl F. Cranor, Devra Davis, Peter l. Defur, Brian G. Durie, Alan H. Lockwood, David Ozonoff, Arnold J. Schecter, and David Wallinga in Support of Respondents, U.S.Supreme Court, Dow Chemical Co., Monsanto Co., et al. v. Stephenson and Issacson. (2003). [“Agent Orange” Litigation].
Amicus Brief of Professor Alvan R. Feinstein in Support of Respondent at 4–8, Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993).
Amicus Brief of Professor Kenneth Rothman, et al. In Support of Petitioners at 3–7, Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993).
Amorgianos v. National Railway Passenger Corp., 303 F.3d 256 (2d Cir. 2002).
Anderson, L. M., Ward, J. M., Fox, S. D., Isaaq, H. J., and Riggs, C. W. (1986). Effects of a Single Dose of Polycholorinated Biphenyls to Infant Mice on N-Nitrosodimethylamine-Initiated Lung and Liver Tumors. International Journal of Cancer, 38(1), 109–116.
Anderson v. Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564 (1985).
Andrews, L. S., and Snyder, R. (1991). Toxic Effects of Solvents and Vapors. In M. O. Amdur, J. Doull, C. D. Klaassen (Eds.), Casarett and Doull's Toxicology (4th ed., pp. 681–722). New York: Pergamon Press.
Aristotle, . (1985). Nicomachean Ethics (T. Irwin, Trans.). Indianapolis: Hackett.
Ashby, J., and Tennant, R. W. (1988). Chemical Structure, Salmonella Mutagenicity and Extent of Carcinogenicity as Indicators of Genotoxic Carcinogensesis among 222 Chemicals Tested in Rodents by the U.S. NCI/NTP. Mutation Research, 204, 17–115.
Baer, K., and Shudtz, M. (2005, May 6). Data Gaps White Paper. Presented at the Ward, Kershaw Environmental Law Symposium: The Data Gaps Dilemma: Why Toxic Ignorance Threatens Public Health sponsored by the University of Maryland School of Law. Washington, DC.
Bailey, L. A., Gordis, L., and Green, M. D. (1994). Reference Guide on Epidemiology. In Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence (1st ed., pp. 121–180). Washington, DC: Federal Judicial Center.
Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880 (1983).
Benedi v. McNeil-P.P.C., Inc., 66 F.3d 1378 (4th Cir. 1995).
Benigni, R., and Giuliani, A. (1999). Tumor Profiles and Carcinogenic Potency in Rodents and Humans: Value for Cancer Risk Assessment. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part C, Environmental Carcinogenesis and Ecotoxicology Reviews, 17(1), 45–67.
Berenson, A. (2003, May 18). Trial Lawyers Are Now Focusing on Lawsuits Against Drug Makers. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com.
Berenson, A. (2005, July 11). First Vioxx Suit: Entryway into a Legal Labyrinth? New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com.
Berenson, A. (2005, August 20). Jury Calls Merck Liable in Death of Man on Vioxx. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com.
Berenson, A. (2005, August 21). For Merck, Vioxx Paper Trail Won't Go Away. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com.
Berger, M. A. (1994a). Evidentiary Framework. In Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence (pp. 37–117). Washington, DC: Federal Judicial Center.
Berger, M. A. (1994b). Procedural Paradigms for Applying the Daubert Test. Minnesota Law Review, 78, 1345–1386.
Berger, M. A. (1997). Eliminating General Causation: Notes Towards a New Theory of Justice and Toxic Torts. Columbia Law Review, 97, 2117–2152.
Berger, M. A. (2000). The Supreme Court's Trilogy on the Admissibility of Expert Testimony. In Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence (2nd ed., pp. 9–38). Washington, DC: Federal Judicial Center.
Berger, M. A. (2001, Summer). Upsetting the Balance between Interests: The Impact of Supreme Court's Trilogy on Expert Testimony in Toxic Tort Litigation. Law and Contemporary Problems, 64, 289–326.
Berger, M. A. (2005). What Has a Decade of Daubert Wrought?American Journal of Public Health, 95(Suppl. 1), S59–S65.
Bernstein, D. E. (1994). The Admissibility of Scientific Evidence after Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. Cardozo Law Review 15, 2137–2181.
Black, B., and Lilienfeld, D. E. (1984). Epidemiologic Proof in Toxic Tort Litigation. Fordham Law Review, 52, 732–785.
Black v. Food Lion, Inc., 171 F.3d 308 (5th Cir. 1998).
Black v. Food Lion, Case No. 97–11404 (1999).
Black's Law Dictionary. (1968). (4th ed.). St. Paul: West.
Black's Law Dictionary. (2004). (8th ed.). St. Paul: West.
Blanchard v. Eli Lilly and Company, 207 F. Supp. 2d 308 (D. Vt. 2002).
Boguski, M. S. (2002). Comparative Genomics: The Mouse that Roared. Nature, 420, 515–516.
Bond, J. A., et al. (1995). Epidemiological and Mechanistic Data Suggest that 1,3-Butadiene Will Not Be Carcinogenic to Humans at Exposures Likely to Be Encountered in the Environment or Workplace. Carcinogenesis, 16, 165–171.
Bradley v. Brown, 42 F.3d 434 (7th Cir. 1994).
Brasher v. Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corp., and Quinn v. Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corp., 160 F. Supp. 2d 1291 (2001).
Braun v. Lorillard, Inc., 84 F.3d 230 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 117 S.Ct. 480 (1996).
Breyer, S. S. (2000). Introduction. In Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence (2nd ed., pp. 1–8). Washington, DC: Federal Judicial Center.
Brock v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 884 F.2d 166 (5th Cir. 1989), modified, 884 F.2d 166 (5th Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 494 U.S. 1046 (1990).
Brock v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 874 F.2d 307 (5th Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 494 U.S. 1046 (1990).
Brodeur, P. (1985). Outrageous Misconduct. New York: Pantheon Books.
Brunner, M. J., Sullivan, T. M., Singer, A. W., Ryan, M. J., Toft, R. S., II, Menton, S. W., et al. (1996). An Assessment of the Chronic Toxicity and Oncogenicity of Aroclor-1016, Aroclor-1242, Aroclor-1254 and Aroclor-1260 Administered in Diet to Rats. Columbus, OH: Batelle Study No. SC920192, Chronic Toxicity and Oncogenicity Report.
Bunting v. Jamieson, 984 P.2d 467 (Wyo. 1999).
Calabrese, E. J. (1993, April 13). Did Occupational Exposure to ETO Cause Mr. Walter Allen's Brain Tumor? [Report].
Cancer BACUP, Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Information Centre. (2004, June 1). What Are Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas? Retrieved September 22, 2004 from http://www.cancerbacup.org.uk/Cancertype/Lymphomanon-Hodgkins/General/WhatareNHLs.
Capiello, D. (2005). Oil Industry Funding Study to Contradict Cancer Claims. Houston Chronicle, April 29, 2005, AD: A1.
Capra, D. J. (1998). The Daubert Puzzle. Georgia Law Review, 32, 699–782.
Carbone, M., Klein, G., Gruber, J., and Wong, M. (2004, August 1). Modern Criteria to Establish Human Cancer Etiology. Cancer Research, 64, 5518–5524.
The Carcinogenic Potency Project. (n.d.). Summary of Carcinogenic Potency Database by Chemical: Nonhuman Primates and Dogs. Retrieved February 2, 2001 from ftp://potency.berkeley.edu/pub/tables/chemicalsummary.other.text.
Carmichael v. Samyang Tire, Inc., 131 F.3d 1433 (1997).
Carroll v. Litton Sys., Inc., No. B-C-88–253, 1990 WL 312969 (W.D.N.C. Oct.. 29, 1990).
Carruth, R. S., and Goldstein, B. D. (2001). Relative Risk Greater than Two in Proof of Causation in Toxic Tort Litigation. Jurimetrics Journal, 41, 195–209.
Casey v. Ohio Medical Products, Inc., 877 F. Supp. 1380 (N.D. Cal 1995).
Castleman, B. (1981). Regulations Affecting Use of Carcinogens. In N. I. Sax (Ed.), Cancer Causing Chemicals (pp. 78–98). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Cavallo v. Star Enter., 892 F. Supp. 756 (E.D. Va. 1995).
Cella v. United States, 998 F2d 419 (C.A. 7 (Ind.) 1993).
Chambers v. Exxon Corp., 81 F. Supp. 2d 661 (M.D. La. 2000).
Chan, P. K., and Hayes, A. W. (1989). Principles and Methods for Acute Toxicity and Eye Irritancy. In A. W. Hayes (Ed.), Principles and Methods of Toxicology (2nd ed., pp. 169–220). New York: Raven Press.
Chen, B., Zhao, W.-L., Jin, J., Xue, Y.-Q, Cheng, X., Chen, X.-T., Cui1, J., Chen, Z.-M., Cao, Q., Yang, G., Yao, Y., Xia, H.-L, Tong, J.-H., Li, J.-M.Chen, J., Xiong, S.-M., Shen, Z.-X., Waxman, S., Chen, Z. and Chen, S.-J. (2005). Clinical and Cytogenetic Features of 508 Chinese Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Comparison with Those in Western Countries. Leukemia 19, 767–775
Chen, J., Stampfer, M. J., Hough, H. L., Garcia-Closas, M., Willett, W. C., Hennekens, C. H., et al. (1998). A Prospective Study of N-Acetyltransferase Fenotype, Red Meat Intake, and Risk of Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Research, 58, 3307–3311.
Chengelis, C. P., and Gad, S. C. (1992). Introduction. In C. P. Chengelis and S. C. Gad (Eds.), Animal Models in Toxicology (pp. 1–17). New York: Marcel Dekker.
Christoffel, T., and Teret, S. P. (1991). Epidemiology and the Law: Courts and Confidence Intervals. American Journal of Public Health, 81, 1661–1666.
Claar v. Burlington N.R.R., 29 F.3d 499 (9th Cir. 1994).
Clayson, D. B. (2001). Toxicological Carcinogenesis. New York: Lewis.
Clayson, D. B., Krewski, D., and Munro, I. (Eds.). (1985). Toxicological Risk Assessment, Vol. I: Biological and Statistical Criteria. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Cleary, E. W., et al. (Eds.). (1979). McCormick on Evidence. (2nd ed.). St. Paul: West.
Cleary, E. W., et al. (Eds.). (1984). McCormick on Evidence. (3rd ed.). St. Paul: West.
Clermont, K. M., and Eisenberg, T. (2000). Anti-Plaintiff Bias in the Federal Appellate Courts. Judicature, 84, 128–134.
Coghlan, L. G., Gimenez-Conti, I., Kleiner, H. E., Fischer, S. M., Runhaug, J. E., Conti, C. J., et al. (2000). Development and Initial Characterization of Several New Inbred Strains of SENCAR Mice for Studies of Multistage Skin Carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis, 21(4), 641–646.
Cogliano, V. J., Baan, R. A., Straif, K., Grosse, Y., Secretan, M. B., El Ghissassi, F., and Kleihues, P. (2004). The Science and Practice of Carcinogen Identification and Evaluation. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112, 1269–1274.
Cohen, S. M. (2001). Alternative Models for Carcinogenicity Testing: Weight of Evidence Evaluations across Models. Toxicologic Pathology, 29(Suppl.), 183–190.
Cohrssen, J. J., and Covello, V. T. (1989). Risk Analysis: A Guide to Principles and Methods for Analyzing Health and Environmental Risks. Washington, DC: White House Council on Environmental Quality.
Collet, J. P., Macdonald, N., Cashman, N., Pless, R., and the Advisory Committee on Causality Assessment. (2000). Monitoring Signals for Vaccine Safety: The Assessment of Individual Adverse Event Reports by an Expert Advisory Committee. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78, 178–185.
Cone, M. (2003, April 20). Cause for Alarm over Chemicals. Los Angeles Times, A1.
Conney, A. H. (1982). Induction of Microsomal Enzymes by Foreign Chemicals and Carcinogenesis by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Lecture. Cancer Research, 42, 3875–4917.
Cooter and Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 496 U.S. 384 (1989).
Craighead, J. (Ed.). (1995). Pathology of Environmental and Occupational Disease. St. Louis: Mosby.
Cranor, C. F. (1993). Regulating Toxic Substances. New York: Oxford University Press.
Cranor, C. F. (1997). Eggshell Skulls and Loss of Hair from Fright: Some Moral and Legal Principles that Protect Susceptible Subpopulations. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 4, 239–245.
Cranor, C. F. (2003, Fall). Daubert and the Acceptability of Legal Decisions. Law and Philosophy Newsletter, 127–131.
Cranor, C. F. (2004). Some Legal Implications of the Precautionary Principle: Improving Information Generation and Legal Protections. European Journal of Oncology, Library Vol. 2, 31–51.
Cranor, C. F. (2005). Scientific Reasoning in the Laboratory and the Law. American Journal of Public Health, 95 (Suppl. 1), S121–S128.
Cranor, C. F., and Eastmond, D. A. (2001). Scientific Ignorance and Reliable Patterns of Evidence in Toxic Tort Causation: Is There a Need for Liability Reform?Law and Contemporary Problems, 64, 5–48.
Cranor, C. F., Fischer, J. G., and Eastmond, D. A. (1996). Judicial Boundary-Drawing and the Need for Context-Sensitive Science in Toxic Torts after Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Virginia Environmental Law Journal, 16, 1–77.
Cranor, C. F., and Strauss, D. (2005). Case Studies in Science and the Law. Article submitted for publication.
Cullen, M. R., Rosenstock, L., and Brooks, S. M. (1995). Clinical Approach and Establishing a Diagnosis of an Environmental Medical Disorder. In S. M. Brooks (Ed.), Environmental Medicine (pp. 217–231). St. Louis: Mosby.
Curfman, C. D., Morrissey, S., and Drazen, J. M. (2005). Expression of Concern: Bombardier, et al., Comparison of Upper Gastrointestinal Toxicity of Rofecoxib and Naproxen in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis]. New England Journal of Medicine, 343, 2813–2814. Located at www.NEJM.org. December 20, 2005.
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993).
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 727 F. Supp. 570 (S.D. Cal. 1989), aff'd, 951 F.2d 1128 (9th Cir. 1991), vacated, 509 U.S. 579 (1993).
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 951 F.2d 1128 (9th Cir. 1991), vacated, 509 U.S. 579 (1993).
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 43 F.3d 1311 (9th Cir. 1995), on remand from 509 U.S. 579 (1993).
Dawson, B., and Berenson, A. (2005, August 20). Working Through a Decision Cut in Shades of Deep Gray. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com.
Deitz, C. C., Zheng, W., Leff, M. A., Gross, M., Wen, W. Q., Doll, M. A., et al. (2000). N-Acetyltransferase-2 Genetic Polymorphism, Well-Done Meat Intake, and Breast Cancer Risk among Postmenopausal Women. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, 9, 905–910.
Denemark, H. (1987). Improving Litigation Against Drug Manufacturers for Failure to Warn Against Possible Side Effects: Keeping Dubious Lawsuits from Driving Good Drugs Off the Market. Case Western Reserve Law Review, 40, 413–428.
Denninson, Richard. (2005, May 6). U.S. HPVChallenge and Beyond. Presented at the Ward, Kershaw Environmental Law Symposium: The Data Gaps Dilemma: Why Toxic Ignorance Threatens Public Health sponsored by the University of Maryland School of Law. Washington, DC.
Development in the Law – Confronting the New Challenges of Scientific Evidence. (1995). Harvard Law Review, 108, 1481–1605.
Dixon, L., and Gill, B. (2002). Changes in the Standards for Admitting Expert Evidence in Federal Cases Since the Daubert Decision.Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice.
Dixon, R. (1986). Toxic Responses of the Reproductive System. In C. D. Klaassen, M. O. Amdur, and J. Doull (Eds.), Casarett and Doull's Toxicology (3rd ed., pp. 432–477). New York: Macmillan.
Donaldson v. Central Illinois Public Service Company, 199 Ill. 2d 63 (2002).
Dow Chemical Company, Monsanto Company v. Stephenson, and Isaacson (Supreme Court of the United States, 2002).
Ealy v. Richardson-Merrell, Inc., 897 F.2d 159 (D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 950 (1990).
Eco, U. (1983). The Name of the Rose. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Editorial: For Honest Reports of Drug Trials. (2004, September 11). New York Times, A14.
Edmond, G., and Mercer, D. (1996). Recognizing Daubert: What Judges Should Know About Falsificationism. Expert Evidence, 5, 28–40.
Egilman, D. S., and Rankin Bohme, S. (Eds.). (2005). Corporate Corruption of Science [Special Issue]. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, II(4), available at http://www.ijoel.com
EPA, EDF, CMA Agree on Testing Program Targeting 2,800 Chemicals. (1998, October). Environmental Health Newsletter, 37, 193.
Epstein, S. S. (1990). Corporate Crime: Why We Cannot Trust Industry-Derived Safety Studies. International Journal of Health Services, 20, 433–455.
European Environmental Agency. (2000). Late Lessons from Early Warnings: The Precautionary Principle 1896–2000. Copenhagen, Denmark: European Environmental Community.
Eysenck, H. J. (1991). Were We Really Wrong?American Journal of Public Health, 133, 429–432.
Faigman, D. L., Kaye, D. H., Saks, M. J., and Sanders, J. (2002). Modern Scientific Evidence: The Law and Science of Expert Testimony. St. Paul: West.
Falk, H., Creech, J. L., Jr., Heath, C. W., Jr., Johnson, M. N., and Key, M. M. (1974, October 7). Hepatic Disease among Workers at a Vinyl Chloride Polymerization Plant. Journal of the American Medical Association, 230, 59–68.
Faustman, E. M., and Omenn, G. S. (2001). Risk Assessment. In C. D. Klaassen (Ed.), Casarett and Doull's Toxicology (6th ed., pp. 83–104). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Federal Judicial Center. (Ed.). (2000). Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Federal Judicial Center.
Federal Judicial Center. (Ed.). (2004). Manual for Complex Litigation (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Federal Judicial Center.
Feldman v. Lederle Labs., 479 A.2d 374 (N.J. 1984).
Fenichel, G. M., Lane, D. A., Livengood, J. R., Horwitz, S. J., Menkes, J. H., and Schwarrtz, J. F. (1989). Adverse Events Following Immunization: Assessing Probability of Causation. Pediatric Neurology, 5, 287–290.
Ferebee v. Chevron Chemical, Inc., 736 F.2d 1529 (D.C. Cir. 1984).
Finley, L. M. (1999). Guarding the Gate to the Courthouse: How Trial Judges are Using Their Evidentiary Screening Role to Remake Tort Causation Rules. DePaul Law Review, 49, 335–375.
Fisk, M. C. (1999, November 10). Chicago Hope: A $28M Verdict. National Law Journal, A10.
Fiss, O. M. (1984). Against Settlement. Yale Law Journal, 93, 1073–1090.
Fleiss, J. L. (1986). Significance Tests Have a Role in Epidemiologic Research: Reactions to A.M. Walker. American Journal of Public Health, 76, 559–560.
Foster, K. R., and Huber, P. W. (1997). Judging Science: Scientific Knowledge and the Federal Court. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Fox, and Goldsworthy, . (1993). Molecular Analysis of the H-ras Gene: An Understanding of Mouse Liver Tumor Development. CIIT Activities, 13(7), 1–6.
Freiman, J. A., Chalmers, T. C., Smith, H., et al. (1978). The Importance of Beta, the Type II Error and Sample Size in the Design and Interpretation of the Randomized Control Trial: Survey of 71 ‘Negative’ Trials. New England Journal of Medicine, 299, 690–694.
Freireich, E. J., Gehan, E. A., Rall, D. P., Schmidt, L. H., and Skipper, H. E. (1990). Quantitative Comparison of Toxicity of Anticancer Agents in Mouse, Rat, Hamster, Dog, Monkey and Man. Cancer Chemotherapy Reports, 50, 199–244.
Friedman, L. C., Daynard, R. A., and Banthin, C. N. (2005). How Tobacco-Friendly Science Escapes Scrutiny in the Courtroom. American Journal of Public Health, 95(Suppl. 1), S16–S19.
Frye v. U.S., 293 F.2d 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923).
Fung, V. A., et al. (1995). The Carcinogenesis Bioassay in Perspective: Application in Identifying Human Cancer Hazards. Environmental Health Perspectives, 103, 680–683.
Furst, A. (1990). Yes, But Is It a Human Carcinogen?Journal of the American College of Toxicology, 9, 1–18.
Furuya, I., and Watanabe, S. (1993). Discriminative Stimulus Properties of Ephedra Herb (Ephedra sinica) in Rats. Yakubutsu Seishin Kodo, 13, 33–38.
Gad, S. C. (1992). Model Selection and Scaling. In C. P. Chengelis and S. C. Gad (Eds.), Animal Models in Toxicology (pp. 813–839). New York: Marcel Dekker.
Gallo, M. A. (2001). History and Scope of Toxicology. In C. D. Klaassen (Ed.), Casarett and Doull's Toxicology (6th ed., pp. 3–10). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Garlinger v. Hardee's Food Systems, Inc., 16 Fed. Appx 232 2001 929767 (4th Cir. 2001).
General Electric Company v. Joiner, 113 S.Ct. 512 (1997).
General Electric Company v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136 (1997).
Gerrard, M. (Ed.). (1999). The Law of Environmental Justice: Theories and Procedures to Address Disproportionate Risks. Chicago: Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources, The American Bar Association.
Gillette, C. P., and Krier, J. E. (1999). Risk, Courts and Agencies. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 38, 1077–1109.
Gitlin, J. N., Cook, L. L., Linton, O. W., Garrett-Mayer, E. (2004). Comparison of “B” Readers' Interpretations of Chest Radiographs for Asbestos Related Changes. Academic Radiology, 11, 843–856.
Glaser v. Thompson Med. Co., 32 F.3d 969 (6th Cir. 1994).
Glastetter v. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., 252 F.3d 986 (8th Cir. 2001).
Globetti v. Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, Corp., 111 F. Supp. 2d 1174 (N.D. Ala. 2000).
Gold, L., et al. (1989). Interspecies Extrapolation in Carcinogenesis: Prediction between Rats and Mice. Environmental Health Perspectives, 81, 211–219.
Goldman, A. I. (1999). Knowledge in a Social World. New York: Oxford University Press.
Goldstein, B. D., and Henifin, M. S. (2000). Reference Guide on Toxicology. In Federal Judicial Center (Ed.), Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence (2nd ed., pp. 401–438). Washington, DC: Federal Judicial Center.
Goodman, S. N., and Royall, R. (1988). Evidence and Scientific Research. American Journal of Public Health, 78, 1568–1574.
Goodstein, D. (2000). How Science Works. In Federal Judicial Center (Ed.), Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence (2nd ed., pp. 67–82). Washington, DC: Federal Judicial Center.
Gordon, A. E., and Shaughnessy, A. F. (2003). Saw Palmetto for Prostate Disorders. American Family Physician, 67, 1281–1283.
Gottesman, M. H. (1998). From Barefoot to Daubert to Joiner: Triple Play or Double Error. Arizona Law Review, 40, 753–780.
Gottesman, M. H. (2003, February 27). Paper presented at Science, the Courts, and Protective Justice sponsored by the Science and Environmental Health Network and Georgetown Environmental Law and Policy Institute. Washington, DC
Goyer, R. A., and Clarkson, T. W. (2001). Toxic Effects of Metals. In C. D. Klaassen (Ed.), Casarett and Doull's Toxicology (6th ed., pp. 818–821). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Graham, M. H. (2000). The Expert Witness Predicament: Determining ‘Reliable’ under the Gatekeeping Test of Daubert, Kumho and Proposed Amended Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. Miami Law Review, 54, 317–357.
Graham v. Playtex Prod., Inc., 993 F. Supp. 127 (N.D.N.Y. 1998).
Gray, George M., Li, P., Shlykhter, I., and Wilson, R. (1995). An Empirical Examination of Factors Influencing Prediction of Carcinogenic Hazard across Species. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 22, 283–291.
Green, M. D. (1992). Legal Theory: Expert Witnesses and Sufficiency of Evidence in Toxic Substances Litigation. Northwestern University Law Review, 86, 643–699.
Green, M. D. (1996). Bendectin and Birth Defects: The Challenges of Mass Toxic Substances Litigation. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Green, M. D. (1999). The Road Less Well Traveled (and Seen): Contemporary Lawmaking in Products Liability. DePaul Law Review, 49, 377–403.
Greene, G. (1999). The Woman Who Knew Too Much: Alice Stewart and the Secrets of Radiation.Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Greenland, S. (Ed.). (1987). Evolution of Epidemiologic Ideas: Annotated Readings on Concepts and Methods.Newton Lower Falls, MA: Epidemiology Resources.
Greenland, S. (1991). Invited Commentary: Science Versus Public Health Actions: Those Who Were Wrong Are Still Wrong. American Journal of Public Health, 133, 435–436.
Greenland, S. (1999). Relation of Probability of Causation to Relative Risk and Doubling Dose: A Methodologic Error That Has Become a Social Problem. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 1166–1169.
Greenland, S., and Robins, J. M. (1988). Conceptual Problems in the Definition and Interpretation of Attributable Fractions. American Journal of Epidemiology, 128, 1185–1196.
Greenland, S., and Robins, J. M. (2000). Epidemiology, Justice, and the Probability of Causation. Jurimetrics Journal, 40, 321–340.
Gregus, Z., and Klaassen, C. D. (2001). Mechanisms of Toxicity. In C. D. Klaassen (Ed.), Casarett and Doull's Toxicology (6th ed., pp. 35–82). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Gross, S. R. (1991). Expert Evidence. Wisconsin Law Review, 1991, 1113–1232.
Gulf South Insulation v. Consumer Product Safety Commission, 701 F.2d 1137 (5th Cir. 1983).
Haack, S. (1999). An Epistemologist in the Bramble-Bush: At the Supreme Court with Mr. Joiner. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 26, 217–237.
Haack, S. (2005). Trial and Error: The Supreme Court's Philosophy of Science. American Journal of Public Health, 95(Suppl. 1), S66–S74.
Haar, J. (1995). A Civil Action. New York: Random House, Inc.
Hagen v. Richardson-Merrell, 697 F. Supp. 334 (N.D. Ill. 1988).
Hagerty v. LandL Marine Services, Inc, 788 F.2d 315 (1986).
Halpern, A. C., and Altman, J. F. (1999). Genetic Predisposition to Skin Cancer. Current Opinion in Oncology, 11, 132–138.
Harman, G. (1994). The Inference to the Best Explanation. Philosophical Review, 74, 89–90.
Hartzema, A. G., Porta, M., and Tilson, H. H. (Eds.). (1998). Pharmacoepidemiology: An Introduction (3rd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Harvey Whitney Books.
Hattis, D. (1997). Variability in Susceptibility: How Big, How Often, For What Responses to What Agents?Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 4, 195–208.
Hattis, D., Banati, P., and Goble, R. (1999, December). Distributions of Individual Susceptibility among Humans for Toxic Effects – For What Fraction of Which Kinds of Chemicals and Effects Does the Traditional 10-Fold Factor Provide How Much Protection?Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 895, 286–316.
Hattis, D., and Barlow, K. (1996). Human Interindividual Variability in Cancer Risks. Technical and Management Challenges. Health and Ecological Risk Assessment, 2, 194–220.
Heath, C. W., Jr., Falk, H., and Creech, L., Jr. (1975). Characteristics of Cases of Angiosarcoma of the Liver among Vinyl Chloride Workers in the United States. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 231–248.
Heikkila, R. E., et al. (1984). Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity of 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridine in Mice. Science, 224, 1451–1453.
Heller v. Shaw Industries, 167 F.3d 146 (3d Cir. 1999).
Hileman, B. (1994). Findings Point to Complexity of Health Effects of Electric, Magnetic Fields. Chemical Engineering News, 72, 27.
Hill, A. B. (1987). The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation? In S. Greenland (Ed.), Evolution of Epidemiologic Ideas: Annotated Readings on Concepts and Methods (pp. 15–20). Newton Lower Falls, MA: Epidemiology Resources. (Reprinted from Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1965, 58, 295–300.)
Hilts, P. J. (2003). Protecting America's Health: The FDA, Business, and One Hundred Years of Regulation. New York: Alfred K. Knopf.
Hines v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 926 F.2d 262 (3d Cir. 1991).
Holbrook v. Lykes, 80 F.3d 777 (1996).
Hollingworth, J. G., and Lasker, E. G. (2004, Winter). The Case Against Differential Diagnosis: Daubert, Medical Causation Testimony and the Scientific Method. Journal of Health Law, 37(1), 85–112.
Honoré, T. (1995). The Morality of Tort Law – Questions and Answers. In D. G. Owen (Ed.), Philosophical Foundations of Tort Law (pp. 73–95). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Hooper, K., and McDonald, T. A. (2000). The PBDE's: An Emerging Environmental Challenge and Another Reason for Breast-Milk Monitoring Programs. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(5), 387–392.
Hooper, L. L., Cecil, J. S., and Willging, T. E. (2001). Assessing Causation in Breast Implant Litigation: The Role of Science Panels. Law and Contemporary Problems, 64(4), 139–189.
Hopkins v. Dow Corning Corp., 33 F.3d 1116 (9th Cir. 1994).
Howerton v. Arai Helmet, Ltd., 348 N.C. 440, 697 S.E.2d 674 (2004).
Huber, P. (1991). Galileo's Revenge: Junk Science in the Courtroom. New York: Basic Books.
Huff, J. (1992). Applicability to Humans of Rodent-Specific Sites of Chemical Carcinogenicity: Tumors of the Forestomach and of the Harderian, Preputial, and Zymbal Glands Induced by Benzene. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 1, 109–141.
Huff, J. (1993). Chemicals and Cancer in Humans: First Evidence in Experimental Animals. Environmental Health Perspectives, 100, 201–210.
Huff, J. (1996, December). Alpha-2u-Globulin Nephropathy, Posed Mechanisms, and White Ravens. Environmental Health Perspectives, 104, 1264–1267.
Huff, J. (1999). Long-term Chemical Carcinogenesis Bioassays Predict Human Cancer Hazard: Issues, Controversies and Uncertainties. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 895, 56–79.
Huff, J., and Hoel, D. (1992). Perspective and Overview of the Concepts and Value of Hazard Identification as the Initial Phase of Risk Assessment for Cancer and Human Health. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 18, 83–89.
Huff, J., and Melnick, R. (2002, October 23–24). Chemical Carcinogenesis Bioassays: Critical for the Sensible Application of the Precautionary Principle for Protecting Public Health. Presentation to the Collegium Ramazzini. Bologna, Italy.
Huff, J., and Rall, D. P. (1992). Relevance to Humans of Carcinogenesis Results from Laboratory Animal Toxicology Studies. In J. M. Last and R. B. Wallace (Eds.), Maxcy-Rosenau-Last Public Health and Preventive Medicine (13th ed., pp. 433–452). Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange.
Hutchinson, T. A., and Lane, D. A. (1989). Standardized Methods of Causality Assessment of Suspected Adverse Drug Reactions. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 42, 5–16.
Hyland, K. (1997). Hedging in Scientific Research Articles. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
In re: Agent Orange product liability litigation, 611 F. Supp. 1223 (E.D.N.Y. 1985).
In re: Bendectin Prod. Liab. Litig., 732 F. Supp. 744 (E.D. Mich. 1990).
In re: Breast Implant Litigation, 11 F. Supp. 2d 1217 (2000).
In re: Ephedra Products Liability Litigation, 393 F. Supp. 2d 181 (2005).
In re: Hanford Nuclear Reservation Litigation 292 F.3d 1124 (C.A.9 (Wash. 2002)).
In re: Joint E. and S. Dist. Asbestos Litig., 827 F. Supp. 1014 (S.D.N.Y. 1993).
In re: Joint E. and S. Dist. Asbestos Litig., 758 F. Supp. 199 (S.D.N.Y. 1991), aff'd, 52 F.3d 1124 (2d Cir. 1995).
In re: MeridiaProds. Liab. Litig., 328 F. Supp. 2d 791 (N.D. Ohio 2004).
In re: Paoli R.R. Yard PCBLitig., 706 F. Supp. 358 (E.D. Pa. 1988), rev'd, 916 F.2d 829 (3d Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 499 U.S. 961 (1991).
In re: Paoli R.R. Yard PCBLitigation, 916 F.2d 829 (3d Cir. 1990).
In re: Paoli R.R. Yard PCBLitigation, 35 F.3d 717 (3d Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 115 S.Ct. 1253 (1995).
In re: Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) Products Liability Litigation, 289 F. Supp. 2d 1230 (2003)(W.D. Washington).
In re: Redlands Tort Litigation (2001), referenced in Lockheed Martin Co. v. Superior Court, 109 Cal. App.4th 24 (2003).
In re: TMILitigation, 193 F.3d 613 (3d Cir. 1999).
In re: Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970).
Infante, P. F. (1992). Benzene and Leukemia: The 0.1 ppm ACGIH Proposed Threshold Limit Value for Benzene. Applied Occupational Environmental Hygiene, 7, 253–262.
Infante, P. F. (1995, May-August). Benzene and Leukemia: Cell Types, Latency and Amount of Exposure Associated with Leukemia. Advances in Occupational Medicine and Rehabilitation, Q(2), 107–120.
Institute of Medicine. (1994). Adverse Events Associated with Childhood Vaccines: Evidence Bearing on Causality. (A. G. Hartzema, M. Porta, and H. H. Tilson, Eds.). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Institute of Medicine and National Research Council, Committee on the Framework for Evaluating the Safety of Dietary Supplements. (2005). Dietary Supplements: A Framework for Evaluating Safety. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Institute of Medicine, Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides. (1996). Veterans and Agent Orange. Washington DC: National Academy Press.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (n.d.). Lists of IARC Evaluations. Monograph Series. Revised July 22, 2004. Retrieved from http://www-cie.iarc.fr/monoeval/grlist.html.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (n.d.). Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, Group 1: Carcinogenic to Humans. Monograph Series. Revised July 7, 2004. Retrieved from http://www-cie.iarc.fr/Monoeval/crthgr01.html.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (n.d.). Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, Group 2A: Probably Carcinogenic to Humans. Monograph Series. Revised July 7, 2004. Retrieved from http://www-cie.iarc.fr/monoeval/crthgr02a.html.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (n.d.). Preamble. Monograph Series. Revised August 18, 2004. Retrieved from http://www-cie.iarc.fr/monoeval/preamble.html.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (n.d.). Preamble, Section 8: Studies of Cancer in Humans. Monograph Series. Revised December 17, 1998. Retrieved from http://www-cie.iarc.fr/monoeval/studieshumans.html.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (n.d.). Preamble, Section 9: Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animals. Monograph Series. Revised January 5, 1999. Retrieved from http://www-cie.iarc.fr/monoeval/studiesanimals.html.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (n.d.). Preamble, Section 12: Evaluation. Monograph Series. Revised January 5, 1999. Retrieved from http://www-cie.iarc.fr/monoeval/eval.html.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (n.d.). Preamble, Section 2: Objective and Scope. Monograph Series. Revised December 7, 1999. Retrieved from http://www-cie.iarc.fr/monoeval/objectives.html.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (1974). Benzene. Monograph Series, 7, 203. Revised March 19, 1998. Retrieved from http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol07/benzene.html.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (1976). Safrole, Isosafrole, and Dihydrosafrole. Monograph Series, 10, 231. Revised March 22, 1998. Retrieved from http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol10/safrole.html.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (1982a). Benzene. Monograph Series, 29, 93. Revised April 9, 1998. Retrieved from http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol29/benzene.html.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (1982b). Benzidine and Its Sulphate, Hydrochloride and Dihydrochloride. Monograph Series, 29, 149. Revised April 9, 1998. Retrieved from http://wwwcie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol29/benzidine.html.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (1987a). Benzene (Group 1). Monograph Series, Supplement 7, 120. Revised February 6, 1998. Retrieved from http://www.cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/suppl7/benzene.html.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (1987b). Benzidine-Based Dyes (Group 2A). Monograph Series, Supplement 7, 125. Revised February 11, 1998. Retrieved from http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/suppl17/benzidinedyes.html.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (1987c). Chloroethyl Nitrosoureas. Monograph Series, Supplement 7, 150. Revised February 6, 1998. Retrieved from http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/suppl7/chloroethylnitrosoureas.html.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (1987d). Polychlorinated Biphenyls. Monograph Series, Supplement 7, 322. Revised February 11, 1998. Retrieved from http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/suppl7/polychlorinatedbiphenyls.html.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (1987e). Vinyl Chloride (Group 1). Monograph Series, Supplement 7, 373. Revised February 10, 1998. Retrieved from http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/suppl7/vinylchloride.html.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (1993). Occupational Exposures of Hairdressers and Barbers and Personal Use of Hair Colourants; Some Hair Dyes, Cosmetic Colourants, Industrial Dyestuffs and Aromatic Amines.” Monograph Series, 57, n.p. Revised August 22, 1997. Retrieved from http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/indexes/vol57index.html.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (1994). Ethylene Oxide (Group 1). Monograph Series, 60, 73. Revised August 26, 1997. Retrieved from http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol60/m60-02.htm.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (1995a). Formaldehyde (Group 2A). Monograph Series, 62, 217. Revised August 13, 1997. Retrieved from http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol62/formal.html.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (1995b). Tetrachloroethylene. Monograph Series, 63, 159. Revised May 20, 1997. Retrieved from http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol63/tetrachloroethylene.htm.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (1995c). Trichloroethylene. Monograph Series, 63, 75. Revised May 20, 1997. Retrieved from http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol63/trichloroethylene.htm.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (1997). Polychlorinated Dibenzo-para-Dioxins. Monograph Series, 69, 33. Revised August 12, 1997. Retrieved from http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol69/dioxin.html.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (1999a). Consensus Report: The Use of Short- and Medium-term Tests for Carcinogens and Data on Genetic Effects in Carcinogenic Hazard Evaluation.” IARC Scientific Publications No. 146 (D. B. McGregor, J. M. Rice, and S. Venitt, Eds.). Rev. April 29, 1999. Retrieved from http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/iarcpubs/pub146/pub146consensus.html.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (1999b). 1,3-Butadiene (Group 2A). Monograph Series, 71, 109. Revised April 12, 1999. Retrieved from http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol71/002-butadiene.html.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (2000). Neutrons. Monograph Series, 75, n.p. Revised April 19, 2000. Retrieved from http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol75/neutrons.html.
James, F., Jr., and Hazard, G. C., Jr. (1977). Civil Procedure (2nd ed.). Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
James, R. C. (1985). General Principles of Toxicology. In P. L. Williams and J. L. Burson (Eds.), Industrial Toxicology: Safety and Health Applications in the Workplace (pp. 7–26). New York: Lifetime Learning Publications.
Jasanoff, S. (1995). Science at the Bar: Law, Science and Technology in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Jasanoff, S. (2005). Law's Knowledge: Science for Justice in Legal Settings. American Journal of Public Health, 95(Suppl. 1), S49–S58.
Joiner v. General Electric Co., 864 F. Supp. 1310 (N. D. Georgia 1994).
Joiner v. General Electric Co., 78 F.3d 524 (11th Cir. 1996).
Joyce, C. (1990, April 14). Public Being ‘Misled’ over Asbestos Dangers: Science Magazine Publishes Paper Claiming Public Health Risk. New Scientist, 16.
Kalaria, R. N., Mitchell, M. J., and Harik, S. L. (1987). Correlation of 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine Neurotoxicity with Blood-Brain Barrier Monoamine Oxidase Activity. Proceedings Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 84(10), 3521–3525.
Kannankeril v. Terminix International Inc., 128 F.3d 802 (3d Cir. 1997).
Kassirer, J. P. (1989). Diagnostic Reasoning. Annals of Internal Medicine, 110, 893–900.
Kassirer, J. P., and Cecil, J. S. (2002, September 13). Inconsistency in Evidentiary Standards for Medical Testimony: Disorder in the Courts. Journal of the American Medical Association, 28(11), 1382–1387.
Kassirer, J. P., and Kopelman, R. I. (1991). Learning Clinical Reasoning.Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.
Keeton, W. P., Dobbs, D. B., Keeton, R. E., and Owen, D. G. (1984). Prosser and Keeton on Torts (5th ed.). St. Paul, MN: West.
Kelsey, K. T., and LaMontagne, A. D. (1992, October 13). Plaintiff's Expert Opinion Affidavit [Letter].
Kennedy, D. (2004, July). Science, Law and the IBM Case. Science, 305(16), 309.
Kennedy v. Collagen Corp., 974 F.2d 1342 (9th Cir. 1992).
Kimbrough, R. D. (1982). Pathological Changes in Human Beings Acutely Poisoned by Dimethylnitrosamine. In P. N. Magee (Ed.), Nitrosamines and Human Cancer (pp. 25–34). Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Kimbrough, R. D. (1985). Case Studies. In P. L. Williams and J. L. Burson (Eds.), Industrial Toxicology: Safety and Health Applications in the Workplace (pp. 414–431). New York: Lifetime Learning Publications.
Kitcher, P. (1993). The Advancement of Science: Science without Legend, Objectivity without Illusions.New York: Oxford University Press.
Klaassen, C. D. (Ed.). (2001). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Klaassen, C. D., Amdur, M. O., and Doull, J. (Eds.). (1996). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Klatskin, G., and Kimberg, D. V. (1969). Recurrent Hepatitis Attributable to Halothane Sensitization in an Anesthetist. The New England Journal of Medicine, 280, 515–522.
Kogevinas, M., and Boffetta, P. (1991). Letter to the editor. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 48, 575–576.
Kolata, G. (2000, September 26). Controversial Drug Makes a Comeback. New York Times, F1.
Kramer, M. S., and Lane, D. A. (1992). Causal Propositions in Clinical Research and Practice. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 45, 639–649.
Kuhn, T. S. (1977). The Essential Tension. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137 (1999).
Lake, C. R., and Quirk, R. S. (1984). CNS Stimulants and the Look-Alike Drugs. Psychiatry Cin. North American, 7, 689–701.
Lakie v. Smithkline Beecham, 965 F. Supp. 49 (D.D.C. 1997).
Lan, Q., et al. (2004). Hematoxtoxicity in Workers Exposed to Low Levels of Benzene. Science, 306, 1774–1776.
Lilienfeld, D. E. (1991). The Silence: The Asbestos Industry and Early Occupational Cancer Research – A Case Study. American Journal of Public Health, 81, 791–798.
Lockheed Martin Co. v. Superior Court, 109 Cal. App.4th 24 (2003).
Logerquist v. McVey, 196 Ariz. 470, 1 P.3d 113 (2000).
Lynch v. Merrell-National Lab., Div. of Richardson-Merrell, Inc., 830 F.2d 1190 (1st Cir. 1987).
MacMahon, B., and Pugh, T. F. (1987). Causes and Entities of Disease. In S. Greenland (Ed.), Evolution of Epidemiologic Ideas: Annotated Readings on Concepts and Methods (pp. 26–34). Newton Lower Falls, MA: Epidemiology Resources. (Reprinted from Methods of Preventive Medicine, pp. 11–18, by D. W. Clark and B. MacMahon, Eds., 1967, Boston: Little, Brown and Company)
Magistrini v. One Hour Martinizing, 180 F. Supp. 2d 584 (2002).
Maguire, J. M. (1947). Evidence, Common Sense and Common Law. Chicago: Foundation Press.
Manson, J., and Wise, L. D. (1991). Teratogens. In M. O. Amdur, C. D. Klaassen, and J. Doull (Eds.), Casarett and Doull's Toxicology (4th ed., pp. 226–254). New York: Pergamon Press.
Marder v. G.D. Searle and Co., 630 F. Supp. 1087 (D. Md. 1986).
Markowitz, G., and Rosner, D. (2002). Deceit and Denial: The Deadly Politics of Industrial Pollution. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Marx, J. (1990). Animal Carcinogen Testing Challenged. Science, 250, 743.
Mattison, D. R., and Craighead, J. E. (1995). Reproductive System. In J. E. Craighead (Ed.), Pathology of Environmental and Occupational Disease (pp. 559–572). St. Louis: Mosby.
Maurer v. United States, 668 F.2d 98 (2d Cir. 1981).
McClain, R. M., Keller, D., Casciano, D., Fu, P., MacDonald, J., Popp, J., et al. (2001). Neonatal Mouse Model: Review of Methods and Results. Toxicologic Pathology, 29 (Suppl.), 128–137.
McClain v. Metabolife International, Inc., 2005 WL 477861 (11th Cir. (Ala)).
McCullock v. H. B. Fuller Co., 61 F.3d 1038 (2d Cir. 1995).
McElveen, J. C., and Amantea, C. (1995). Risk Symposium: Legislating Risk Assessment. University of Cincinnati Law Review, 63, 1553–1598.
McGarity, T. O. (1997). Some Throughts on the ‘Deossifying’ the Rule-Making Process. Duke Law Journal 41, 1335–1462.
McGarity, T. O. (2005). Daubert and the Proper Role for the Courts in Health, Safety, and Environmental Regulation. American Journal of Public Health, 95(Suppl. 1), S92–S98.
McGarity, T. O. and Shapiro, S. A. (1993). Workers at Risk: The Failed Promise of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Westport, CT: Praeger.
McKee v. Moore, 648 P.2d 21 (Okla. 1982).
Meier, B. (2004, September 8). Medical Editors Likely to Call for Registration of Drug Tests at Outset. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com.
Melnick, R. L., and Kohn, M. C. (1995). Mechanistic Data Indicate that 1, 3-Butadiene Is a Human Carcinogen. Carcinogenesis, 16, 157–163.
Melnick, R. L., Kohn, M. C., and Huff, J. (1997, September). Weight of Evidence Versus Weight of Speculation to Evaluate the Alpha2u-Globulin Hypothesis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 105, 904–906.
Mendes-Silva v. United States, 980 F.2d 1482 (D.C. Cir. 1993).
Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706 (1997).
Merrill, R. (2004). FDA Regulatory Requirements as Tort Standards. Journal of Law and Policy, Science for Judges II: The Practice of Epidemiology and Administrative Agency Created Science, 12, 549–558.
Metabolife International v. Wornick, 264 F.3d 832 (9th Cir. 2001).
Metzger, R. (3 June 2005). The Demise of Daubert in State Courts. Commentary for LexisNexis MEALEY'S Emerging Toxic Torts, 14(5). Available from http://www.mealeys.com.
Michaels, D. (1988). Waiting for the Body Count: Corporate Decision Making and Bladder Cancer in the U.S. Dye Industry. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 2, 215–227.
Michaels, D. (Ed.). (2005). Scientific Evidence and Public Policy [Special issue]. American Journal of Public Health, 95 (Suppl. 1).
Michaels, D. (2005, June). Doubt Is Their Product. Scientific American, 96, 96–101.
Michaels, D., and Monforton, C. (2005). Manufacturing Uncertainty: Contested Science and the Protection of the Public's Health and Environment. American Journal of Public Health, 95(Suppl. 1), S39–S48.
Micklethwait, J., and Wooldridge, A. (2004). The Right Nation: Conservative Power in America. New York: Penguin Press.
Mill, J. S. (1941). A System of Logic: Ratiocinative and Inductive. London: Longmany, Green and Company.
Mitchell v. Gencorp Inc.,165 F.3d 778 (10th Cir. 1999).
Moore v. Ashland Chemical Inc., 151 F.3d 269 (5th Cir. (Tex.) 1998).
Mossman, B. T., et al. (1990). Asbestos: Scientific Developments and Implications for Public Policy. Science, 247, 294–301.
The Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium, MacAndrew, A. (2002, December 5). Comparison of Mouse and Human Coding Genes. Nature, 420, 520–562.
The Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium, Waterston, R., et al. (2002, December 5). Initial Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of the Mouse Genome. Nature, 420, 520–562.
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health. (1998). Assessment of Health Effects from Exposure to Power-line Frequency Electric and Magnetic Field. (C. J. Portier and M. S. Wolfe, Eds.). Research Triangle Park, NC: NIH Publication No. 98–3981.
National Research Council. (1983). Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
National Research Council. (1984). Toxicity Testing: Strategies to Determine Needs and Priorities. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
National Research Council. (1999). Arsenic in Drinking Water. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Also at http://www.nap.edu/books/0309076293/html/
Nesson, C. (1985). The Evidence or the Event? On Judicial Proof and the Acceptability of Verdicts. Harvard Law Review, 98, 1357–1392.
Neutra, R. R., DelPizzo, V., and Lee, G. M. (2002). An Evaluation of the Possible Risks from Electric and Magnetic Fields (EMFs) from Power Lines, Internal Wiring, Electrical Occupations, and Appliances. Oakland: California Department of Health Services.
Nicholson, W. J. (1988). IARC Evaluations in the Light of Limitations of Human Epidemiologic Data. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 534, 44–54.
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. 29 U.S.C.§ 655(b)(5) (1976).
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Occupational Exposure to Benzene; Proposed Rule and Notice Hearing. 50 Fed. Reg. 50512 (Dec. 10, 1985) (to be codified at 29 C.F.R. pt. 1910).
Oddi v. Ford Motor Co., 234 F.3d 143 (3d Cir. 2000).
O'Leary v. Secretary of HHS, No. 90–1729V, 1997 WL 254217.
Ominsky v. Chas. Weinhagen and Co. (1911), 129 N.W. Rptr. 845–846.
Ong, E. K., and Glantz, S. A. (2000, April 8). Tobacco Industry Efforts Subverting International Agency for Research on Cancer's Second-Hand Smoke Study. Lancet, 355, 1253–1259.
Oppel, R. A., Jr. (2000, September 22). Environmental Tests ‘Falsified,’ U.S. Says. New York Times, A14.
Ozonoff, D. (2005). Epistemology in the Courtroom: A Little ‘Knowledge’ Is a Dangerous Thing. American Journal of Public Health, 95(Suppl. 1), S13–S15.
Ozonoff, D., and Boden, L. I. (1987). Truth and Consequences: Health Agency Responses to Environmental Health Problems. Science Technology and Human Values, 12, 70–77.
Page, T. (1978). A Generic View of Toxic Chemicals and Similar Risks. Ecology Law Quarterly, 7, 207–244.
Palca, J. (1992). Lead Researcher Confronts Accusers in Public Hearing. Science, 256, 437–438.
Paoli RR. Yard PCB Litigation, 35 F.3d 717 (1994).
Parkinson, A. (2001). Biotransformation of Xenobiotics. In C. D. Klaassen (Ed.), Casarett and Doull's Toxicology (6th ed., pp. 133–224). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Peer Review Committee to Review Perchlorate. (2004, June). Perchlorate in Drinking Water: A Science and Policy Review. Irvine: University of California, Irvine.
Peer Review of Defendants' Expert's Report by Anonymous Reviewer. (2004, January 12).
Peer Review of Plaintiffs' Expert's Report by Anonymous Reviewer. (2004, January 12).
Peer Review of Plaintiffs' Expert's Report by Anonymous Reviewer. (2004, April 14).
People v. O'Neill, Film Recovery Systems, et al., 550 N.E. 2d 1090 (1990).
Perera, F. (1996). Molecular Epidemiology: Insights into Cancer Susceptibility, Risk Assessment, and Prevention. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 88, 496–509.
Perera, F. P., Boffetta, P., and Nisbet, I. C. T. (1989). What Are The Major Carcinogens in the Etiology of Human Cancer? Industrial Carcinogens. In V. T. Devita, Jr., S. Hellman, and S. A. Rosenberg (Eds.), Important Advances in Oncology (pp. 249–265). Philadelphia: Lippincott.
Petersen, M. (2000, August 29). Settlement Is Approved in Diet Drug Case. New York Times, C2.
Pitot, H. C., III, and Dragan, Y. P. (2001). Chemical Carcinogensesis. In C. D. Klaassen (Ed.), Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. (6th ed., pp. 241–320). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Poirier, M. C. (2001). In Memoriam: James A. Miller (1915–2000). Carcinogenesis, 22(4), 681–683.
Poole, C. (1987). Beyond the Confidence Interval. American Journal of Public Health, 77, 195–199.
Preston, R. J., and Hoffmann, G. R. (2001). Genetic Toxicology. In C. D. Klaassen (Ed.), Casarett and Doull's Toxicology (6th ed., pp. 321–350). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Quine, W. V. O. (1960). Word and Object. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Rall, D. P., Hogan, M. D., Huff, J. E., Schwetz, B. A., and Tennant, R. W. (1987). Alternatives to Using Human Experience in Assessing Health Risks. Annual Review of Public Health, 8, 355–385.
Raloff, J. (1995). Physicists Offer Reassurances on EMF: Electromagnetic Fields and Their Link to Cancer Might Be Tenuous. Science News, 47, 308.
Rawls, J. (1971). A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Rawls, J. (1993). Political Liberalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Renaud v. Martin Marietta Corp., 749 F. Supp. 1545 (D. Colo. 1990).
Rice, J. M. (1999). Editorial: On the Application of Data on Mode of Action to Carcinogenesis. Toxicological Sciences, 49, 175–177.
Rice, J. M., et al. (1999). Rodent Tumors of Urinary Bladder, Renal Cortex, and Thyroid Gland. Toxicological Sciences, 49, 166.
Richardson v. Richardson-Merrell, Inc., 857 F.2d 823 (D.C. Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 882 (1989).
Rinsky, R. A., Hornung, R. W., Silver, S. R., and Tseng, C. Y. (2002). Benzene Exposure and Hematopoietic Mortality: A Long-Term Epidemiological Risk Assessment. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 42, 474–480.
Roberti v. Andy's Termite and Pest Control, Inc., 6 Cal. Rptr. 3d 827 (2003).
Robins, J. M., and Greenland, S. (1989a). Estimability and Estimation of Excess and Etiologic Fractions. Statistics in Medicine, 8, 845–859.
Robins, J. M., and Greenland, S. (1989b). The Probability of Causation under a Stochastic Model for Individual Risk. Biometrics, 46, 1125–1138.
Robins, J. M., and Greenland, S. (1991). Estimability and Estimation of Expected Years of Life Lost Due to a Hazardous Exposure. Statistics in Medicine, 10, 79–93.
Rosen v. Ciba-Geigy Corp., 78 F.3d 316 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 819 (1996).
Rothman, K. (1986). Modern Epidemiology. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
Rothman, K. J. (1987). Causes. In S. Greenland (Ed.), Evolution of Epidemiologic Ideas: Annotated Readings on Concepts and Methods (pp. 40–45). Chestnut Hill, MA: Epidemiology Resources.
Rothman, K. J., and Greenland, S. (2005). Causation and Causal Inference in Epidemiology. American Journal of Public Health, 95 (Suppl. 1), S144–S150.
Roueché, B. (1982, May/June). The Lemonade Mystery. The Saturday Evening Post, 59, 120.
Ruden, C. (2001). Interpretations of Primary Carcinogenicity Data in 29 Trichloroethylene Risk Assessments. Toxicology, 169, 209–225.
Saakbo Rubanick v. Witco Chem. Corp., 242 N.J. Super. 36, 576 A.2d 4 (1990).
Safety: Congress Cites New Evidence Against Tire Maker as Sentiment Swings in Favor of Criminal Penalties in Such Cases (2000, September 21). Los Angeles Times, C1.
Saks, M. J. (1992). Do We Really Know Anything About the Behavior of the Tort Litigation System – And Why Not?Pennsylvania Law Review, 140, 1147–1289.
Saks, M. J. (2000). The Aftermath of Daubert: An Evolving Jurisprudence of Expert Evidence. Jurimetrics Journal, 40, 229–241.
Sanders, J. (1994). Scientific Validity, Admissibility and Mass Torts after Daubert. Minnesota Law Review, 38, 1387–1441.
Sanders, J. (2001). Bendectin on Trial: A Study of Mass Tort Litigation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Sanders, J., and Machal-Faulks, J. (2001). The Admissibility of Differential Diagnosis Testimony to Prove Causation in Toxic Tort Cases: The Interplay of Adjective and Substantive Law. Law and Contemporary Problems, 64, 107–138.
Santone, K. S., and Powis, G. (1991). Mechanism of and Tests for Injuries. In W. J. Hayes, Jr. and E. R. Laws, Jr. (Eds.), Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology (pp. 169–214). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745 (1982).
Savitz, D. A. (1993). Health Effects of Low-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields, Special Report Commentary. Environmental Science and Technology, 27, 52–54.
Savitz, D. A. (2001, September 31). Report to Court Concerning Federal Rule of Evidence 706.
Savitz, D. A., and Andrews, K. W. (1996). Risk of Myelogenous Leukaemia and Multiple Myeloma in Workers Exposed to Benzene. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 33, 357–358.
Savitz, D. A., and Andrews, K. W. (1997). Review of Epidemiological Evidence on Benzene and Lymphatic and Hematopoietic Cancers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 31, 287–295.
Schlesselman, J. J. (1974). Sample Size Requirements in Cohort and Case-Control Studies of Disease. American Journal of Epidemiology, 99, 381–384.
Schottenfeld, D., and Haas, J. F. (1979). Carcinogens in the Workplace. CA – Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 29, 144–159.
Schuck, P. (1992). Legal Complexity: Some Causes, Consequences, and Cures. Duke Law Journal, 42, 1–52.
Schuck, P. H. (1993). Multi-Culturalism Redux: Science, Law, and Politics. Yale Law and Policy Review, 11, 1–46.
Shank, R. C., and Herron, D. C. (1982). Methylation of Human Liver DNA after Probable Dimethylnitrosamine Poisoning. In P. N. Magee (Ed.), Nitrosamines and Human Cancer (pp. 153–159). Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Sheehan v. Daily Racing Form, Inc., 104 F.3d 940 (7th Cir. 1997).
Silbergeld, E. K. (1991). The Role of Toxicology in Causation: A Scientific Perspective. Courts, Health Science and the Law, 1(3), 374–385.
Silver, S. R., Rinsky, R. A., Cooper, S. P., Hornung, R. W., and Lai, D. (2002). Effect of Follow-up Time on Risk Estimates: Longitudinal Examination of the Relative Risks of Leukemia and Multiple Myeloma in a Rubber Hydrochloride Cohort. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 42, 481–489.
Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories et al., 26 Cal.3d 588, 607 P.2d 924 (1980).
Skill v. Martinez, 91 F.R.D. 498 (D.N.J. 1981), aff'd on other grounds, 677 F.2d 368 (3d Cir. 1982).
Skyrms, B. (1966). Choice and Chance: An Introduction to Inductive Logic. Belmont, CA: Dickenson.
Smith, M. A., Rubenstein, L., and Ungerleider, R. S. (1994). Therapy-Related Acute Myeloid Leukemia Following Treatment with Epipodophyllotoxins: Estimating the Risks. Medical and Podiatric Oncology, 23, 86–98.
Snyder, R. (1984). The Benzene Problem in Perspective. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 4, 692–699.
Snyder v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, 2002 WL 31965742 (Fed. CI 2002).
Soldo v. Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Civil Action No. 98–1712 (January 16, 2002).
Soldo v. Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corp., 244 F. Supp. 2d 434 (W.D. Pa., January 13, 2003).
Soldo v. Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 2003 WL 355931 (W.D. Pa.).
Speiser v. Randall, 357 U.S. 513 (1958).
Steenland, K., Bertazzi, P., Baccarelli, A., and Kogevinas, M. (2004). Dioxin Revisited: Developments Since the 1997 IARC Classification of Dioxin as a Human Carcinogen. Environmental Health Perspectives 112(13), 1265–1268.
Stephenson v. Dow Chemical Co., 273 F.3d 249 C.A.2 (N.Y.), 2001.
Stevens v. the Secretary of Health and Human Services, 2001 WL 387418 (Fed. CI).
Strong, J. W., et al. (1992). McCormick on Evidence (4th ed.). St. Paul, MN: West.
Sullivan, A. K. (1993). Classification, Pathogenesis, and Etiology of Neoplastic Diseases of the Hematopoietic System. In G. R. Lee, et al. (Eds.), Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology(Vol. 2, 9th ed., pp. 1725–1791). Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.
Susser, M. (1987). Judgment and Causal Inferences Criteria in Epidemiologic Studies. In S. Greenland (Ed.), Evolution of Epidemiologic Ideas: Annotated Readings on Concepts and Methods (pp. 69–83). Newton Lower Falls, MA: Epidemiology Resources. (Reprinted from American Journal of Epidemiology, 1977, 105, 1–15)
Swift, M., Morrell, D., Massey, R. B., and Chase, C. L. (1991). Incidence of Cancer in 161 Families Affected by Ataxia-telangiectasia. New England Journal of Medicine, 325, 1831–1836.
Tanner v. Westbrook, 174 F.3d 542 (5th Cir. 1999).
Temple, R. (1979). Meta-Analysis and Epidemiologic Studies in Drug Development and Postmarketing Surveillance. Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 841–844.
Thagard, P. (1999). How Scientists Explain Disease. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Thomas v. Hoffman-La-Roche, Inc., 731 F. Supp. 224 (N.D. Miss. 1989), aff'd on other grounds, 949 F.2d 806 (5th Cir. 1992).
Thompson, W. D. (1987). Statistical Criteria in the Interpretation of Epidemiologic Data. American Journal of Public Health, 77, 191–194.
Thornton, J. (2001). Pandora's Poison: Chlorine, Health and a New Environmental Strategy.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Timbrell, J. (2000). Principles of Biochemical Toxicology (3rd ed.). London: Taylor and Francis.
Tizon, T. A. (2005, May 16). Cases Against Nuclear Plant Finally Heard: After 15 Years of Delays, 2300 Plaintiffs Who Say Radioactive Releases at the Hanford Site Made Them Seriously Ill Wait for a Jury's Decision. Los Angeles Times, A2.
Tomatis, L., Huff, J., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Sandler, D. P., Bucher, J., Boffetta, P., et al. (1997). Avoided and Avoidable Risks of Cancer. Carcinogenesis, 18, 97–105.
Toole v. Richardson-Merrell, Inc., 251 Cal. App. 2d 689 (1967).
Travis, C. C. (1993). Interspecies Extrapolation of Toxic Data. In R. G. M. Wang, J. B. Knaak, and H. I. Maibach (Eds.), Health Risk Assessment: Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Absorption of Toxicants (pp. 387–410). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Travis, C. C., and Hester, S. T. (1991). Global Chemical Pollution. Environmental Science and Technology, 25, 814–819.
Turpin v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 959 F.2d 1349 (6th Cir. 1992).
United States. (2000). Federal Rules of Evidence. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. (1983). The Information Content of Premanufacture Notices. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. (1987). Identifying and Regulating Carcinogens. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. (1995). Screening and Testing Chemicals in Commerce. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1995). Toxicological Profile for Asbestos.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration. Notice on Opportunity for a Hearing on a Proposal to Withdraw Approval of the Indication of Bromocriptine Mesylate (Parlodel) for the Prevention of Physiological Lactation. 59 Fed. Reg. 43347 (Aug. 23, 1994).
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Toxicology Program. (n.d.). Report on Carcinogens. Retrieved June 1, 1999 from http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntpweb/index.cfm?objectid=72016262-BDB7-CEBA-FA60E922B18C2540.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Toxicology Program (1996, September 26). Listing Criteria. Retrieved May 28, 1999 from http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntpweb/index.cfm?objectid=03C9CE38-E5CD-EE56-D21B94351DBC8FC3.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Toxicology Program. (2000, October 20). Ninth Annual Report on Carcinogens. Retrieved from http://ehis.niehs.nih.gov/roc/ninth/known.pdf.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Toxicology Program. (2002a). Safrole: Cas. No. 94–59–7. Tenth Report on Carcinogens.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Toxicology Program. (2002b). Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): Cas. No. 1336–36–3. Tenth Report on Carcinogens.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Toxicology Program. (2005). Benzidine and Dyes Metabolized to Benzidine. In Eleventh Annual Report on Carcinogens. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. Retrieved from http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s020benz.pdf.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Toxicology Program. (1996, February). Comparative Initiation/Promotion Skin Pain Studies of B6C3F1 Mice, Swiss (CD-1) Mice, and SENCAR Mice. Technical Report Series, No. 441.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Taskforce on Health Risk Assessment. (1986). Determining Risks to Health: Federal Policy and Practice. Dover, MA: Auburn House.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Perchlorate. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/swerffrr/documents/perchlorate.htm.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. 61 Fed. Reg. 17960 (April 23, 1996).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1996, September). PCBs: Cancer Dose-Response Assessment and Application to Environmental Mixtures. Washington, DC: EPA/600/P-96/001F.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2005, February 23). Arsenic in Drinking Water. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/safewater/arsenic.html.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Final Rule Declaring Dietary Supplements Containing Ephedrine Alkaloids Adulterated Because They Present an Unreasonable Risk. 69 Fed. Reg. 6787 (Feb. 11, 2004).
U.S. Supreme Court. (2003). Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Retrieved from the Legal Information Institute (Cornell University Law School) at http://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/.
United States v. Dorsey, 45 F.3d 809 (4th Cir. 1995).
United States v. 14.38 Acres of Land Situated in Leflore County, Mississippi, 80 F.3d 1074 (5th Cir. 1996).
Raalte, H. G. S., and Grasso, P. (1982). Hematological, Myelotoxic, Clastogenic, Carcinogenic, and Leukemogenic Effects of Benzene. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2, 153–176.
Venitt, S. (1994). Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis and Individual Susceptibility to 40 Cancers. Clinical Chemistry, 40, 1421–1425.
Vidmar, N. (2005). Expert Evidence, the Adversary System, and the Jury. American Journal of Public Health, Supplement 1, 95, S137–143.
Villari v. Terminix Int. Inc., 692 F. Supp. 568 (E.D. Pa. 1988).
Viterbo v. Down Chemical Co., 826 F.2d 420 (5th Cir. 1987).
Waalkes, M. P., et al. (1994). The Scientific Fallacy of Route Specificity of Carcinogenesis with Particular Reference to Cadmium. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 20, 119–121.
Wade-Greaux v. Whitehall Lab., Inc., 874 F. Supp. 1441 (D.V.I.), aff'd, 46 F.3d 1120 (3d Cir. 1994).
Wade-Greaux v. Whitehall Lab., Inc., 46 F.3d 1120 (3d Cir. 1994).
Wagner, W., and Steinzor, R. (Eds.). (2006). Rescuing Science from Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Wald, M. L. (2000, January 29). U.S. Acknowledges Radiation Killed Weapons Workers. New York Times, A1.
Walker, A. M. (1986). Reporting the Results of Epidemiologic Studies. American Journal of Public Health, 76, 556–558.
Walker, V. R. (1996). Preponderance, Probability and Warranted Fact Finding. Brooklyn Law Review, 62, 1075–1136.
Walker, V. R. (2006). Transforming Science into Law: Transparency and Default Reasoning in International Trade Disputes. In W. Wagner and R. Steinzor (Eds.), Rescuing Science from Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ward, E., Smith, A. B., and Halperin, W. (1987). 4,4′-Methylenebis (2-Chloraniline): An Unregulated Carcinogen. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 12, 537–549.
Weed, D. (1997). Underdetermination and Incommensurability in Contemporary Epidemiology. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 7, 107–114.
Wells v. Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp., 615 F. Supp. 262 (N.D. Ga. 1985).
Wells v. Ortho Pharm. Corp., 788 F.2d 741 (11th Cir. 1986).
Westberry v. Gislaved Gummi AB, 178 F.3d 257 (4th Cir. 1999).
Willman, D. (2000, June 4). The Rise and Fall of the Killer Drug Rezulin; People Were Dying as Specialists Waged War Against Their FDA Superiors. Los Angeles Times, A1.
Willman, D. (2001, March 11). Risk Was Known as FDA Ok'd Fatal Drug. Los Angeles Times, A1.
Willman, D. (2002, June 30). Hidden Risks, Lethal Truth. Los Angeles Times, 1. Retrieved from http://www.latimes.com.
Witschi, H., and Last, J. (2001). Toxic Regulation of the Respiratory System. In C. D. Klaassen (Ed.), Casarett and Doull's Toxicology (6th ed., pp. 515–534). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Wong, O. (1990). A Cohort Mortality Study and a Case Control Study of Workers Potentially Exposed to Styrene in Reinforced Plastics and Composite Industry. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 47, 753–762.
Woodward, J., and Goodstein, D. (1996). Conduct, Misconduct and the Structure of Science. American Scientist, 84, 479–490.
World Health Organization. (1994). Brominated Diphenyl Ethers, IPCSEnvironmental Health Criteria 163. Geneva: Author.
Wright, L. (1989). Practical Reasoning. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Wright, L. (2001). Critical Thinking: An Introduction to Analytical Reading and Reasoning.New York: Oxford University Press.
Wright and Miller Treatise, 29 Fed. Prac. and Proc. Evid. §6266.
Wright v. Willamette Industries, Inc., 91 F.3d 1105 (8th Cir. 1996).
Written Direct Testimony of Sander Greenland, Dr. P.H., in Opposition to Baxter Healthcare Corporation's Petition for Declaratory Judgment. (1999, April 30).
Zuchowicz v. United States, 140 F.3d 381 (2d Cir. 1998).

Metrics

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.