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Translational Neuroscience
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    Translational Neuroscience
    • Online ISBN: 9780511980053
    • Book DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511980053
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Book description

Translational neuroscience is at the heart of clinical advancement in the fields of psychiatry, neurology and neurodevelopmental disorders. Written and edited by leading scientists and clinicians, this is a comprehensive and authoritative analysis of this emerging strategy for developing more effective treatments for brain disorders. Introductory chapters bring together perspectives from both academia and industry, while subsequent sections focus on disease groups, including bipolar disorder and depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, substance abuse, autism, Alzheimer's disease, pain, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis. Each section includes topical introductory and summary chapters, providing an overview and synthesis of the field. Translational Neuroscience: Applications in Psychiatry, Neurology, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders is an important text for clinicians, scientists and students in academic settings, government agencies and industry, as well as those working in the fields of public health and the behavioural sciences.

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Contents
  • Chapter 9 - Pain therapeutics
    pp 168-177
  • https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511980053.010
  • View abstract
    Summary
    The identification of drugs to treat major psychiatric disorders launched the fields of biological psychiatry, behavioral pharmacology, and neuropsychopharmacology. It had a profound impact not only on individuals suffering from these disorders and on the care and hospitalization of patients but also on the emergence of entirely new disciplines. The astute observations in the clinical setting that led to the first generation of psychoactive drugs created the putative framework for the potential discovery of new generations of psychotropic agents. The key challenge in the search for a new generation of improved psychoactive drugs has focused on: enhanced validation of the animal models used to characterize new chemical entities (NCEs) as bona fide models of the human disease and the use of these models to effectively translate NCEs to the human disease state. The learning curve for CNS research focuses on the unique complexity of the brain.
  • Chapter 10 - Multiple sclerosis
    pp 178-196
  • https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511980053.011
  • View abstract
    Summary
    Clinically, the principles of extinction learning form much of the foundation for the most effective behavioral therapies for fear-related anxiety disorders. Within the general class of anxiety disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is unique in the sense that the precipitating traumatic event may provide the opportunity for acute intervention before the onset of symptoms and before memories have been consolidated. The use of propranolol to treat individuals with posttraumatic stress symptoms was initially described in a case series of physically and sexually abused children with severe symptoms of agitation. An alternative consolidation-blockade approach to the use of propranolol involves the administration of glucocorticoids to trauma-exposed patients. Finally, clinically directed interference with initial memory consolidation through the use of beta-blockers or glucocorticoids following acute trauma exposure could prevent or attenuate the formation of traumatic emotional memory and reduce risk of PTSD.
  • Chapter 11 - Parkinson's disease
    pp 197-213
  • https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511980053.012
  • View abstract
    Summary
    This chapter describes the recently identified molecular, cellular, and brain circuits thought to be responsible for the phenotypic behaviors that characterize mood disorders. It is becoming increasingly clear that the neurochemical and structurally related abnormalities are closely associated with abnormalities in cellular plasticity. The chapter presents preclinical evidence and discusses the data obtained from relevant clinical studies. It provides an overview of the recent neuroimaging findings in mood disorders, highlighting how the extant data implicate a network formed by the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) and anatomically related areas of the striatum, thalamus, anterior temporal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and brain stem in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. The chapter helps readers make sense of the many novel findings presented, to extract integrated themes, and draw insight from the data. It is clear that genetic factors play a major role in the etiology of mood disorders.
  • Chapter 12 - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    pp 214-227
  • https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511980053.013
  • View abstract
    Summary
    Recent advances in research on schizophrenia have significantly changed the manner in which translational research is being conducted in this field. Although there is a lack of gross morphological change observed in the brains of schizophrenic patients, there is substantial evidence that this disorder is one of impaired synaptic connectivity, which has been observed in numerous humans postmortem as well as in functional and structural brain imaging studies. This chapter outlines the major neuropathological and behavioral abnormalities associated with schizophrenia. It discusses the risk genes most implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and outlines their roles in regulating aspects of neuroplasticity thought to be perturbed in this disease. The chapter describes the pharmacological and genetic animal models that are being used in translational research. It highlights novel therapeutic targets currently being investigated for treating schizophrenia.
  • Chapter 13 - Epilepsy
    pp 228-252
  • https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511980053.014
  • View abstract
    Summary
    The fundamental basis of addiction is learning which is mediated by neuroplasticity. Treatment of addiction usually begins with detoxification. The signs and symptoms of withdrawal are usually opposite to the changes produced by the acute effects of the drug, appearing as a kind of rebound. The first treatment to use cross-tolerance as a maintenance strategy was discovered in heroin addiction by Vincent Dole and colleagues in the early 1960s. Researchers have been working for decades to learn the mechanism of action of important medications such as opioids. Another approach to the treatment of opioid addiction developed in preclinical laboratories involves the use of partial opioid agonists. The next advance in the treatment of tobacco dependence was the serendipitous discovery that the antidepressant bupropion reduced craving for cigarettes and improved abstinence rates. The clinical effects are analogous to the effects of buprenorphine in opioid addicts.
  • Chapter 14 - Section summary and perspectives: Translational medicine in neurology
    pp 253-260
  • https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511980053.015
  • View abstract
    Summary
    The fact that risk genes for schizophrenia are salient for brain development or that fetal brain insults mimic the cortical and behavioral pathology of schizophrenia has led to a certain degree of pessimism that these deficits could be ameliorated in the mature brain. Animal models of disorders like schizophrenia that are manifest primarily by cognitive symptoms such as disorganized thinking and hallucinations are based on rather tenuous behavioral inferences such as hyperactivity and stereotypic behavior and are equivalent to psychosis because it is reduced by antipsychotic drugs. Although it has long been known that schizophrenia is associated with loss of cortical volume and increased size of the lateral ventricles, the pathology of the mood disorders was thought to be primarily functional. Biogenic amine neurotransmitters were the major focus of translational research, given their role in mediating the therapeutic effects of antipsychotic and antidepressant medications.
  • Chapter 16 - Autism spectrum disorders
    pp 273-302
  • https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511980053.017
  • View abstract
    Summary
    This chapter describes the syndromes of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Many elderly persons exhibit MCI, characterized by memory complaints and mild abnormalities of performance on formal tests, associated with intact general cognition and preserved activities of daily living. The clinical manifestations of AD arise from abnormalities involving brain regions and neural circuits composed of populations of neurons that are essential for memory, learning, and cognitive performance. Early information about the involvement of neurotransmitter-specific circuits damaged by the disease led to the design of early therapies for AD. The genetics of AD are complex, often influencing phenotype in an age-dependent manner. Late onset cases of AD without clear familial association reflect the influences of a variety of risk factors. The chapter emphasizes the need for safe and effective mechanism-based therapies for AD. New treatments will probably require combinatorial approaches.
  • Chapter 18 - Epigenetic mechanisms in central nervous system disorders
    pp 321-333
  • https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511980053.019
  • View abstract
    Summary
    Translational medicine is beginning to be successfully applied in multiple sclerosis (MS). This chapter reviews how advances in our understanding of MS and our ability to measure MS are contributing to the application of translational medicine in this disorder. It presents a historical perspective on the evolution of disease-modifying treatments, and then proceeds to provide a discussion on molecular pathophysiology. Next, the factors that contribute to the efficiency of translational medicine are explained. Lastly, the future of disease-modifying therapies is discussed. Interferon beta (IFNβ) was the first effective disease-modifying therapy to become available for MS. The factors that improve the efficiency of translational medicine in MS include: the identification of drug targets within well-validated biological pathways; and the use of pharmacodynamic markers, especially in early proof-of-concept and dose-ranging clinical trials. The continuing accumulation of knowledge and understanding of MS can help to accelerate the developing novel therapies for MS.
  • Chapter 20 - Promises and challenges of translational research in neuropsychiatry
    pp 339-358
  • https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511980053.021
  • View abstract
    Summary
    Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common form of adult motor neuron disease. A brief overview of some of the more important genes identified in familial ALS is provided. To date, riluzole is the only drug that has demonstrated efficacy in patients with ALS. One of the most challenging aspects in translating candidate therapeutic agents for ALS to clinical use is the appropriate clinical trial design. ALS-relevant compounds has recently increased, and the potential for interfering RNA (RNAi) and antisense technologies to target a specific but well-characterized (mutant superoxide dismutase 1) protein responsible for many cases of familial ALS may offer proof of the principle that ALS can be effectively treated if the upstream causative etiologies are identified. Finally, recent advances in stem cell research, including the development of induced pluripotent stem cells, offer the potential for autologous cell transplantation as well as drug discovery.
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