Abraham, I., and Van Schendel, W. (2005). Illicit flows and criminal things: States, borders, and the other side of globalization, Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press.
Abrams, P. (1988). Notes on the difficulty of studying the state, in: Journal of Historical Sociology, 1/1, pp. 58–89.
Agamben, G. (2003). Stato di eccezione, Turin: Bollati Boringhieri.
Agamben, G. (2005). Homo sacer: il potere sovrano e la nuda vita, Rome: Enaudi.
Alinovi, L., Hemrich, G., and Russo, L., eds. (2008). Beyond relief: Food security in protracted crises, Bourton on Dunsmore: Practical Action.
Allen, J. (2009). Three spaces of power: Territory, networks, plus a topological twist in the tale of domination and authority, in: Journal of Power, 2/2, pp. 197–212.
Anten, L. (2009). Strengthening governance in post-conflict fragile states, The Hague: Clingendael Institute.
Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at large: Cultural dimensions of globalization, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Appadurai, A. (2011). The ghost in the financial machine, in: Public Culture, 23/3, pp. 517–39.
Arnaut, K., Hojbjerg, C., and Raeymaekers, T., eds. (2008). Gouverner entre guerre et paix (dossier), in: Politique africaine, 111, pp. 1–110.
Autesserre, S. (2010). The Trouble with the Congo: Local violence and the failure of international peacebuilding, Cambridge Studies in International Relations series, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Axelrod, R., and Keohane, R. O. (1986). Achieving cooperation under anarchy: Strategies and institutions, in: Oye, K. A., ed. Cooperation under anarchy, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Azarya, V., and Chazan, N. (1987). Disengagement from the state in Africa: Reflections from the experience of Ghana and Guinea, in: Comparative Studies in Society and History, 29/1, pp. 106–31.
Baaz-Eriksson, M., and Verweijen, J. (2014). Arbiters with guns: The ambiguity of military involvement in civilian disputes in the DR Congo, in: Third World Quarterly, 35/5, pp. 803–20.
Ballentine, K., and Sherman, J., eds. (2003). The political economy of armed conflict: Beyond greed and grievance, Boulder, CO, and London: Lynne Rienner.
Banegas, R., Brisset-Foucault, F., and Cutolo, A. (2012). Espaces publiques de la parole et pratiques de la citoyennete en Afrique, in: Politique africaine, 127, pp. 5–20.
Baud, M., and Van Schendel, W. (1997). Toward a comparative history of borderlands, in: Journal of World History, 8/2, pp. 221–2.
Bauman, Z. (2000). Liquid modernity, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Bayart, J. F., Ellis, S., and Hibou, B. (1999). The criminalization of the state in Africa, Oxford and Bloomington: James Currey and Indiana University Press.
Bazenguissa-Ganga, R. (1999). The spread of political violence in Congo-Brazzaville, in: African Affairs, 98/390, pp. 37–54.
Bellagamba, A., and Klute, G., eds. (2008). Beside the state: Emerging forms of power in contemporary Africa, Amsterdam: Brill.
Belloni, R. (2010). Hybrid peace governance: its emergence and significance, in: Global Governance, 18, pp. 21–38.
Bennafla, K. (1999). La fin des territoires nationaux? État et commerce frontalier en Afrique centrale, in: Politique africaine, 73, pp. 25–49.
Bennafla, K. (2002). Le commerce transfrontalier en Afrique centrale: Acteurs, espaces, pratiques, Paris: Karthala.
Benjamin, R. and Duvall, R. (1985). The capitalist state in context, in: Benjamin, R., and Elkin, S. L., eds., The democratic state, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.
Berdal, M., and Malone, D. eds. (2000). Greed and grievance: Economic agendas in civil wars, Boulder CO: Lynne Reinner.
Bergmans, L. (1970). L’histoire des Baswagha, Bruxelles: éditions ABB.
Bhabha, H. (2004). The location of culture, London and New York: Routledge.
Bierschenk, T., and Olivier de Sardan, J. P., eds. (1997). Les pouvoirs au village: Le Bénin rural entre démocratisation et décentralisation, Paris: Karthala.
Blok, A. (1974). The mafia of a Sicilian village, 1860–1960: A study of violent peasant entrepreneurs, New York, Hagerstown, San Francisco, and London: Harper & Row.
Blundo, G., Olivier de Sardan, J. P., Arifari, N. B. and Alou, M. T., eds. (2006). Everyday corruption and the state: Citizens and public officials in Africa, London: Zed Books.
Boege, V., Brown, x., Clements, x., and Nolan, x. (2008). On hybrid political orders and emerging states: state formation in the context of ‘fragility’, Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management.
Boege, V., Brown, x., Clements, x., and Nolan, x. (2010). Challenging statebuilding as peacebuilding: Working with hybrid political orders to build peace, in: Richmond, O. P., ed., Palgrave advances in peacebuilding: Critical developments and approaches, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 99–115.
Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a theory of practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bratton, M. (1989). Beyond the state: Civil society and associational life in Africa, in: World Politics, 41/3, pp. 407–30.
Bratton, M., and Van de Walle, N. (1994). Neopatrimonial regimes and political transitions in Africa, in: World Politics, 46/4, pp. 453–89.
Braeckman, C. (2003). Les nouveaux prédateurs: Politique des puissances en Afrique centrale, Paris: Fayard.
Brenner, N. (1998). Between fixity and motion: Accumulation, territorial organization, and the historical geography of spatial scales, in: Environment and planning D: Society and space, 16/4, pp. 459–81.
Breytenbach, W., Chilemba, D., Brown, T. A., and Plantive, C. (1999). Conflicts in the Congo: From Kivu to Kabila, in: African Security Review, 8/5, pp. 33–42.
Buroway, M. (2001). Transition without transformation: Russia’s involutionary road to capitalism, in: East European Politics and Societies, 15, pp. 269–90.
Buur, L. (2006). Reordering society: Vigilantism and expressions of sovereignty in Port Elizabeth’s townships, in: Development and Change, 37/4, pp. 735–57.
Buur, L., and Kyed, H. M., eds. (2006). Recognition and democratisation: ‘New roles’ for traditional leaders in Sub-Saharan Africa, Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies.
Byrne, S. (2011). The production of authority, practices of rule and the power of ‘making do’ in Nepal, paper presented at the conference “Democracy, Governance and Development: Between the Institutional and the Political?” University of Oxford, June.
Callaghy, T. M. (1984). The state-society struggle: Zaire in comparative perspective, New York: Columbia University Press.
Callaghy, T. M. (1987). The state as lame Leviathan: The patrimonial administrative state in Africa, in: Ergas, Z. ed., The African state in transition, Basingstoke and London: Macmillan Press.
Callaghy, T. M. (2001). From reshaping to resizing a failing state? The case of Congo/Zaire, in: O’Leary, B., Lustick, I. S. and Callaghy, T., eds., Right-sizing the state: the politics of moving borders, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Callaghy, T., Kassimir, R., and Latham, R., eds. (2001). Intervention and transnationalism in Africa: Global-local networks of power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Carothers, T. (2007). The ‘sequencing’ fallacy, in: Journal of Democracy, 18/1, pp. 12–27.
Catanzaro, R. (1994). La mafia tra mercato e stato: Una proposta di analisi, in: Fiandaca, G., and Costantino, S., La mafia, le mafie: Tra vecchi e nuovi paradigmi, Rome and Bari: Editori Laterza, pp. 142–48.
CEDAC (2002). Impact socioéconomique du coltan sur les populations du Kivu: Cas de la ville de Bukavu, Bukavu: Centre d’etude de documentation et d’animation civique (CEDAC).
Centeno, M. A., and Portes, A. (2003). The informal economy in the shadow of the state, in: Fernàndez-Kelly, P., and Sheffner, J., eds., Out of the shadows: The informal economy and political movements in Latin America, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Chalfin, B. (2010). Neoliberal frontiers: An ethnography of sovereignty in West Africa, Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Clastres, P. (1974). Society against the state, Oxford: Blackwell.
Collier, P. (2008). Naive faith in the ballot box: The catastrophe in Congo is a grave international failure. Hasty elections can make things worse, in: The Guardian, 3 November.
Collier, P. E., Hegre, L., Hoeffler, H., Anke Reynal-Querol, M., and Sambanis, N. (2003). Breaking the conflict trap: Civil war and development policy. Washington DC: World Bank and Oxford University Press.
Comaroff, J., and Comaroff, J. (1999). Occult economies and the violence of abstraction: Notes from the South African postcolony, in: American Ethnologist, 22/2, pp. 279–303.
Comaroff, J., and Comaroff, J. (2000). Millennial capitalism: First thoughts on a second coming, in: Public Culture, 12/2, pp. 291–343.
Congost, R. (2003). Property rights and historical analysis: What rights? What history?, in: Past and Present, 181, pp. 73–106.
Connolly, W. (1996). Tocqueville, territory and violence, in: Theory Culture Society, 11, pp. 19–41.
Cox, K. R. (1998). Spaces of dependence, spaces of engagement and the politics of scale, or: Looking for local politics, in: Political Geography, 17/1, pp. 1–23.
Cramer, C. (2002). Homo economicus goes to war: Methodological individualism, rational choice and the political economy of war, in: World Development, 30/11, pp. 1845–64.
Cramer, C. (2006). Civil war is not a stupid thing: Accounting for violence in developing countries, London: C. Hurst & Co.
Cramer, C., and Goodhand, J. (2002). Try again, fail again, fail better? War, the state, and the ‘post-conflict’ challenge in Afghanistan, in: Development and Change, 33/5, pp. 885–909.
Cramer, C., and RichardsP. (2011). Violence and war in agrarian perspective, in: Journal of Agrarian Change, 11/3, pp. 277–97.
Cressey, D. (1969). Theft of the nation: The structure and operation of organized crime in America, New York: Harper & Row.
CRONGD (1993). Enquete sur le pillage et autres violences au Nord Kivu (1992–93), Goma: Conseil Régional des Organizations Nongovernmentales de Développement.
Cuvelier, J., and Raeymaekers, T. (2002). Supporting the war economy in DRC: European companies and the coltan trade, Brussels: Broederlijk Delen.
Das, V., and Kleinman, A. (2000). Introduction, in: Das, V., Kleinman, A., Lock, M., Ramphele, M., and Reynolds, P., eds., Remaking a world: Violence, social suffering and recovery, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Das, V., and Poole, D. (2004). Anthropology in the margins of the state, Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.
De Boeck, F. (1996). Postcolonialism, power and identity: Local and global perspectives from Zaïre, in: Werbner, R. P., and Ranger, T. O., eds., Postcolonial identities in Africa, London: Zed Books.
De Boeck, F. (2000). Borderland breccia: The mutant hero in the historical imagination of a Central-African diamond frontier, in: Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History, ½, 44 p.
De Boeck, F., and Plissart, M.-F. (2004). Kinshasa: Tales of the Invisible City, Ghent: Ludion.
De Boeck, F., and Vanagt, S. (2010). Cemetery state, Rumst: FilmNatie.
De Certeau, M. (1984). The practice of everyday life (translated by Steven Rendall), Berkeley: University of California Press.
De Herdt, T., and Marysse, S. (1996). L’économie informelle au Zaïre: (Sur)vie et pauvrété dans la période de transition (dossier), in: Cahiers CEDAF, Paris: L’Harmattan, pp. 21–2.
De Soto, H. (1989). The other path: The informal revolution, New York: Harpers.
De Soto, H. (2000). The mystery of capital: Why capitalism triumphs in the west and fails everywhere else, New York: Basic Books.
De Sousa Santos, B. (2006). The heterogenous state and legal pluralism in Mozambique, in: Law and Society Review, 40/1, pp. 39–76.
De Villers, G., and Omasombo, J. (1998). Zaïre: la transition manqué, 1990–1997, in: Cahiers CEDAF, 27-28-29, Paris: L’Harmattan.
De Villers, G., Jewsiewicki, B., and Monnier, L. (2002). Manières de vivre: Économie de la débrouille dans les villes du Congo/Zaïre, in: Cahiers CEDAF, 49–50, Paris: L’Harmattan.
De Waal, A. (1997). Famine crimes: Politics & the disaster relief industry in Africa, London, Oxford, and Bloomington: African Rights and James Currey.
De Waal, A. (2009). Mission without end? Peacekeeping in the African political marketplace, in: International Affairs, 85/1, pp. 99–113.
Demsetz, H. (1967). Toward a theory of property rights, in: The American Economic Review, 57/2, pp. 347–359.
Devereux, S. (2001). Sen’s Entitlement Approach: Critiques and counter-critiques, in: Oxford Development Studies, 29/3, pp. 245–63.
Devlieger, P. (2009). Disabled people trading across the Congo river, in: Gevers, I., ed., Difference on display: Diversity in art, science and society, Rotterdam: NAI Publishers, pp. 330–6.
Dickie, J. (2004). Cosa Nostra: A history of the Sicilian Mafia, New York and Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.
Dietrich, C. (2000). The commercialisation of military deployment in Africa, in: African Security Review, 9/1, pp. 3–17.
Dietrich, C. (2004). The use of regional diamond trading: Platforms to access conflict zones, in: African Security Review, 13/1, pp. 51–57.
Diouf, M. (2000). The Senegalese Murid trade: Diaspora and the making of a vernacular cosmopolitanism, in: Public Culture, 12/3, pp. 679–702.
Dobler, G. (2009). Oshikango: The dynamics of growth and regulation in a Namibian boom town, in: Journal of Southern African Studies, 35/1, pp. 115–31.
Doevenspeck, M. (2011). Constructing the border from below: Narratives from the Congolese-Rwandan state boundary, in: Political Geography, 30/3, pp. 129–2.
Donnan, H., and Wilson, T. M. (1999). Borders: Frontiers of identity, nation and state, Oxford and New York: Berg.
Doornbos, M. (2002). State collapse and fresh starts: Some critical reflections, in: Development and Change, 33/5, pp. 797–815.
Duffield, M. (2001). Global governance and the new wars: The merging of development and security, London: Zed Books.
Dugrand, C. (2012). Combattants de la parole: Parlementaires-debout et mobilisation partisane à Kinshasa, in: Politique africaine, 127, pp. 49–70.
Dunn, K, (2004). Imagining the Congo: The international relations of identity, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Dupriez, H. (1987). Bushi: l’asphyxie d’un peuple, Bukavu: ADI-Kivu.
Eckert, J., Dafinger, A., and Behrends, A. (2003). Towards an anthropology of governance, in: Report 2003, Halle/Saale: Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, pp. 19–30.
Egg, J., and Herrera, J. (1998). Echanges transfrontaliers et integration regionale en Afrique subsaharienne: Introduction, in: Autrepart, 6, pp. 5–27.
Ellis, F. (2000). Rural livelihoods and diversity in developing countries, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Elwert, G. (2003). Intervention in markets of violence, in Koehler, J., and Zürcher, C., eds., Potentials of (dis)order, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Engel, U., and Olsen, G. (2005). The African exception, Aldershot: Ashgate.
Englebert, P. (2003). Why Congo persists: Sovereignty, globalization and the violent reproduction of a weak state, Queen Elizabeth House Working Paper Series, Oxford University.
Englebert, P., and Tull, D. (2008). Postconflict reconstruction in Africa: Flawed ideas about failed states, in: International Security, 32/4, pp. 106–39.
Eriksson-Baaz, M. E., and Stern, M. (2008). Making sense of violence: Voices of soldiers in the Congo (DRC), in: Journal of Modern African Studies, 46/1, pp. 57–86.
Escobar, A. (2001). Culture sits in places: Reflections on globalism and subaltern strategies of localization, in: Political Geography, 20/2, pp. 139–74.
Evans, P., Rueschemeyer, D., and Skocpol., T., eds. (1985). Bringing the state back in, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fanon, F. (2002). Les Damnes de la terre, Paris: Editions la decouverte et Syros.
Ferguson, J. (2006). Global shadows: Africa in the neoliberal world order, Durham NC and London: Duke University Press.
Fiandaca, G., and Costantino, S. (1994). La Mafia, le Mafie: Tra vecchi e nuovi paradigmi, Rome and Bari: Editori Laterza.
Finnstrom, S. (2008). Living with bad surroundings: War, history, and everyday moments in Northern Uganda, Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press.
Fischer, M. (1999). Emergent forms of life: Anthropologies of late or postmodernities, in: Annual Review of Anthropology, 28, pp. 455–78.
Flynn, D. (1997). We are the border: Identity, exchange, and the state along the Benin-Nigeria border, in: American Ethnologist, 24/2, pp. 311–30.
Forgione, F. (2006). Commissione parlamentare di inchiesta sul fenomeno della criminalita’ organizzata mafiosa o similare, Roma, Camera dei deputati: Senato della Repubblica.
Foucault, M. (1982). The subject and power: in Dreyfus, H., ed., Beyond structuralism and hermeneutics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 208–26.
Gambetta, D. (1993). The Sicilian mafia: The business of private protection, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Garlick, P. C. (1971). African traders and economic development in Ghana, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Garrett, N., and Mitchell, H. (2009). Trading conflict for development, London: Resource Consulting Services.
Garrett, N., Sergiou, S., and Vlassenroot, K. (2009). Negotiated peace for extortion: The case of Walikale territory in eastern DR Congo, in: Journal of Eastern African Studies, 3/1, pp. 1–21.
Geenen, K. (2012). The pursuit of pleasure in a war-weary city, Butembo, North Kivu, DRC, Ph.D. thesis, Catholic University of Leuven.
Geschiere, P. (2009). The perils of belonging: Autochthony, citizenship, and exclusion in Africa and Europe, Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Giddens, A. (1981). A contemporary critique of historical materialism, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Giustozzi, G. (2003). Respectable warlords? The politics of state-building in post-Taleban Afghanistan, London: Crisis States Research Centre (LSE).
Glassman, J. (2006). Primitive accumulation, accumulation by dispossession, accumulation by ‘extra-economic’ means, in: Progress in Human Geography, 30/5, pp. 608–25.
Gledhill, J. (2000). Power and its disguises: Anthropological perspectives on politics, London: Pluto Press.
Goodhand, J. (2008). Corrupting or consolidating the peace? The drugs economy and post-conflict peacebuilding in Afghanistan, in: International Peacekeeping, 15/3, (June), pp. 405–23.
Goodhand, J. (2011). Borderlands and the cartography of violent economies, in: Pugh, M., Cooper, N., and Turner, M., eds., Whose peace: Critical perspectives on the political economy of peacebuilding, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Graeber, D. (2001). Toward an anthropological theory of value: The false coin of our own dreams, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Graeber, D. (2004). Fragments of an anarchist anthropology, Chicago: Prickly Paradigm.
Granovetter, M. (1973). The strength of weak ties, in: American Journal of Sociology, 78/6, pp. 1360–80.
Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness, in: American Journal of Sociology, 91/3, pp. 481–510.
Gratteri, N., and Nicaso, A. (2007). Fratelli di sangue, Rome: Luigi Pellegrini.
Gratteri, N., and Nicaso, A. (2010). La malapianta, Milan: Mondadori.
Greenhouse, J. (2002). Introduction: Altered states, altered lives, in: Greenhouse, J., et al., eds., Ethnography in unstable places: Everyday lives in contexts of dramatic political change, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Greenhouse, J., Mertz, E. and Warren, K. B., eds. (2002). Ethnography in unstable places: Everyday lives in contexts of dramatic political change, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Gregoire, E., and Labazee, P., eds. (1993). Grands commercants d’Afrique de l’Ouest. Logiques et pratiques d’un groupe d’hommes d’affaires contemporains, Paris: Karthala.
Grossman, H. I. (1991). A general equilibrium model of insurrections, in: The American Economic Review, 81/4, pp. 912–21.
Grossman, G. M., and Helpman, E. (1994). Protection for sale, in: The American Economic Review, 84/4, pp. 833–50.
Guyer, J. (1999). Anthropology: The study of social and cultural originality, in: African Sociological Review, 3/2, pp. 30–53.
Guyer, J. (2000). Marginal gains: Monetary transactions in Atlantic Africa, London and Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Habermas, J. (1992). Legitimation crisis, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Hagmann, T., and Hoehne, M. (2009). Failures of the state failure debate: Evidence from the Somali territories, in: Journal of International Development, 21/1, pp. 42–57.
Hannerz, U. (2003). Transnational connections: Culture, people, places, London: Routledge.
Hansen, T. B., and Stepputat, F., eds. (2001). States of imagination: Ethnographic explorations of the postcolonial state, Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Hansen, T. B., and Stepputat, F., (2005). Sovereign bodies: Citizens, migrants, and states in the postcolonial world, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hansen, T. B., and Stepputat, F., (2006). Sovereignty revisited, in: Annual Review of Anthropology, 35, pp. 295–315.
Hart, K. (1973). Informal income opportunities and urban employment in Ghana, in: Journal of Modern African Studies, 11/1, pp. 61–89.
Hartwell, M. B. (2006). Violence in peace: Understanding increased violence in early post-conflict transitions and its implications for development, February, WIDER Research Paper, no. 2006/18.
Harvey, D. (1981). The spatial fix: Hegel, Turn and Marx, in: Antipode, 13/3, pp. 1–12.
Harvey, D. (2000). Globalization and the ‘spatial fix’, in: Geographische Revue, 3/2, pp. 23–30.
Harvey, D. (2005). A brief history of neoliberalism, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Hecht, D., and Simone, A. M. (1994). Invisible governance: The art of African micro-politics, New York: Autonomedia.
Helander, B. (2005). Who needs a state? Civilians, security and social services in North-East Somalia, in: Richards, P., ed., No peace, no war: An anthropology of contemporary armed conflicts, Oxford: James Currey.
Herbst, J., and Mills, G. (2009a). There is no Congo, in: Foreign Policy, 18 (March).
Herbst, J., and Mills, G. (2009b). Time to end the Congo charade, in: Foreign Policy, 14 (August).
Hoffmann, K. (2007). Militarised bodies and spirits of resistance: Armed governmentalities and the formation of militarised subjectivities in South Kivu/DR Congo: The case of the Maï-Maï group of General Padiri, master’s thesis, Roskile University International Development Studies.
Hume, L., and Mulcock, J. (2004). Anthropologists in the field: Cases of participant observation, New York: Columbia University Press.
Humphreys, C. (2004). Sovereignty, in: Nugent, D., and Vincent, J., eds., A companion to the anthropology of politics, Malden, Oxford, and Carlton: Blackwell, pp. 418–36.
International Crisis Group (2003). The Kivus: The forgotten crucible of the Congo conflict, Africa Report, 56 (24 January), London and Brussels: ICG.
Jackson, S. (2002). Making a killing: Criminality and coping in the Kivu war economy, in: Review of African Political Economy, 29/93, pp. 517–36.
Jarstad, A. K., and Sisk, T. D. (2008). From war to democracy: Dilemmas of peace building, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jewsiewicki, B. (1977). The Great Depression and the making of the colonial economic system in the Belgian Congo, in: African Economic History, 4 (autumn), pp. 153–76.
Jewsiewicki, B. (1979). Le colonat agricole européen au Congo-Belge, 1910–1960: Questions politiques et economiques, in: Journal of African History, 20/4, pp. 559–71.
Jewsiewicki, B. (1998). Les traumatismes des affirmations identitaires, ou la malédiction de n’être rien, in: Cahiers d’études africaines, 150–152, pp. 627–37.
Jourdan, L. (2010). Generazione Kalashnikov: Un antropologo dentro la guerra in Congo, Roma: Laterza.
Kahnemann, D., and Tversky, A. (1982). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases, in: Kahnemann, D., Slovic, P., and Tversky, A., eds., Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kahnemann, D., and Tversky, A. (1984). Choices, values, and frames, in: American Psychologist, 39/4, pp. 341–50.
Kaldor, M. (1999). New and old wars: Organized violence in a global era, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Kaparay, C. K. (2006). Finance populaire et développement durable en Afrique au sud du Sahara: Application à la région Nord-Est de la République démocratique du Congo, Thèse présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de docteur en sciences sociales (option dévelopment, population et environnement), Université catholique de Louvain, Faculté des sciences économiques, sociales et politiques.
Kassimir, R. (2001). Producing local politics: Governance, representation, and non-state organizations in Africa, in Callaghy, T., Kassimir, R. and Latham, R., eds., Intervention and transnationalism in Africa: Global-local networks of power, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kataliko, E. (1971). Contribution à l’objectif 80 en territoire de Beni et Lubero. ‘Aide-toi, et le Ciel t’aidera’, in: Congo-Afrique, 56 (juin-juillet), pp. 353–54.
Keen, D. (1998). The economic functions of violence in civil wars, Adelphi Paper, 320, London: International Institute for Strategic Studies.
Keen, D. (2012). Useful enemies: When waging wars is more important than winning them, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Kennedy, P. (1988). African capitalism: The struggle for ascendency, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kennes, E. (2002). Footnotes to the mining story, in: Review of African Political Economy, 29/93 (September–December), pp. 601–07.
Kloosterman, R., and Rath, J. (2001). Immigrant entrepreneurs in advanced economies: Mixed embeddedness further explored, in: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27/2 (April), pp. 189–201.
Klute, G. (1999). De la chefferie administrative à la parasouveraineté régionale, in: Bourgeot, A., ed., Horizons nomades en Afrique sahélienne, Paris: Karthala.
Klute, G., and von Trotha, T. (2004). Roads to peace: From small war to parasovereign peace in the north of Mali, in: Foblets, M. C. and von Trotha, T., eds., Healing the wounds: Essays on the reconstruction of societies after war. Oxford: Oñati International Series in Law and Society.
Knight, F. H. (2006). Risk, uncertainty and profit, Dover: Mineola.
Kopytoff, I. (1987). The African frontier: The reproduction of traditional African societies, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Korf, B. (2006). Cargo cult science, armchair empiricism and the idea of violent conflict, in: Third World Quarterly, 27/3, pp. 459–76.
Korf, B., and Raeymaekers, T., eds. (2013). Violence on the margins: State, conflict and borderlands, New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
Korf, B., Engeler, M., and Hagmann, T. (2010). The geography of warscape, in: Third World Quarterly, 31/3, pp. 385–99.
Koselleck, R. (1973). Kritik und Krise: Eine Studie zur Pathogenese der burgerischen Welt, Freiburg/Munchen: Suhrkamp.
Koselleck, R. (2002). The practices of conceptual history: Timing history, spacing concepts, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Koselleck, R. (2004). Futures past: On the semantics of historical time, New York: Columbia University Press.
Koselleck, R. (2006). Crisis, in: Journal of the History of Ideas, 67/2, pp. 357–400.
Krupa, C. (2010). State by proxy: Privatized government in the Andes, in: Comparative Studies in Society and History, 52/2, pp. 319–50.
Kyed, M. H., and Buur, L., eds. (2006). Recognition and democratisation: ‘New roles’ for traditional leaders in Sub-Saharan Africa, Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies.
LandaJ. T. (1981). A theory of the ethnically homogeneous middleman group: An institutional alternative to contract law, in: Journal of Legal Studies, 10/2, pp. 349–62.
Latham, R. (2000). Social sovereignty, in: Theory, Culture and Society, 17/4, pp. 1–18.
Le Billon, P. (2001). The political ecology of war: natural resources and armed conflicts, in: Political Geography, 20/5, pp. 561–84.
Lefebvre, H. (2003). Space and the state, in: Brenner et al., eds., State/space: A reader, Malden: Blackwell.
Lemarchand, R. (1964). Political awakening in the Congo: The politics of fragmentation, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Lemarchand, R. (1997). Patterns of state collapse and reconstruction in Central Africa: Reflections on the crisis in The Great Lakes, in: African Studies Quarterly, Vol. 1/3, pp. 5–22.
Lemarchand, R. (2001). The Democratic Republic of Congo: From collapse to potential reconstruction. Occasional paper, Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, Centre of African Studies.
Lemarchand, R. (2007). Consociationalism and power sharing in Africa: Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in: African Affairs, 106/422, pp. 1–20.
Leopold, M. (2005). Inside West Nile: Violence, history & representation on an African frontier, Oxford, Santa Fe, and Kampala: James Currey, School of American Research Press, and Fountain.
Li, T. M. (2005). Beyond ‘the state’ and failed schemes, in: American Anthropologist, 107/3, pp. 383–94.
Li, T. M. (2007). The Will to improve: Governmentality, development and the practice of politics, Durham NC: Duke University Press.
Longley, K., and Maxwell, D. (2003). Livelihoods, chronic conflict and humanitarian response: A synthesis of current practice, Working Paper 182, London, Overseas Development Institute.
Lubkemann, S. (2008). Culture in chaos: An anthropology of the social condition in war, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
Lund, C. (1998). Struggles for land and political power: On the politicization of land tenure and disputes in Niger, in: Journal of Legal Pluralism, 40, pp. 1–22.
Lund, C. (2006). Twilight institutions: Public authority and local politics in Africa, in: Development and Change, 37/4, pp. 685–705.
Lutz, G., and Linder, W. (2004). Traditional structures in local governance for local development, Berne: University of Berne.
Lyons, M., Brown, A., and Zhigang, L. (2012). In the dragon’s den: African traders in Guangzhou, in: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38/5, pp. 869–88.
MacGaffey, J. (1983). How to survive and become rich amidst devastation: The second economy in Zaire, in: African Affairs, 82/328, pp. 351–66.
MacGaffey, J. (1987). Entrepreneurs and parasites: The struggle for indigenous capitalism in Zaire, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
MacGaffey, J. (1991). The real economy of Zaire: The contribution of smuggling and other unofficial activities to national wealth, London: University of Pennsylvania Press.
MacGaffey, J., and Bazenguissa-Ganga (2000). Congo-Paris: Transnational traders on the margins of the law, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Mafikiri Tsongo, A. (1994). Problématique d’accès à la terre dans les systèmes d’exploitation agricole des régions montagneuses du Nord-Kivu (Zaïre), Ph.D. .zthesis, Louvain La Neuve.
Mamdani, M. (1996). Citizen and subject: Contemporary Africa and the legacy of late colonialism, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Mamdani, M. (2003). Making sense of political violence in postcolonial Africa, in: Socialist Register, 39, pp. 133–52.
Mansfield, E. D., and Snyder, J. (2007). The sequencing ‘fallacy’, in: Journal of Democracy, 18/3, pp. 5–10.
Marchal, R., and Messiant, C. (2002). De l’avidité des rebelles: L’analyse économique de la guerre civile selon Paul Collier, in: Critique Internationale, 16, pp. 58–69.
Marino, G. C. (2007). Storia della mafia, Newton and Compton: Rome.
Marris, P., and Sommerset, A. (1971). African businessmen, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Massey, D. (1992). Politics and space/time, in: MLR, 196, pp. 65–84.
Mbembe, A. (2001). On the postcolony, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Mbembe, A., and Rendall, S. (2000). At the edge of the world: Boundaries, territoriality, and sovereignty in Africa, in: Public Culture, 12/1, pp. 259–84.
McNulty, M. (1999). The collapse of Zaire: Implosion, revolution or external sabotage? in: Journal of Modern African Studies, 37/1, pp. 53–82.
Meagher, K. (1990). The hidden economy: Informal and parallel trade in Northwestern Uganda, in: Review of African Political Economy, 17/47, pp. 64–83.
Meagher, K. (2003). A back door to globalisation? Structural adjustment, globalisation & transborder trade in West Africa, in: Review of African Political Economy, 30/95, pp. 57–75.
Meagher, K. (2010). Identity economics: Informal manufacturing and social networks in South-eastern Nigeria, Wolbridge and Ibadan: James Currey & HEBN.
Meagher, K. (2012). The strength of weak states? Non-state security forces and hybrid governance in Africa, in: Development and Change, 43/5, pp. 1073–1101.
Meagher, K., Titeca, K., and de Herdt, T. (2014). Unravelling public authority: Paths of Hybrid Governance in Africa, London: IS Academy.
Mehler, A. (2004). Oligopolies of violence in Africa south of the Sahara, in: Nord-Süd aktuell, 18/3, pp. 539–48.
Mehler, A., and Tull, D. (2006). The hidden costs of power-sharing: Reproducing insurgent violence in Africa, in: African Affairs, 104/416, pp. 375–98.
Melmot, S. (2009). Candide in Congo: The expected failure of security sector reform (SSR), Brussels: IFRI.
Menkhaus, K. (2006). Governance without government in Somalia: Spoilers, state building, and the politics of coping, in: International Security, 31/3, pp. 74–106.
Mertz, E. (2002). The perfidity of gaze and the pain of uncertainty: Anthropological theory and the search for closure, in: Greenhouse, J. et al., eds., Ethnography in unstable places: Everyday lives in contexts of dramatic political change, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Meyer, B., and Geschiere, P. (2003). Globalization and Identity: Dialectics of flow and closure, Oxford and Malden: Blackwell.
Migdal, J. S. (1974). Why change? Toward a new theory of change among individuals in the process of modernization, in: World Politics, 26/2, pp. 189–206.
Migdal, J. S. (2001). State in society: Studying how states and societies transform and constitute one another, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Migdal, J. S., and Schlichte, K. (2005). Rethinking the state, in: Schlichte, K., ed., The dynamics of state: The formation and crisis of state domination. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Mirembe, O. K. (2002). Autour de l’économie informelle en période de guerre en République Démocratique du Congo, in: Parcours et initiatives, 1, pp. 18–35.
Mirembe, O. K. (2005). Echanges transnationaux, réseaux informels et développement local Une étude au Nord-est de la République démocratique de Congo, Thèse présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de docteur en sciences sociales, Faculté des sciences économiques, sociales et politiques, Université Catholique de Louvain.
Mitchell, T. (1991). The limits of the state: Beyond statist approaches and their critics, in: The American Political Science Review, 85/1, pp. 77–96.
Mitchell, T. (2002). Rule of experts: Egypt, techno-politics, modernity, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Mitchell, T. (2004). The properties of markets: Informal housing and capitalism’s mystery, Cultural political economy, working paper no. 2, University of Lancaster: Institute for Advanced Studies in Social and Management Sciences.
Moore, S. F. (1978). Law and social change: The semi-autonomous social field as an appropriate subject of study, in: Law & Society Review, 7/4, pp. 719–46.
Mosse, D., and Lewis, D. (2006). Development brokers and translators: The ethnography of aid and agencies, Bloomfield: Kumarian.
Mudimbe, V. Y. (1997). Tales of faith: Religion as political performance in Central Africa, London and New Jersey: Athlone Press.
Ndaywel è Nziem, I. (1998a). Histoire générale du Congo: De l’héritage ancien à la République démocratique, Bruxelles et Paris: De Boeck et Larcier.
Ndaywel è Nziem, I. (1998b). Du Congo des rebellions au Zaïre des pillages, in: Cahiers d’études africaines, 38/2–4, pp. 417–39.
Nelson, J. E. (1992). Christian missionizing and social transformation: A history of conflict and change in Eastern Zaire, New York, Connecticut, London: Praeger.
Nest, M., Grignon, F., and Kisangani, E. (2007). The Democratic Republic of Congo: Economic dimensions of war and peace, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
NewburyD. S. (1980). Lake Kivu regional trade in the nineteenth century, in: Journal des africanistes, 50/2, pp. 7–30.
Nordstrom, C. (1997). A different kind of war story, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Nordstrom, C., and Robben, A. C. G. M. (1996). Fieldwork under fire: Contemporary studies of violence and survival, Berkely and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
North, D. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance, New York: Cambridge University Press.
North, D., Wallis, J. J., and Weingast, F. B. (2009). Violence and social orders: A conceptual framework for interpreting recorded human history, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Novak, P. (2011). The flexible territoriality of borders, in: Geopolitics, 16/4, pp. 741–67.
Nugent, P. (2002). Smugglers, secessionists and loyal citizens on the Ghana-Togo frontier: The lie of the borderlands since 1914, Oxford: James Currey.
Nugent, P. (2010) States and social contracts in Africa, in: New Left Review, 63, pp. 35–63.
Nugent, P., and Asiwaju, A. I., eds. (1996). African boundaries: Barriers, conduits and opportunities, Edinburgh: Centre of African Studies.
Oliver de Sardan, J.-P. (2008). Researching the practical norms of real governance in Africa, London: Overseas Development Institute.
O’Donnell, G., and Schmitter, S., eds. (1986). Transitions from authoritarian rule: Tentative conclusions about uncertain democracies, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Packard, R. M. (1987). Debating a common idiom: Variant traditions of genesis among the BaShu of Eastern Zaire, in Kopytoff, I., ed., The African frontier: The reproduction of traditional African societies, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, pp. 149–61.
Peemans, J.-P. (1997). Crise de modernisation et pratiques populaires au Zaire et en Afrique, Paris: L’Harmattan.
Perrot, S. (1999). Entrepreneurs de l’insécurité: La face cachée de l’armée ougandaise, in: Politique Africaine, 75, pp. 60–71.
Polanyi, L. (2001 [1944]). The great transformation: The political and economic origins of our time, Boston: Beacon Press.
Portes, A., and Landolt, P. (1996). Unsolved mysteries: The Tocqueville files II. The downside of social capital. In: Prospekt, 7/26, pp. 18–21.
Portes, A., and Sensenbrenner, J. (1993). Embeddedness and immigration: Notes on the social determinants of economic action, in: American Journal of Sociology, 98/6, pp. 1320–50.
Pottier, J., and Fairhead, J. (1991). Post-famine recovery in highland Bwisha-Zaire: 1984 in its context, in: Africa, 61/4, pp. 437–70.
Poulantzas, N. (2013). State, power, socialism, London: Verso Books.
Pratten, D. (2006). The politics of vigilance in Southeastern Nigeria, in: Development and Change, 37/4, pp. 707–34.
Probst, P., and Spittler, G., eds. (2004). Between resistance and expansion: Explorations of local vitality in Africa, Münster: LIT Verlag, 2004.
Prunier, G. (1983). Le magendo: Essai sur quelques aspects marginaux des échanges commerciaux en Afrique orientale, in: Politique Africaine, 9, pp. 53–62.
Prunier, G. (1999). L’Ouganda et les guerres congolaises, in: Politique Africaine, 75, pp. 43–59.
Prunier, G. (2009). From genocide to continental war: The ‘Congolese’ conflict and the crisis of contemporary Africa, London: Hurst.
Putzel, J. (2007). Governance challenges in post-war states: Security, democratic politics and economic management, London: Crisis States Research Centre (LSE).
Raeymaekers, T. (2004). Su contadini e uomini d’affari: L’economia reale del “Grande Nord”, in: Afriche e Orienti, VI/1–2, pp. 68–86.
Raeymaekers, T. (2007). The power of protection: Governance and transborder trade on the Congo-Ugandan frontier, Ph.D. thesis, University of Ghent.
Raeymaekers, T. (2008). Conflict and food security in Beni-Lubero, in: Alinovi, L., Hemrich, G., and Russo, L., ed., Beyond relief: Food security in protracted crises, Bourton on Dunsmore: Practical Action.
Raeymaekers, T. (2009a). The silent encroachment of the frontier: A politics of transborder trade in the Semliki Valley (Congo-Uganda), in: Political Geography, 28/1, pp. 55–65.
Raeymaekers, T. (2009b). Conflict and food security in Beni-Lubero: back to the future? in: Alinovi, L., Hemrich, G., and Russo, L., Beyond relief: Food security in protracted crisis, Bourton on Dunsmore: Practical Action.
Raeymaekers, T. (2010). Protection for sale? War and the transformation of regulation on the Congo-Ugandan border, in: Development and Change, 41/4, pp. 563–87.
Raeymaekers, T. (2012a). Reshaping the state in its margins: The state, the market and the subaltern on a Central African frontier, in: Critique of Anthropology, 32/3, pp. 334–50.
Raeymaekers, T. (2012b). Why history repeats itself in Eastern Congo, in: e-International Relations, 20 December.
Raeymaekers, T. (2013). Post-war conflict and the market for protection: The challenges to Congo’s hybrid peace, in: International Peacekeeping, 20/5, pp. 600–17.
Raeymaekers, T. (2014). The social geography of violent conflict, in: Bruck, T., Justino, P., and Verwimp, P., eds., Micro-level perspective on the dynamics of conflict, violence and development, Oxford and Malden, MA: Oxford University Press.
Raeymaekers, T., and Jourdan, L. (2009). Economic opportunities and local governance on an African frontier: The case of the Semliki Valley (Congo-Uganda), in: Journal of Eastern African Studies, 3/2, pp. 317–32.
Raeymaekers, T., and Vlassenroot, K., eds. (2008). Governance without government in Africa’s protracted crises, special issueAfrika Focus, 21/2, pp. 39–52.
Reed, O. L. (2004). What is ‘property’? in: American Business Law Journal, 41/4, pp. 459–501.
Reid, R. J. (2011). Frontiers of violence in North-East Africa, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Remotti, F. (1993). Etnografia Nande, Turin: Il Segnalibro.
Reno, W. (1997). Sovereignty and personal rule in Zaire, in: African Studies Quarterly, 1/3, 39–64.
Reno, W. (1998). Warlord politics and African states, Boulder, CO, and London: Lynne Rienner.
Reno, W. (2000). War, debt and the role of pretending in Uganda’s international relations, Occasional Paper: Centre of African Studies, University of Copenhagen.
Reno, W. (2002). The politics of insurgency in collapsing states, in: Development and Change, 33/5, pp. 837–58.
Reno, W. (2003). Sovereign predators and non-state armed group protectors? Paper presented at the conference “Curbing Human Rights Violations of Armed Groups,” University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, 14–15 November.
Reno, W. (2004). Order and commerce in turbulent areas: 19th century lessons, 21st century practice, in: Third World Quarterly, 25/4, pp. 607–25.
Reno, W. (2006). Congo: from state collapse to ‘absolutism’, to state failure, in: Third World Quarterly, 27/1, pp. 43–56.
Reno, W. (2011). Warfare in independent Africa, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Reyntjens, F. (2010). The great African war: Congo and regional geopolitics, 1996–2006, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Richards, P. (1996). Fighting for the rain forest: War, youth & resources in Sierra Leone, Oxford: James Currey.
Richards, P. (2005). New war: An ethnographic approach, in: Richards, P., ed., No peace, no war: An anthropology of contemporary armed conflicts, Oxford: James Currey.
Richards, P., and Chauveau, J.-P. (2007). Land, agricultural change and conflict in West Africa: Regional issues from Sierra Leone, Liberia and Cote d’Ivoire, Issy-Les-Moilneaux: CSAO/SWAC.
Rodgers, D. (2009). Slum wars of the 21st century, in: Development and Change, 40/5: 949–976.
Roitman, J. (1990). The politics of informal markets in Sub-Saharan Africa, in: Journal of Modern African Studies, 28/4, pp. 671–96.
Roitman, J. (1998). The garrison-entrepôt, in: Cahiers d’études africaines, 150–152, XXXVIII/4/2, pp. 297–329.
Roitman, J. (2001). New sovereigns? Regulatory authority in the Chad Basin, in: Callaghy, T., Kassimir, R., and Latham, R. eds., Intervention and transnationalism in Africa: Global-local networks of power, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Roitman, J. (2005). Fiscal disobedience: An anthropology of economic regulation in Central Africa, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Roitman, J. (2014). Anti-crisis, Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press.
Rose, N. (1999). Powers of freedom: Reframing political thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rose, N., and Miller, P. (1992). Political power beyond the state: Problematics of government, in: British Journal of Sociology, 43/2, pp. 173–205.
Rosenau, J. N., and E. Czempiel, eds. (1992). Governance without government: Order and change in world politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rothchild, D., and Chazan, N. (1988). The precarious balance: State and society in Africa, Boulder, CO, and London: Westview Press.
Ruggie, J. G. (1993). Territoriality and beyond: Problematizing modernity in international relations, in: International Organization, 47/1, pp. 139–74.
Santino, U. (2006). Dalla mafia alle mafie: Scienze sociali e crimine organizzato, Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino Editore.
Sarata, P. B. (2002). L’industrialisation de la ville de Butembo: un dynamisme freiné par les guerres dites de libération, in: Parcours et Initiatives, 1, pp. 36–53.
Saviano, R. (2006). Gomorra: Viaggio nell’impero economico e nel sogno di dominio della camorra, Rome: Mondadori.
Schatzberg, M. G. (1988). The dialectics of oppression in Zaire, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Schlichte, K. (2009). In the shadow of violence: The politics of armed groups, Frankfurt and New York: Campus Verlag.
Schoepf, B. G., and Schoepf, C. (1987). Food crisis and agrarian change in the Eastern highlands of Zaire, in: Urban Anthropology, 16/1, pp. 5–37.
Sciarrone, R. (1998). Mafie vecchie, mafie nuove: Radicamento ed espansione, Rome: Donzelli Editore.
Scott, J. C. (1990). Domination and the arts of resistance: Hidden transcripts, New Haven: Yale University Press.
Scott, J. C. (1998). Seeing like a state: How certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed, New Haven (CT): Yale University Press.
Scott, J. C. (2009). The art of not being governed: An anarchist history of upland Southeast Asia, New Haven: Yale University Press.
Sharma, A., and Gupta, A., eds. (2010). The anthropology of the state, London: Blackwell.
Shaw, T. (2002). The middlemen: War supply networks in Sierra Leone and Angola, The Hague: Clingendael Institute.
Simone, A. (2004). For the city yet to come: Changing African life in four cities, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Snyder, R. (2006). Does lootable wealth breed disorder? A political economy of extraction framework, in: Comparative Political Studies, 39/8, pp. 943–68.
Somers, M. (2005). Beware trojan horses bearing social capital: How privatization turned solidarity into a bowling team, in: Steinmetz, G., ed., The politics of method in the human sciences: Positivism and its epistemological others, Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press.
Springer, S. (2012). Anarchism! What geography still ought to be, in: Antipode, 44/5, pp. 1605–24.
Stearns, J. (2011). Dancing in the glory of monsters: The collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa, New York: Public Affairs.
Stedman, S. J. (1997). Spoiler problems in peace processes, in: International Security, 22/2, pp. 5–53.
Strazzari, F., and Kamphuis, B. (2012). Hybrid economies and statebuilding: On the resilience of the extralegal, in: Global Governance, 18, pp. 57–72.
Swyngedouw, E. (1997). Neither global nor local: ‘Glocalization’ and the politics of scale, in: Cox, K. ed., Spaces of globalization: Reasserting the power of the local, New York: The Guilford Press.
Szakolczai, A. (2009). Liminality and experience: Structuring transitory situations and transformative events, in: International Political Anthropology, 2/1, pp. 141–72.
Taussig, M. (1984). Culture of terror, space of death: Roger Casement’s Putumayo report and the explanation of torture, in: Comparative Studies in Society and History, 26/3, pp. 467–97.
Tegera, A., and Johnson, D. (2007). Rules for sale: Formal and informal cross- border trade in Eastern DRC, Goma: Pole Institute.
The Economist (2003). Oasis of hope: A Congolese town that actually works, The Economist, 4 December 2003.
Thomassen, B. (2009). The uses and meanings of liminality, in: International Political Anthropology, 2/1, pp. 5–27.
Thrift, N. (1996). Spatial formations, London: Sage.
Tilly, C. (1974). Foreword, in: Blok, A., The mafia of a Sicilian village, 1860–1960: A study of violent peasant entrepreneurs, New York, Hagerstown, San Francisco, and London: Harper & Row.
Tilly, C. (1985). War making and state making as organized crime. In Evans, P., et al. eds., Bringing the state back in, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Titeca, K. (2006). Les OPEC boys en Ouganda, trafiquants de pétrole et acteurs politiques, in: Politique Africaine, 103, pp. 143–59.
Titeca, K. (2012). Tycoons and contraband: Informal cross-border trade in West Nile, north-western Uganda, in: Journal of Eastern African Studies, 6/1, 47–63.
Titeca, K., and De Herdt, T. (2010). Regulation, cross border trade and practical norms in West Nile, Northwestern Uganda, in: Africa, 80/4, pp. 573–94.
Titeca, K., and De Herdt, T. (2011). Real governance beyond the ‘failed state’: Negotiating education in the Democratic Republic of Congo, in: African Affairs, 110/439, pp. 213–31.
Titeca, K., and Schomerus, M. (2012). Deals and dealings: Inconclusive peace and treacherous trade along the South Sudan-Uganda border, in: Africa Spectrum, 47/2–3, pp. 5–31.
Trefon, T. (2002). The political economy of sacrifice: Kinois and the state, in: Review of African Political Economy, 29/93, pp. 481–98.
Trefon, T. (2004). Reinventing order in the Congo: How people respond to state failure in Kinshasa, London: Zed Books.
Trefon, T. (2009). Public service provision in a failed state: Looking beyond predation in the Democratic Republic of Congo, in: Review of African Political Economy, 36/119, pp. 9–21.
Trefon, T., and Petit, P., eds. (2006). Expériences de recherche en République Démocratique du Congo, méthodes et contexte, in: Civilisations, LIV/1–2. (special issue), pp. 9–254.
Tull, D. (2005). The reconfiguration of political order in Africa: A case of North Kivu (DR Congo), Hamburg: Institute of African Affairs.
Turner, T. (2007). The Congo wars: Conflict, myth and reality, London and New York: Zed Books.
Turner, V. (1974). Dramas, fields, metaphors: Symbolic action in human society, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) (2007). The informal cross-border trade survey report 2006, Kampala: UBOS and Bank of Uganda.
Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) (2008). The informal cross-border trade survey report 2007, Kampala: UBOS and Bank of Uganda.
United Nations (2001). Report of the UN panel of experts on the illegal exploitation of natural resources and other forms of wealth in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 12 April, New York: United Nations.
Utas, M. (2005). Victimcy, girlfriending, soldiering: Tactic agency in a young woman’s social navigation of the Liberian war zone, in: Anthropological Quarterly, 78/2, pp. 403–30.
Utas, M. (2012). African conflicts and informal power: Big Men and networks, London: Zed Books.
Van Damme, S. (2012). Commodities of war: communities speak out on the true cost of conflict in eastern DRC, Oxfam Briefing Paper 164, New York: Oxfam.
Van Gennep, A. (1960). The rites of passage, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Varese, F. (2001). The Russian mafia: Private protection in a new market economy, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Veit, A. (2011). Intervention as indirect rule: Civil war and statebuilding in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Frankfurt and New York: Campus Verlag.
Verweijen, J. (2013). Military business and the business of the military in the Kivus, in: Review of African Political Economy, 40/135, pp. 67–82.
Vigh, H. (2006). Navigating terrains of war: Youth and soldiering in Guinea-Bissau, Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Vigh, H. (2008). Crisis and chronicity: Anthropological perspectives on continuous conflict and decline, Ethnos, 73/1, 5–24.
Vigh, H. (2009). Motion squared: A second look at the concept of social navigation, in: Anthropological Theory, 9/4, pp. 419–38.
Vlassenroot, K. (2002). The making of a new order: Dynamics of conflict and dialectics of war in South Kivu (DR Congo), Ph.D. thesis, University of Ghent.
Vlassenroot, K., and Büscher, K. (2009). The city as frontier: Urban development and identity processes in Goma, London: Crisis States Research Centre (LSE).
Vlassenroot, K., and Huggins, C. (2005). Land, migration and conflict, in: Huggins, C., and Clover, J., eds., From the ground up: Land rights, conflict and peace in Sub-Saharan Africa, Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies, pp. 115–94.
Vlassenroot, K., and Raeymaekers, T. (2004a). The politics of rebellion and intervention in Ituri: The emergence of a new political complex ? in: African Affairs, 103/412, pp. 385–412.
Vlassenroot, K., and Raeymaekers, T., (2004b). Conflict and social transformation in Eastern DR Congo, Gent: Academia Press.
Vlassenroot, K., and Raeymaekers, T., (2005). ‘Divisez par deux’: Conflict and artisan mining in Kamituga (South Kivu), in: Reyntjens, F., and Marysse, S., L’Afrique des Grands Lacs: annuaire 2004–2005, Paris: L’Harmattan.
Vlassenroot, K., and Raeymaekers, T., (2009). Kivu’s intractable security conundrum, in: African Affairs, 108/432, pp. 475–84.
Vlassenroot, K., Perrot, S., and Cuvelier, J. (2012). Doing business out of war: An analysis of the UPDF’s presence in the Democratic Republic of Congo, in: Journal of Eastern African Studies, 6/1, pp. 2–21.
Volkov, V. (2002). Violent entrepreneurs: The use of force in the making of Russian capitalism, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
von Trotha, T. (2001). Die Zukunft liegt in Afrika: Vom Zerfall des Staates, von der Vorherrschaft der Konzentrischen Ordnung and vom Aufstieg Parastaatlichkeit, in: Leviathan, 28/2, pp. 254–79.
Vwakyanakazi, M. (1982). African traders in Butembo, Eastern Zaire (1960–1980): A case study of informal entrepreneurship in a cultural context of Central Africa, PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin–Madison.
Vwakyanakazi, M. (1987). Import and export in the second economy in North Kivu, in: MacGaffey, J., ed. (1991). The real economy of Zaire: The contribution of smuggling and other unofficial activities to national wealth, London: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Wacquant, L. (1997). Three pernicious premises in the study of the American ghetto, in: International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 21/2, pp. 341–53.
Watts, M. (2001). Violent geographies: Speaking the unspeakable and the politics of space, in: City & Society, XIII (1), pp. 85–117.
Watts, M. (2004a). The sinister political life of community: Economies of violence and governable spaces in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, Berkeley, CA: University of California Institute of International Studies.
Watts, M. (2004b). Antinomies of community: Some thoughts on geography, resources and empire, in: Transactions, 29/2, pp. 195–216.
Watts, M., and Peluso, N. L., eds. (2001). Violent environments, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Weber, M. (1958). The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism (translated by Talcott Parsons), New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Weinstein, J. (2003). Inside rebellion: The political economy of rebel organization, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
Willame, J. C. (1972). Patrimonialism and political change in the Congo, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Willame, J. C. (1992). L’automne d’un despotisme: Pouvoir, argent et obéissance dans le Zaire des années quatre-vingt, Paris: Karthala.
Wolf, E. R. (1966). Peasants, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Wolf, E. R. (1982). Europe and the people without history, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press.
Woolcock, M. (1998). Social capital and economic development: Toward a theoretical synthesis and policy framework, in: Theory and Society, 27/2, pp. 151–208.
Woolcock, M., and Narayan, D. (2000). Social capital: Implications for development theory, research and policy, in: The World Bank Research Observer, 15/2, pp. 225–49.
Wrong, M. (2000). In the footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the brink of disaster in the Congo, London: Fourth Estate.
Young, C. (1965). Politics in the Congo: Decolonization and independence, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Young, C. (2004). The end of the post-colonial state in Africa? Reflexions on changing African political dynamics, in: African Affairs, 103/410, pp. 23–49.
Zeller, W. (2009). Danger and opportunity in Katima Mulilo: A Namibian border boomtown at transnational crossroads, in: Journal of Southern African Studies, 35/1, pp. 133–54.
Zeller, W. (2013). Get it while you can: governance between wars in the Uganda-South Sudan Borderland, in: Korf, B., and Raeymaekers, T., eds., Violence on the margins: State, conflict and borderlands, New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
Zolberg, A. R. (1966). A view from the Congo, in: World Politics, 19/1, pp. 137–47 and 49.
