Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-skm99 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T10:27:39.964Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 October 2020

Nathan P. Kalmoe
Affiliation:
Louisiana State University
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
With Ballots and Bullets
Partisanship and Violence in the American Civil War
, pp. 249 - 266
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramowitz, Alan I., and Webster, Steven. 2018. Negative partisanship: why Americans dislike parties but behave like rabid partisans. Advances in Political Psychology, 39(1), 119135.Google Scholar
Acharya, Avidit, Blackwell, Matthew, and Sen, Maya. 2018. Deep Roots. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Achen, Christopher H., and Bartels, Larry M.. 2016. Democracy for Realists. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahler, Douglas, J., and Sood, Guarav. 2018. The parties in our heads: Misperceptions about party composition and their consequences. Journal of Politics, 80(3), 964981.Google Scholar
Albertson, Bethany, and Gadarian, Shana Kushner. 2015. Anxious Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Aldrich, John H. 1995. Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Aldrich, John H., Jillson, Calvin, and Wilson, Rick K.. 2002. Why Congress: what the failure of the Continental and the survival of the federal Congress tell us about the New Institutionalism. In Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress, ed. Brady, D. and McCubbins., M. D. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Alexander, Thomas B. 1981. The Civil War as institutional fulfillment. Journal of Southern History, 47(1), 332.Google Scholar
Althaus, Scott L., Bramlett, Brittany H., and Gimpel., James G. 2012. When war hits home: the geography of military losses and support for war in time and space. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 56(3), 382412.Google Scholar
Althaus, Scott L., and Coe, Kevin. 2011. Priming patriots: social identity processes and the dynamics of public support for war. Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(1), 6588.Google Scholar
Althaus, Scott L., Swigger, Nathaniel, Chernykh, Svitlana, Hendry, David J., Sergio, C. Wals, and Tiwald, Christopher. 2014. Uplifting manhood to wonderful heights? News coverage of the human costs of military conflict from World War I to Gulf War Two. Political Communication, 31, 193217.Google Scholar
Anderson, Christopher J., Blais, Andre, Bowler, Shaun, Todd, Donovan, and Listhaug, Ola. 2005. Loser’s Consent. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, Craig A., and Bushman, Brad J.. 2002. Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 2751.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ansolabehere, Stephen, and Iyengar, Shanto. 1995. Going Negative. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Arceneaux, Kevin, and Nickerson, David. 2009. Who is mobilized to vote? A re-analysis of 11 field experiments. American Journal of Political Science, 53(1), 116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arceneaux, Kevin, and Johnson, Martin. 2013. Changing Minds or Changing Channels? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Astor, Aaron. October 9, 2011. The party spirit on trial. New York Times. https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/09/the-party-spirit-on-trial/Google Scholar
Axelrod, Robert. 1984. Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Azari, Julia. November 3, 2016. Weak parties and strong partisanship are a bad combination. Vox. www.vox.com/mischiefs-of-faction/2016/11/3/13512362/weak-parties-strong-partisanship-bad-combinationGoogle Scholar
Baker, Jean H. 1983. Affairs of Party. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Bandura, Albert, Barbaranelli, Claudio, Caprara, Gian Vittorio, and Pastorelli, Concetta. 1996. Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 71, 364374.Google Scholar
Banks, Antoine. 2016. Anger and Racial Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Barber, Michael, and Pope, Jeremy C.. 2019. Does party trump ideology? Disentangling party and ideology in America. American Political Science Review, 113(1), 3854.Google Scholar
Bargh, John A., and Chartrand, Tanya. 1999. The unbearable automaticity of being. American Psychologist, 54(7), 462479.Google Scholar
Bar-Tal, Daniel, Chrnyak-Hai, Lily, Schori, Noa, and Gundar, Ayelet. 2009. A sense of self-perceived collective victimhood in intractable conflicts. International Review of the Red Cross, 91(874), 229258.Google Scholar
Bartels, Larry M. 2002. Beyond the running tally: partisan bias in political perceptions. Political Behavior, 24(2), 117150.Google Scholar
Bauer, Nichole M. 2018. Untangling the relationship between partisanship, gender stereotypes, and support for female candidates. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 39(1), 125.Google Scholar
Bearss, Ed. 1986. The Civil War; Interview by Ken Burns, Florentine Films, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (WGBH and the Library of Congress), Boston, MA and Washington, DC, http://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_509-pk06w9749mGoogle Scholar
Beck, Paul A., Russell J., Dalton, Greene, Steven, and Huckfeldt, Robert. 2002. The social calculus of voting: interpersonal, media, and organizational influences on presidential choices. American Political Science Review, 96(1), 5773.Google Scholar
Bensel, Richard F. 1990. Yankee Leviathan. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bensel, Richard F. 2004. The American Ballot Box in the Mid-Nineteenth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Benton, Josiah H. 1915. Voting in the Field. Boston: printed by the author.Google Scholar
Berinsky, Adam J. 2009. In Time of War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Berlin, Ira, Reidy, Joseph P., and Rowland, Leslie S.. 1998. Freedom’s Soldiers. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Blackmon, Douglas A. 2008. Slavery by Another Name. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Blattman, Christopher. 2009. Comparative violence. From violence to voting: war and political participation in Uganda. American Political Science Review, 103(2), 231247.Google Scholar
Blight, David W. 2001. Race and Reunion. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bond, Robert M., Fariss, Christopher J., Jones, Jason J., Kramer, Adam D. I., Marlow, Cameron, Settle, Jaime E., and Fowler, James H.. 2012. A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political mobilization. Nature, 489(7415).Google Scholar
Box-Steffensmeier, Janet, De Boef, Suzanna, and Lin, Tse-min. 2004. The dynamics of the partisan gender gap. American Political Science Review, 98(3), 515528.Google Scholar
Boydstun, Amber E., Glazier, Rebecca A., and Pietryka, Matthew T.. 2013. Playing to the crowd: agenda control in presidential debates. Political Communication, 30(2), 254277.Google Scholar
Brader, Ted, and Marcus, George E.. 2013. Emotion and political psychology. In The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, ed. Huddy, L., Sears, D. O., and Levy, J. S.. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brader, Ted, and Tucker, Joshua A.. 2001. The emergence of mass partisanship in Russia, 1993–1996. American Journal of Political Science, 45(1), 6983.Google Scholar
Brader, Ted, and Tucker, Joshua A.. 2008. Pathways to partisanship: evidence from Russia. Post-Soviet Affairs, 24(3), 138.Google Scholar
Brader, Ted, and Valentino, Nicholas A.. 2007. Identities, interests, and emotions: symbolic versus material wellsprings of fear, anger, and enthusiasm. In The Affect Effect: The Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior, ed. Neuman, W. Russell, Marcus, George E., Crigler, Ann N., and MacKuen, Michael. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 180201.Google Scholar
Bratton, Michael. 2008. Vote buying and violence in Nigerian election campaigns. Electoral Studies, 27(4), 621632.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broockman, David, and Kalla., Joshua 2016. Durably reducing transphobia: a field experiment on door-to-door canvassing. Science, 352(6282), 220224.Google Scholar
Burlingame, Michael, and Ettlinger, John R. Turner, eds. 1999 . Inside Lincoln’s White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Burnham, Walter D. 1955. Presidential Ballots, 1836–1892. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press.Google Scholar
Burns, Nancy, Schlozman, Kay, and Verba, Sidney. 2001. The Private Roots of Public Action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cain, B., Ferejohn, J., and Fiorina, Morris. 1987. The Personal Vote: Constituency Service and Electoral Independence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Campbell, Angus, Converse, Philip E., Miller, Warren, and Stokes, Donald. 1960. The American Voter. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Campbell, Rosie, and Crowley, Philip. 2014. What voters want: reactions to candidate characteristics in a survey experiment. Political Studies, 62, 745765.Google Scholar
Carmines, Edward G., and Stimson, James A.. 1989. Issue Evolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Carpenter, Daniel, and Moore, Colin D.. 2014. When canvassers became activists. American Political Science Review, 108(3), 479498.Google Scholar
Carson, Jamie L., Jenkins, Jeffrey A., Rohde, David W., and Souva, Mark A.. 2001. The impact of national tides and district-level effects on electoral outcomes: the U.S. congressional elections of 1862–1863. American Journal of Political Science, 45(4), 887898.Google Scholar
Cassese, Erin C. 2019. Partisan dehumanization in American politics. Political Behavior, First Online.Google Scholar
Cassese, Erin C., and Holman, Mirya. 2019. Playing the woman card: ambivalent sexism in the 2016 U.S. presidential race. Political Psychology, 40(1), 5574.Google Scholar
CBS News. June 1, 2017. Several threats made against Trump per day: Secret Service director. CBS News. www.cbsnews.com/news/several-threats-made-against-president-trump-secret-service-director-randolph-alles/Google Scholar
Chen, M. Keith, and Rohla, Ryne. 2018. The effect of partisanship and political advertising on close family ties. Science, 360(6392), 10201024.Google Scholar
Cho, Wendy, Tam, James G. Gimpel, , and Hui, Iris S.. 2013. Voter migration and the geographical sorting of the American electorate. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103, 856870.Google Scholar
Chong, Dennis, and Druckman, James N.. 2013. Counterframing effects. Journal of Politics, 75(1), 116.Google Scholar
CNN Opinion Research. Aprril 12, 2011. CNN opinion research poll. http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/2011/images/04/11/rel6b.pdfGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Marty, Karol, David, Noel, Hans, and Zaller., John 2008. The Party Decides. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Collier, Paul, and Hoeffler, Anke. 2004. Greed & grievance civil wars. Oxford Economic Papers, 56, 563595.Google Scholar
Collier, Paul, and Vicente, Pedro C.. 2014. Votes and violence: evidence from a field experiment in Nigeria. Economic Journal, 124, F327F355.Google Scholar
Connors, Elizabeth C. 2019. The social dimension of political values. Political Behavior. First View.Google Scholar
Converse, Philip E. 1964. The nature of belief systems in mass publics. In Ideology & Discontent, ed. Apter, David E.. New York: Free Press of Glencoe.Google Scholar
Converse, Philip E. 1969. Of time and partisan stability. Comparative Political Studies, 2(2), 139171.Google Scholar
Converse, Philip E. 2000. Assessing the capacity of mass electorates. Annual Review of Political Science, 3, 331353.Google Scholar
Converse, Philip E., and Pierce, Roy. 1985. Measuring partisanship. Political Methodology, 11, 3–4, 143166.Google Scholar
Corcoran, Paul E. 1994. Presidential concession speeches: the rhetoric of defeat. Political Communication, 11, 109131.Google Scholar
Corder, Kevin, and Wolbrecht, Christina. 2016. Counting Women’s Ballots. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Costa, Dora L., and Kahn, Matthew E.. 2008. Heroes and Cowards. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Cramer, Katherine J. 2016. The Politics of Resentment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Cubbison, William, and White, Ismail K.. 2016. Saved from a second slavery: black voter registration in Louisiana from Reconstruction to the Voting Rights Act. Working Paper. http://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/3a8c0a_0991c16bf3864af991fd67ddc44978c6.pdfGoogle Scholar
Dade, Corey. January 9, 2011. Shooting fallout: political rhetoric takes the heat. NPR. www.npr.org/2011/01/10/132784957/shooting-fallout-political-rhetoric-takes-the-heatGoogle Scholar
Dahl, Robert A. 1956. A Preface to Democratic Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Darmofal, David, and Strickler, Ryan. 2019. Demography, Politics, and Partisan Polarization in the United States, 1828–2016. Dordrecht: Springer.Google Scholar
Darr, Joshua P., and Levendusky, Matthew S.. 2014. Relying on the ground game: the placement and effect of campaign field offices. American Politics Research, 42(3), 529548. doi:10.1177/1532673X13500520Google Scholar
Dawson, Michael. 1992. Behind the Mule. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Dean, Eric T. Jr. 1999. Shook over Hell. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Dearing, Mary R. 1952. Veterans in Politics. Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Dicken-Garcia, H. 1998. The popular press, 1833–1865. In The Age of Mass Communication, ed. Sloan, W. D.. Northport: Vision Press.Google Scholar
Donald, David. 1995. Lincoln. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Donovan, Kathleen, Kellstedt, Paul M., Kay, Ellen M., and Lebo, Matthew J.. 2019. Motivated reasoning, public opinion, and presidential approval. Political Behavior. First View.Google Scholar
Druckman, James N., Peterson, Erik, and Slothuus, Rune. 2013. How elite partisan polarization affects public opinion formation. American Political Science Review, 107(1), 5779.Google Scholar
Druckman, James N., and Nelson, Kjersten R.. 2003. Framing and deliberation: how citizens' conversations limit elite influence. American Journal of Political Science, 47(4), 729745.Google Scholar
Druckman, James N., Levendusky, Matthew S., and McLain, Audrey. 2018. No need to watch: how the effects of partisan media can spread via interpersonal discussions. American Journal of Political Science 62 (1), 99112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubin, Michael J. 1998. United States Congressional Elections, 1788–1997.Google Scholar
Dubin, Michael J. 2003. United States Gubernatorial Elections, 1776–1860.Google Scholar
Du Bois, W. E. B. 1935. Black Reconstruction in America. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.Google Scholar
Dudley, William S. 1981. Going South: U.S. Navy Officer Resignations & Dismissals on the Eve of the Civil War. Washington, DC: Naval Historical Foundation.Google Scholar
Dunning, Thad. 2011. Fighting and voting: violent conflict and electoral politics. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 55(3), 327339.Google Scholar
Duverger, Maurice. 1963. Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State. New York: WileyGoogle Scholar
Dyer, Frederick. 1908. Compendium of the War of the Rebellion. Des Moines, IA: Dyer Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Earle, Jonathan H. 2004. Jacksonian Anti-slavery & the Politics of Free Soil, 1824–1854. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Edwards, Rebecca. 1997. Angels in the Machinery. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Erikson, Robert S., and Wlezien, Christopher 2012. Timeline of Presidential Voting. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Fair, C. Christine, Malhotra, Neil, and Shapiro, Jacob N.. 2014. Democratic values and support for militant politics: evidence from a national survey of Pakistan. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 58(5), 743770.Google Scholar
Faust, Drew Gilpin. 2008. This Republic of Suffering. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Faust, Drew Gilpin. November 15, 2013. 150 years after the Gettysburg Address, is government by the people in trouble? Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/150-years-after-the-gettysburg-address-is-government-by-the-people-in-trouble/2013/11/15/b37841f0-4bdf-11e3-be6b-d3d28122e6d4_story.htmlGoogle Scholar
Fearon, James D., and Laitin., David D. 2003. Ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war. American Political Science Review, 97(1), 7590.Google Scholar
Fehrenbacher, Don E. 1989. Lincoln, Speeches & Writings, Vol. 2. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Feldman, Stanley, Huddy, Leonie, and Marcus, George E.. 2015. Going to War in Iraq: When Citizens and the Press Matter. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Finifter, Ada. 1974. The friendship group as a protective environment for political deviants. American Political Science Review, 68(2), 607625.Google Scholar
Fiorina, Morris P. 1981. Retrospective Voting in American National Elections. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Fisher, Noel C. 1997. War at Every Door: Partisan Politics & Guerilla Violence in East Tennessee, 1860–1869. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Foner, Eric. 1988. Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Foner, Eric. 1995 [1970]. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Foner, Eric. 2011. The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Foner, Eric. November 22, 2018. The great national circus, review of The Field of Blood by Joanne Freeman. London Review of Books.Google Scholar
Frank, Joseph A. 1998. With Ballot and Bayonet. Athens: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Freeder, Sean, Lenz, Gabriel S., and Turney, Shad. 2019. The importance of knowing “what goes with what”: reinterpreting the evidence on policy attitude stability. Journal of Politics, 81(1), 274290.Google Scholar
Freeman, Joanne. 2018. Field of Blood. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Gallagher, Gary. 2011. The Union War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gartner, Scott S. 2008. The multiple effects of casualties on public support for war: an experimental approach. American Political Science Review, 102(1), 95106.Google Scholar
Gartner, Scott S., and Segura, Gary M.. 1998. War, casualties, and public opinion. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 42, 278300.Google Scholar
Gartner, Scott S., Segura, Gary M., and Barrett, Bethany A.. 2004. War casualties, policy positions and the fate of legislators. Political Research Quarterly, 53(3), 467477.Google Scholar
Gartner, Scott S., Segura, Gary M., and Wilkening, Michael. 1997. All politics are local: local losses and individual attitudes toward the Vietnam War. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(5), 669694.Google Scholar
Gates, Henry Louis Jr. 2019. Stony the Road: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow. New York: Penguin Press.Google Scholar
Gay, Claudine. 2004. Putting race in context: identifying the environmental determinants of black racial attitudes. American Political Science Review, 98(4), 547562.Google Scholar
Gelman, Andrew, and King., Gary 1993. Why are American presidential election campaign polls so variable when votes are so predictable? British Journal of Political Science, 23(4), 409451.Google Scholar
Gelpi, Christopher, Feaver, Peter D., and Reifler, Jason. 2006. Success matters: casualty sensitivity and the war in Iraq. International Security, 30(3), 746.Google Scholar
Gerber, Alan S., and Green, Donald P.. 2000. The effects of canvassing, telephone calls, and direct mail on voter turnout: a field experiment. American Political Science Review, 94(3), 653663.Google Scholar
Gerber, Alan S., Gimpel, James G., Green, Donald P., & Shaw, Daron R.. 2011. How large and long-lasting are the persuasive effects of televised campaign ads? Results from a randomized field experiment. American Political Science Review, 105(1), 135150.Google Scholar
Gerring, John. 1998. Party Ideologies in America, 1828–1996. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Giesberg, Judith. 2009. Army at Home. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Ginges, J., Atran, S., Medin, D., and Shikaki, K.. 2007. Sacred bounds on rational resolution of violent political conflict. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(18), 73577360.Google Scholar
Goodwin, Doris Kearns. 2005. Team of Rivals. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Goren, Paul. 2005. Party identification and core political values. American Journal of Political Science, 49(4), 881896.Google Scholar
Graham, Hugh D., and Gurr, Ted R.. 1979. Violence in America: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, 2nd ed. Beverly Hills: Sage Press.Google Scholar
Green, Donald, Palmquist, Bradley, and Schickler, Eric. 2002. Partisan Hearts and Minds. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Greene, Steven. 2004. Social identity theory and political identification. Social Science Quarterly, 85 (1), 138153.Google Scholar
Grimsted, David. 1998. American Mobbing, 1828–1861: Toward Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Grinspan, Jon. 2009. “Young men for war”: the Wide Awakes and Lincoln’s 1860 presidential campaign. Journal of American History, 96, 357378.Google Scholar
Groenendyk, Eric W. 2013. Competing Motives in the Partisan Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Grose, Christian R., and Oppenheimer., Bruce I. 2007. The Iraq War, partisanship, and candidate attributes: variation in partisan swing in the 2006 U. S. House elections. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 32(4), 531557.Google Scholar
Gubler, Joshua R., and Selway, Joel Sawat. 2012. Horizontal inequality, crosscutting cleavages, and Civil War. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 56(2), 206232.Google Scholar
Guess, Andrew, and Coppock, Alexander. 2018. Does counter-attitudinal information cause backlash? Results from three large survey experiments. British Journal of Political Science, 1–19. First View.Google Scholar
Hacker, J. David. 2011. A Census-based count of the Civil War dead. Civil War History, 57(4), 307348.Google Scholar
Hafner-Burton, Emilie M., Hyde, Susan D., and Jablonski, Ryan S.. 2014. When do governments resort to election violence? British Journal of Political Science, 44(1), 149179.Google Scholar
Harish, S. P., and Little, Andrew T.. 2017. The political violence cycle. American Political Science Review, 111(2), 237255.Google Scholar
Halperin, Eran, Russell, Alexandra G., Trzesniewski, Kali H., Gross, James J., and Dweck, Carol S.. 2011. Promoting the Middle East peace process by changing beliefs about group malleability. Science, 333(6050), 17671769.Google Scholar
Hetherington, Marc J. 2001. Resurgent mass partisanship: the role of elite polarization. American Political Science Review, 95(3), 619613.Google Scholar
Hewstone, Miles, Rubin, Mark, and Willis, Hazel. 2002. Intergroup bias. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 575604.Google Scholar
Hillygus, Sunshine D. 2005. Campaign effects and the dynamics of turnout intention in election 2000. Journal of Politics, 67(1), 5068.Google Scholar
Hochschild, Jennifer. 2001. Where you stand depends on what you see: connections among values, perceptions of facts, and political prescriptions. In Citizens and Politics, ed. Kuklinski, James H.. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 313340.Google Scholar
Höglund, Kristine. 2009 . Electoral violence in conflict-ridden societies: concepts, causes, and consequences. Terrorism and Political Violence, 21(3), 412427.Google Scholar
Holt, Michael F. 1978. The Political Crisis of the 1850s. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Holzer, Harold. 2014. Lincoln and the Press. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Hopkins, Daniel J. 2018. The Increasingly United States: How and Why American Political Behavior Nationalized. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Donald L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Michael C., and Levendusky, Matthew S.. 2011. Drafting support for war: conscription and mass support for warfare. Journal of Politics, 73(2), 524534.Google Scholar
Huber, Gregory A., and Arceneaux, Kevin. 2009. Identifying the persuasive effects of presidential advertising. American Journal of Political Science, 51(4), 957977.Google Scholar
Huckfeldt, Robert, Johnson, Paul E., and Sprague, John. 2006. Political Disagreement. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Huddy, Leonie. 2001. From social to political identity: a critical examination of social identity theory. Political Psychology, 22, 127156.Google Scholar
Huddy, Leonie, Bankert, Alexa, and Davies, Caitlin. 2018. Expressive versus instrumental partisanship in multiparty European systems. Political Psychology, 22, 127156.Google Scholar
Huddy, Leonie, Mason, Lilliana, and Aaroe, Lene. 2015. Expressive partisanship: campaign involvement, political emotion, and partisan identity. American Political Science Review, 109(2), 117.Google Scholar
Huddy, Leonie, Feldman, Stanley, and Cassese, Erin. 2007. On the distinct political effects of anxiety and anger. In The Affect Effect: Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior, ed. Neuman, W. Russell, Marcus, George E., MacKuen, Michael, and Crigler, Ann. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 202230.Google Scholar
Humphreys, McCartan, and Weinstein., Jeremy M. 2008. Who fights? The determinants of participation in civil war. American Journal of Political Science, 52(2), 436455.Google Scholar
Hutchings, Vincent H., and Valentino, Nicholas A.. 2004. The centrality of race in American politics. Annual Review of Political Science, 7, 383408.Google Scholar
Ingber, Sasha. February 19, 2019. Publisher of an Alabama newspaper calls for the KKK to “clean out” Washington. NPR. www.npr.org/2019/02/19/695903336/publisher-of-an-alabama-newspaper-calls-for-the-kkk-to-clean-out-washingtonGoogle Scholar
Imai, Kosuke, and King, Gary. 2004. Did illegal overseas absentee ballots decide the 2000 U.S. presidential election? Perspectives on Politics, 2, 537549.Google Scholar
Ipsos. August 22, 2017. Reuters/Ipsos data: Confederate monuments. www.ipsos.com/en-us/news-polls/reuters-ipsos-confederate-monuments-2017-08-22Google Scholar
Ipsos. May 16, 2019. Peaceful handover of power, respecting elections cornerstones of American democracy. www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2019-05/ipsos-uva_democracy_poll_topline_051419_0.pdfGoogle Scholar
Iqbal, Zaryab, and Zorn, Christopher. 2006. Sic semper tyrannis? Power, repression, and assassination since the Second World War. Journal of Politics, 68(3), 489501.Google Scholar
Iyengar, Shanto, and Simon, Adam. 1993. News coverage of the gulf crisis and public opinion: a study of agenda-setting, priming, and framing. Communication Research, 20(3), 365383.Google Scholar
Iyengar, Shanto, and Westwood, Sean J.. 2015. Fear and Loathing across party lines: new evidence on group polarization. American Journal of Political Science 59(3), 690707.Google Scholar
Iyengar, Shanto, Lelkes, Yphtach, Levendusky, Matthew, Malhotra, Neil, and Westwood, Sean. 2019. The origins and consequences of affective polarization in the United States. Annual Review of Political Science, 22, 7.17.18.Google Scholar
Jardina, Ashley. 2019. White Identity Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jefferson, Hakeem. 2019. Policing norms: punishment and the politics of respectability among black Americans. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Jennings, M. Kent, Stoker, Laura, and Bowers, Jake. 2009. Politics across generations: family transmission reexamined. Journal of Politics, 71(3), 782799.Google Scholar
Jimerson, Randall C. 1988. The Private Civil War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar
Jones, Philip Edward. 2019. Partisanship, political awareness, and retrospective evaluations, 1956–2016. Political Behavior, Online First.Google Scholar
Kallina, Edmund F. 1985. Was the 1960 presidential election stolen? The case of Illinois. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 15(1), 113118.Google Scholar
Kalmoe, Nathan P. 2014. Fueling the fire: violent metaphors, trait aggression, and support for political violence. Political Communication, 31, 545563.Google Scholar
Kalmoe, Nathan P. 2015. Trait aggression in two representative U.S. surveys: testing the generalizability of college samples. Aggressive Behavior, 41, 171188. doi:10.1002/ab.21547Google Scholar
Kalmoe, Nathan P. 2017. Legitimizing partisan violence. Midwest Political Science Association conference paper. www.dropbox.com/s/olwz6jso16rg0ip/Kalmoe%20-%20Legitimizing%20Partisan%20Violence.pdf?dl=0Google Scholar
Kalmoe, Nathan P., and Mason, Lilliana. 2018. Lethal mass partisanship. APSA conference paper. www.dropbox.com/s/bs618kn939gq0de/Kalmoe%20%26%20Mason%20APSA%202018%20-%20Lethal%20Mass%20Partisanship.pdf?dl=0Google Scholar
Kalmoe, Nathan P., and Piston, Spencer 2013. Is implicit racial prejudice against blacks politically consequential? Public Opinion Quarterly, 77(1), 305322.Google Scholar
Kalyvas, Stathis. 2001. “New” and “old” civil wars: a valid distinction? World Politics, 54(1), 99118.Google Scholar
Kalyvas, Stathis. 2006. The Logic of Violence in Civil Wars. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kam, Cindy D. 2005. Who toes the line? Cues, values, and individual differences. Political Behavior, 27(2), 163182.Google Scholar
Karol, David, and Miguel, Edward. 2007. The electoral cost of war: Iraq casualties and the 2004 U.S. presidential election. Journal of Politics, 69(3), 633648.Google Scholar
Karpowitz, Christopher F., and Mendelberg, Tali. 2014. The Silent Sex: Gender, Deliberation, and Institutions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Karpowitz, Christopher F., Quin Monson, J., and Preece, Jessica. 2017. How to elect more women: gender and candidate success in a field experiment. American Journal of Political Science, 61(4), 927943.Google Scholar
Keith, Bruce E., Magleby, David B., Nelson, Candice J., Orr, Elizabeth, Westyle, Mark C., and Wolfinger, Raymond E.. 1986. The partisan affinities of Independent “leaners.British Journal of Political Science, 16(2), 155185.Google Scholar
Key, Vladimir O. 1949. Southern Politics in State and Nation. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.Google Scholar
Kinder, Donald R. 2003. Belief systems after Converse. In Electoral Democracy, ed. MacKuen, Michael B. and Rabinowitz, George. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Kinder, Donald R., and Kam, Cindy D.. 2010. Us against Them. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kinder, Donald R., and Sanders, Lynn M.. 1996. Divided by Color. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kinder, Donald R., and Kalmoe, Nathan P.. 2017. Neither Liberal nor Conservative: Ideological Innocence in the American Public. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kinder, Donald R., and Kiewiet, D. Roderick 1981. Sociotropic politics: the American case. British Journal of Political Science, 11, 129161.Google Scholar
Klar, Samara. 2013. The influence of competing identity primes on political preferences. Journal of Politics, 75(4), 11081124.Google Scholar
Klar, Samara. 2014. Partisanship in a social setting. American Journal of Political Science, 58(3), 687-704.Google Scholar
Klar, Samara, and Krupnikov, Yanna. 2016. Independent Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kleppner, Paul. 1979. The Third Electoral System, 1853–1892. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Klinghard, Daniel. 2010. The Nationalization of American Political Parties, 1880–1896. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kreidberg, Marvin A., and Henry, Merton G.. 1955. History of Military Mobilization in the United States Army, 1775–1945. Washington, DC: Department of the Army.Google Scholar
Kriner, Douglas L., and Shen, Francis X.. 2007. Iraq casualties and the 2006 Senate elections. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 32(4), 507530.Google Scholar
Kriner, Douglas L., and Shen, Francis X.. 2012. How citizens respond to combat casualties: the differential impact of local casualties on support for the war in Afghanistan. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(4), 761770.Google Scholar
Kriner, Douglas L., and Shen, Francis X.. 2014. Responding to war on Capitol Hill: battlefield casualties, congressional response, and public support for the war in Iraq. American Journal of Political Science, 58(1), 157174.Google Scholar
Krupnikov, Yanna. 2011. When does negativity demobilize? Tracing the conditional effect of negative campaigning on voter turnout. American Journal of Political Science, 55(4), 797813.Google Scholar
Krupnikov, Yanna, and Easter, Beth C.. 2013. Negative campaigns: are they good for American democracy? In New Directions in Media and Politics, ed. Ridout, Travis. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kunda, Ziva. 1990. The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 480498.Google Scholar
Kuo, Alexander, Malhotra, Neil, and Mo, Cecilia Hyungjung. 2017. Social exclusion and political identity: the case of Asian American partisanship. Journal of Politics, 79(1), 1732.Google Scholar
Kuziemko, Ilyana, and Washington, Ebona. 2018. Why did the Democrats lose the South? Bringing new data to an old debate. American Economic Review, 108(10), 28302867.Google Scholar
Lasswell, Harold. 1936. Politics: Who Gets What, When, How. New York: Whittlesey House.Google Scholar
Lawson, Melinda. 2002. Patriot Fires. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lazarsfeld, Paul, Berelson, Bernard, and Gaudet, Hazel. 1944. The People’s Choice. New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce.Google Scholar
LeBas, Adrienne. 2006. Polarization as craft: party formation and state violence in Zimbabwe. Comparative Politics, 38(4), 419438.Google Scholar
Lee, Taeku. 2002. Mobilizing Public Opinion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lelkes, Yphtach, Sood, Gaurav, and Iyengar, Shanto. 2017. The hostile audience: the effect of access to broadband internet on partisan affect. American Journal of Political Science, 61(1), 520.Google Scholar
Lenz, Gabe. 2012. Follow the Leader? How Voters Respond to Politicians’ Policies and Performance. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lerman, Amye E., Sadin, Meredith L., and Trachtman, Samuel. 2017. American Political Science Review, 111(4), 755740.Google Scholar
Levendusky, Matthew. 2009. The Partisan Sort. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Levendusky, Matthew. 2013. How Partisan Media Polarize America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Levitsky, Steven, and Ziblatt, Daniel. 2018. How Democracies Die. New York: Crown.Google Scholar
Lewis-Beck, Michael S., Jacoby, William G., Norpoth, Helmut, and Weisberg, Herbert F.. 2008. The American Voter Revisited. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Lodge, Milton, and Taber, Charles S.. 2013. The Rationalizing Voter. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Loewen, Peter J., and Rubenson, Daniel. 2012. Canadian War Deaths in Afghanistan: costly Policies and Support for Incumbents. Working Paper. http://individual.utoronto.ca/loewen/Research_files/war_deaths_vfinal%20.pdfGoogle Scholar
Lyall, Jason, Blair, Graeme, and Imai, Kosuke. 2013. Explaining support for combatants during wartime: a survey experiment in Afghanistan. American Political Science Review, 107(4), 679705.Google Scholar
Mackie, Diane M., Devos, Thierry, and Smith, Eliot R.. 2000. Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 79(4), 602616.Google Scholar
MacKuen, Michael, Wolak, Jennifer, Keele, Luke, and Marcus, George E.. 2010. Civic engagements: resolute partisanship or reflective deliberation. American Journal of Political Science, 54, 440458.Google Scholar
Malka, Ariel, and Lelkes, Yphtach. 2017. In a new poll, half of Republicans say they would support postponing the 2020 election if Trump proposed it. Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/08/10/in-a-new-poll-half-of-republicans-say-they-would-support-postponing-the-2020-election-if-trump-proposed-it/Google Scholar
Manning, Chandra. 2007 . What This Cruel War Was Over. New York: Vintage Civil War Library.Google Scholar
Margolis, Michele. 2018. How politics affects religion: partisanship, socialization, and religiosity in America. Journal of Politics, 80(1), 3043.Google Scholar
Mason, Lilliana. 2018. Uncivil Agreement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Matsui, John H. 2016. The First Republican Army. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.Google Scholar
Mayhew, David R. 2002. Electoral Realignments. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Mazumder, Soumyajit. 2018. The persistent effect of the U.S. civil rights movement on political attitudes. American Journal of Political Science, 62(4), 922935.Google Scholar
McConnaughy, Corrine M. 2013. The Woman Suffrage Movement in America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McConnell, Stuart. 1992. Glorious Contentment: The Grand Army of the Republic, 1865–1900. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
McCormick, Richard P. 1966. The Second American Party System. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina PressGoogle Scholar
McPherson, James. 1988. Battle Cry of Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McPherson, James. 1997. For Cause and Comrades. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McPherson, James. 2002. Crossroads of Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McPherson, James. 2008. Tried by War. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
McPherson, James. 2015. The War That Forged a Nation. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McRae, Elizabeth G. 2018. Mothers of Massive Resistance: White Women and the Politics of White Supremacy. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mendelberg, Tali. 2001. The Race Card. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mickey, Robert. 2015. Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Authoritarian Enclaves in America’s Deep South, 1944–1972. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Milgram, Stanley. 1965. Some conditions of obedience and disobedience to authority. Human Relations, 18(1), 5776.Google Scholar
Miller, DeAnne, and Cook, Lauren. 2003. They Fought Like Demons. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Miller, Patrick R., and Conover, Pamela J.. 2015. Red and blue states of mind: partisan hostility and voting in the United States. Political Research Quarterly, 68(2), 225239.Google Scholar
Miller, Gary, and Schofield, Norman. 2003. Activists and partisan realignment in the United States. American Political Science Review, 97(2), 245260.Google Scholar
Mirer, Michael L., and Bode, Leticia. 2015. Tweeting in defeat: how candidates concede and claim victory in 140 characters. New Media & Society, 17(3), 453469.Google Scholar
Mueller, John. 1973. War, Presidents and Public Opinion. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Mummolo, Jonathan, and Nall, Clayton. 2017. Why partisans do not sort: constraints on political segregation. Journal of Politics, 79(1), 4559.Google Scholar
Mutz, Diana. 1998. Impersonal Influence. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mutz, Diana. 2006. Hearing the Other Side. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Neely, Mark E. 2002. The Union Divided. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University press.Google Scholar
Neely, Mark E. 2017. Lincoln and the Democrats. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Newell, Clayton R. 2014. The Regular Army before the Civil War, 1845–1860. Washington, DC: Center of Military History.Google Scholar
Nickerson, David W. 2008. Is voting contagious? Evidence from two field experiments. American Political Science Review, 102(1), 4957.Google Scholar
Nisbett, Richard E., and Wilson, Timothy D.. 1977. Telling more than we can know: verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84(3), 231259.Google Scholar
Noelle-Neuman, Elisabeth. 1974. The spiral of silence a theory of public opinion. Journal of Communication, 24(2), 4351.Google Scholar
Norrander, Barbara. 1999. The evolution of the gender gap. Public Opinion Quarterly, 63(4), 566576.Google Scholar
North, Douglas, Wallis, John Joseph, and Weingast, Barry. 2009. Violence and Social Orders. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nyhan, Brendan, Porter, Ethan, Reifler, Jason, and Wood, Thomas. 2019. Taking fact-checks literally but not seriously? The effects of journalistic fact-checking on factual beliefs and candidate favorability. Political Behavior.Google Scholar
Nyhan, Brendan, and Reifler, Jason. 2010. When corrections fail: the persistence of political misperceptions. 2010. Political Behavior, 32(2), 303330.Google Scholar
Orr, Timothy J. 2006. “A viler enemy in our rear”: Pennsylvania soldiers confront the North’s antiwar movement. In The View from the Ground: The Experiences of Civil War Soldiers. Jackson: University Press of Kentucky.Google Scholar
Ostfeld, Mara C. 2018. The new white flight? The effects of political appeals to Latinos on white Democrats. Political Behavior.Google Scholar
Pacilli, Maria Giuseppina, Roccato, Michel, Pagliaro, Stefano, and Russo, Silvia. 2016. From political opponents to enemies? The role of perceived moral distance in the animalistic dehumanization of the political outgroup. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 19(3), 360373.Google Scholar
Parker, Christopher S. 2010. Fighting for Democracy: Black Veterans and the Struggle against White Supremacy in the Postwar South. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Payne, Ed, Smith, Matt, and Carol, Cratty. April 19, 2013. FBI confirms letters to Obama, others contained ricin. CNN. www.cnn.com/2013/04/18/politics/tainted-letter-intercepted/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Pew Research Center. March 10, 1998. Deconstructing distrust: how Americans view government. Report.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. October 21, 2014. Political polarization & media habits. www.journalism.org/2014/10/21/political-polarization-media-habits/Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. March 20, 2018. Wide gender gap, growing educational divide in voters’ party identification. www.people-press.org/2018/03/20/wide-gender-gap-growing-educational-divide-in-voters-party-identification/Google Scholar
Philpot, Tasha S. 2017. Conservative but Not Republican: The Paradox of Party Identification and Ideology among African Americans. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Poole, Keith. 2015. VoteView website.Google Scholar
Poole, Keith, and Rosenthal, Howard. 1997. Congress. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Posner, Daniel N. 2004. The political salience of cultural difference: Why Chewas and Tumbukas are allies in Zambia and adversaries in Malawi. American Political Science Review, 98(4), 529545.Google Scholar
Potter, David M. 1977. The Impending Crisis: America before the Civil War, 1848–1861. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Powell, G. Bingham. 1981. Party systems and political system performance: Voting participation, government stability and mass violence in contemporary democracies. American Political Science Review, 75(4), 861879.Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam. 1991. Democracy and the Market. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rahn, Wendy M. 1993. The role of partisan stereotypes in information processing about political candidates. American Journal of Political Science, 472-496.Google Scholar
Rappoport, David C., and Weinberg., Leonard 2000. Elections and violence. Terrorism and Political Violence, 12(3-–4), 1550.Google Scholar
Redlawsk, David, Civettini, Andrew J. W., and Emmerson, Karen M.. 2010. The affective tipping point: Do motivated reasoners ever “get it”? Political Psychology, 31(4), 563593.Google Scholar
Renda, Lex. 1997. Running on the Record. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.Google Scholar
Ritter, Kurt, and Howell, Buddy. 2001. Ending the 2000 presidential election: Gore’s concession speech and Bush’s victory speech. American Behavioral Scientist, 44(12), 23142330.Google Scholar
Rosenstone, Steven J., and Hansen, John Mark. 1993. Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Ryan, Timothy J. 2017. No compromise: political consequences of moralized attitudes. American Journal of Political Science, 61(2), 409423.Google Scholar
Sandow, Robert M. 2009. Deserter Country. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schattschneider, Elmer E. 1942. Party Government. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Schickler, Eric. 2016. Racial Realignment. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Schudson, Michael, and Tifft, Susan E.. 2005. American journalism in historical perspective. In The Press, ed. Overholser, Geneva and Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 1747.Google Scholar
Schultz, Jane E. 2004. Women at the Front. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Schwert, G. William. 1989. Why does stock market volatility change over time? Journal of Finance, 44(5), 11151153.Google Scholar
Searles, Kathleen, Smith, Glen, and Sui, Mingxiao. 2018. The effects of partisan media on electoral predictions. Public Opinion Quarterly, Psychology of Elections, 82(S1), 302324.Google Scholar
Sheehan-Dean, Aaron. 2018. The Calculus of Violence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sherif, Muzafer, Harvey, O. J., Jack White, B., Hood, William R., and Sherif, Carolyn W.. 1988. The Robbers Cave Experiment. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.Google Scholar
Sides, John, and Vavreck, Lynn. 2013. The Gamble. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Sides, John, Tesler, Michael, and Vavreck., Lynn 2018. Identity Crisis. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Silbey, Joel H. 1977. A Respectable Minority. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Silbey, Joel H. 1985. The Partisan Imperative. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sinclair, Betsy. 2012. The Social Citizen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Skocpol, Theda. 1979. States & Social Revolutions. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Skocpol, Theda. 1992. Protecting Widows and Mothers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Skocpol, Theda, Ganz, Marshall, and Munson, Ziad. 2000. A nation of organizers: the institutional origins of civic voluntarism in the United States. American Political Science Review, 94(3), 527546.Google Scholar
Smith, Adam I. P. 2006. No Party Now. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Adam I. P. 2014. Northern politics. In A Companion to the Civil War, ed. Sheehan-Dean, Aaron. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Smith, Adam I. P. 2019. Northern Democrats. In The Cambridge History of the American Civil War, ed. Sheehan-Dean, Aaron. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Glen, and Searles, Kathleen. 2014. Who let the attack dogs out? New evidence for partisan media effects. Public Opinion Quarterly, 78(1), 7199.Google Scholar
Smith, Timothy B. 2008. The Golden Age of Battlefield Preservation. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.Google Scholar
Snyder, Jack L. 2000. From Voting to Violence. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Sood, Guarav, and Iyengar, Shanto. 2016. Coming to dislike your opponents: the polarizing impact of political campaigns. Working Paper. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2840225Google Scholar
Spahn, Bradley. 2019. Before the American voter. PhD. thesis, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Stoker, Laura. 1995. Life-cycle transitions and political participation: the case of marriage. American Political Science Review, 89(2), 421433.Google Scholar
Stroud, Natalie. 2011. Niche News. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tajfel, Henri, and Turner, John. 1979. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, ed. Austin, W. G. and Worchel, S.. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.Google Scholar
Tajfel, Henri, Billig, Michael G., Bundy, Robert P., and Flament, Claude. 1971. Social categorization and intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology 1(2), 149178.Google Scholar
Tesler, Michael. 2016. Post-Racial or Most-Racial? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 2003. The Politics of Collective Violence. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tooby, John, and Cosmides, Leda. 2010. Groups in mind: the coalitional roots of war and morality. In Human Morality and Sociality: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives, ed. Høgh-Olesen, Henrik. London: Palgrave-Macmillan, pp. 91234.Google Scholar
Towne, Stephen E. 2005. Works of indiscretion: violence against the Democratic press in Indiana during the Civil War. Journalism History, 31(3), 138149.Google Scholar
Treisman, Daniel. June 19, 2018. Is democracy really in danger? The picture is not as dire as you think. Washington Post.Google Scholar
Urdal, Henrik. 2008. Population, resources, and political violence: a subnational study of India, 1956–2002. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 52(4), 590617.Google Scholar
Valentino, Nicholas A., and Sears, David O.. 2005. Old times there are not forgotten. American Journal of Political Science, 49(3), 672688.Google Scholar
Valentino, Nicholas A., Brader, Ted, Groenendyk, Eric W., Gregorowicz, Krysha, and Hutchings, Vincent. 2011. Election night’s alright for fighting: the role of emotions in political participation. Journal of Politics, 73(1), 156170.Google Scholar
Varshney, Ashutosh. 2003. Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Valentino, Nicholas A., Hutchings, Vincent L., and White, Ismail K.. 2002. Cues that matter: how political ads prime racial attitudes during campaigns. American Political Science Review, 96(1), 7590.Google Scholar
Walton, Hanes Jr. 1985. Invisible Politics: Black Political Behavior. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Walsh, Katherine Cramer. 2004. Talking about Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Walsh, Katherine Cramer. 2007. Talking about Race. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Weber, Jennifer. 2006. Copperheads. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wells, Chris, Cramer, Katherine J., Wagner, Michael W., Alvarez, German, Friedland, Lewis A., Shah, Dhavan V., Bode, Leticia, Edgerly, Stephanie, Itay Gabay, , and Franklin, Charles. 2017. When we stop talking politics: the maintenance and closing of conversation in contentious times. Journal of Communication, 67, 131157.Google Scholar
Westwood, Sean J., Iyengar, Shanto, Walgrave, Stefaan, Leonisio, Rafael, Miller, Luis, and Strijbis, Oliver. 2018. The tie that divides: cross‐national evidence of the primacy of partyism. European Journal of Political Research, 57, 333354.Google Scholar
White, Jonathan W. 2014. Emancipation, the Union Army, and the Reelection of Abraham Lincoln. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar
White, Ismail K. 2007. When race matters and when it doesn’t: racial group differences in response to racial cues. American Political Science Review, 101(2), 339354.Google Scholar
White, Ismail K., Laird, Chryl N., and Allen, Troy D.. 2014. Selling out? The politics of navigating conflicts between racial group interest and self-interest. American Political Science Review, 108(4), 783800.Google Scholar
Wilentz, Sean. 2005. The Rise of American Democracy. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, Stephen I. 2006. Votes and Violence. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Willard, Kristen, Guinnane, Timothy, and Rosen, Harvey. 1996. Turning points in the Civil War: views from the greenback market. American Economic Review, 86, 10011018.Google Scholar
Williams, George Washington. 2012. A History of the Negro Troops in the War of the Rebellion, 1861–1865. New York: Fordham University Press. (originally 1887, Harper & Bros., New York)Google Scholar
Wills, Garry. 1992. Lincoln at Gettysburg. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Wilson, Edward O. 2004. On Human Nature, 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, Timothy D., Lisle, Douglas J., and Schooler, Jonathan W.. 1993. Introspecting about reasons can reduce post-choice satisfaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19(3), 331339.Google Scholar
Winter, Nicholas J. G. 2010. Masculine Republicans and feminine Democrats: gender and Americans’ explicit and implicit images of the political parties. Political Behavior, 32(4), 587618.Google Scholar
Wright, Carroll D. 1896. Labor Laws of the United States. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Zaller, John. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Nathan P. Kalmoe, Louisiana State University
  • Book: With Ballots and Bullets
  • Online publication: 20 October 2020
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108870504.015
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Nathan P. Kalmoe, Louisiana State University
  • Book: With Ballots and Bullets
  • Online publication: 20 October 2020
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108870504.015
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Nathan P. Kalmoe, Louisiana State University
  • Book: With Ballots and Bullets
  • Online publication: 20 October 2020
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108870504.015
Available formats
×