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Surveys the literature on middlemen (i.e., intermediation in exchange) reviewing, extending and consolidating key developments in the field. This is important because intermediated trade is common in reality but absent in standard general equilibrium theory. The authors focus on research using search theory. In various models, agents may act as middlemen when they are good at search, bargaining, recognizing quality, storing inventories, using credit, etc. The theory applies to markets for goods, inputs or assets. The authors discuss versions with indivisible or divisible goods, fixed or endogenous participation, stationary and dynamic equilibria, and some implications for efficiency and volatility.
Corruption is a complex phenomenon that challenges ethics and integrity in public administration. Over the past decade, increased societal monitoring – particularly through the media and civil society organizations – has brought corruption back to the forefront of public concern and political debate. Since most state bureaucracies are formally grounded in a Weberian ethos of meritocracy, competition, and discipline, this raises fundamental questions: What causes corruption in the public sector, and what factors shape the likelihood that a public servant will engage in corrupt or unethical behaviour? This Element addresses these questions by advancing survey experiments as a central methodological approach for studying corruption in public administration. By reviewing existing experimental research and outlining research protocols for the design and analysis of survey experiments, this Element aims to contribute methodologically and substantively to the study of corruption and integrity in the public sector.
Drawing on a decade of research and more than 580 interviews, this innovative political economy case study explores Rwanda's bold attempt to transform its economy after the 1994 genocide into one of the most rapidly growing countries in Africa. Pritish Behuria offers a multi-sector analysis of how globalisation and domestic politics shape contemporary development challenges. This study critically analyses the Rwandan Patriotic Front's ambitions to reshape Rwanda into a regional services hub while grappling with foreign dependency, elite vulnerability and limited financial resources. Through extensive analysis of the political economy of multiple sectors and the macro-economy, Behuria uses the Rwandan case as a window into answering why structural transformation remains so elusive on the continent. The Political Economy of Rwanda's Rise provides fresh insights into highlighting the contemporary challenges facing African countries as they integrate into the global economy. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
This Element presents the main characteristics of international trade in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region by analyzing whether its trade policy managed to build or break bridges among MENA countries and with the rest of the world. Its objective is threefold. First, it provides an overview of trade theories from the MENA region perspective. Second, it analyzes the main trends and features of trade flows and trade policies. Third, it shows how trade policies had different development outcomes related to gender, informal employment, and the composition of labor demand. The main findings show that trade policies and domestic characteristics explain the relatively poor performance of trade flows in most of the diversified MENA economies. Also, the MENA region is highly affected by world business cycles given that this region is the largest exporter of oil. Finally, development outcomes still need to be streamlined within trade policies.
This Element contributes to a better understanding of the burning question of why voters support politicians who subvert democracy. Instead of focusing on the usual explanations such as polarization or populism, the Element breaks new ground by focusing on the interplay between democracy and nationalism. By relying on the experiences of five countries (Serbia, Poland, Hungary, Israel, and Turkey) and using exclusive data obtained through surveys and interviews with actors involved, the Element answers three key questions: (1) How the subversion of democracy in the name of the nation unfolds, (2) Why many voters acquiesce to the subversion of democracy by nationalist elites, and (3) What matters in resisting the attacks on democracy with nationalist appeals. The answers to these questions reconcile demand-side and supply-side findings on democratic backsliding and shed new light on how to fight back more successfully.
Although the spatial dimension is embedded in most issues studied by environmental and resource economics, its incorporation into economic models is not widespread. As a result, significant aspects of important problems remain hidden, which could lead to policy failures. This Element fills this gap by exploring how space can be integrated into environmental and resource economics. The emergence of spatial patterns in economic models through Turing's mechanism is explained and an extension of Pontryagin's maximum principle under spatial dynamics is provided. Examples of the use of spatial dynamics serve to illustrate why space matters in environmental policy design. Moreover, the differentiation of policy when spatial transport mechanisms are considered is made clear. The tools presented, along with their applications, provide foundations for future research in spatial environmental and resource economics in which the underlying spatial dimension – which is very real – is fully taken into account.
One of the most significant innovations in international industrial organization over the past half-century has been the vertical disintegration of production, with different stages carried out in different countries-a process widely known as the Global Manufacturing Value Chain (GMVC). Trade based on global production sharing within GMVC has been the primary driver behind the dramatic shift in world manufacturing exports from developed to developing countries. However, there are growing concerns in policy circles about whether the GMVC is beginning to lose momentum. This study examines this issue with reference to Southeast Asian countries, which serve as an ideal laboratory for such an analysis. Engagement in GMVC has played a major role in the economic dynamism of these countries, although their levels of participation vary significantly. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Donald Trump saw the federal bureaucracy as the breeding ground of the 'deep state,' a powerful, unresponsive collection of bureaucratic experts determined to undermine the policies for which he was convinced he had a mandate. He translated that into a furious assault on the basic principles of both the theory and practice of public administration. One of the points of his genius was his incomparable skill in identifying issues that resonated with voters, and his attacks on public administration identified unarguable problems. But those attacks also eroded government's capacity to get work done and the strategies for accountability that had carefully grown since the founders wrote the Constitution. Transforming administration into instruments of political symbols and political power undermined the basic values of public administration – and created fundamental challenges to which the field must rise in charting a public administration for 2035 and beyond.
This Element introduces the theory of segmented polity to address the misfit between dominant state-centric political theories and the hybrid realities of contemporary governance. Segmented polities are contested, partial, and constrained but nonetheless develop autonomous policymaking capacities and distinct social constituencies. The EU exemplifies this form, blending supranational and intergovernmental traits within a statist political order. Grounded in organization theory and institutionalism, the Element provides empirical analysis of the internal market and security segments showing how segmented polities operate across functional domains and generate bounded epistemic communities. While enabling policy efficiency, they also exhibit democratic deficits. The Element presents segmented polities as evolutionary responses to governance complexity and outlines implications for political science, international relations, European integration theory, and democracy studies, and proposes a research agenda focused on longitudinal, actor-based, and comparative studies of polity segmentation beyond the EU. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Monetary policy implementation refers to the mechanism for interbank payments, the set of administered interest rates, and the strategy for central bank actions designed to achieve an intermediate monetary policy goal – for example a target for an overnight nominal interest rate. This piece shows the implications of the Poole model – a common framework used to articulate ideas about monetary policy implementation – for corridor and floor systems of monetary policy implementation. A general equilibrium Poole-type dynamic model is also studied, which shows where Poole-type analysis can go wrong. Given current interest in how large central bank balance sheets and floor systems matter, the author also analyzes a general equilibrium model of quantitative easing and discusses issues with quantitative easing and monetary policy.
In multilevel governance systems, member states work together to address cross-border problems, yet people still lack a clear understanding of how and why their policies differ or converge. Existing research offers many explanations but often treats them separately or overstates the EU's independent influence. This Element brings these perspectives together in a single framework of policy dynamics. It distinguishes policy areas shaped mainly by EU institutions or member states, or by their interaction. It introduces an actor-centered typology of policy dynamics – stable patterns of actors, incentives, and mechanisms that shape policy over time. The Element shows that these dynamics matter only when governments, interest groups, and NGOs have the incentives, capacity, and leverage to build coalitions and pursue goals. The policy dynamics framework helps learners identify likely causal mechanisms and supports clearer comparison, explanation, and teaching of EU policymaking. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Antitrust and competition laws are government regulations that seek to encourage competition by limiting the market power of firms. Some degree of monopolistic or market power has long been a feature of our economies and is most recognisable today through the activities of companies such as Google, Amazon, Meta, Microsoft and Apple. The concept of market power remains a central idea in fields such as industrial organization, the economics of regulation, competition law and competition policy, yet there is still much debate about how to define it and how to measure it. Antitrust and Competition Policy suggests a new approach for identifying market power and building on it sets out, for the first time, a sound, comprehensive economic foundation for competition law and policy. This framework sheds new light on a range of antitrust violations including the discernment of anti-competitive mergers, abusive practices and restrictive agreements.
Universities have historically generated knowledge outside of specific local contexts. These pure research methodologies produce knowledge that is carefully partitioned from the practical realities of a phenomenon. This book suggests a world in peril requires us to question this approach, particularly in the field of environmental sustainability. Environmental health affects everyone and requires integrated and interdisciplinary answers to complex issues. This requires bold action and a radical take on the world. Derived from the Latin radix or “root”, a radical spirit is one that searches for meaning and affirms community.” The community, in this case, is an environment that supports diverse life.
This book brings together research relating to the economics of disability in Ireland. It addresses key questions of relevance to the economic circumstances of people with disabilities, with emphasis on the relationship between disability and social inclusion, poverty, the labour market, living standards and public policy. Importantly, it also incorporates a life cycle perspective on disability, considering issues of specific relevance to children, working-age adults and older people with disabilities. There is also a focus on issues relating to resource allocation and to wider society, while the book also presents a number of contributions focusing on mental health. The book examines the economics of mental health services and presents a broad overview of key economic issues facing the provision of such services in Ireland. A number of issues are addressed, including the nature and extent of mental illnesses in Ireland, the resources spent on care provided to people with mental illnesses, as well as the economic cost of mental illness in Ireland. The book also examines the socioeconomic determinants of mental stress. It focuses on socioeconomic factors which are most closely associated with mental stress, and considers the socioeconomic determinants of subjective well-being.
Environmental economics is growing rapidly. It is simply not sufficient to consider consumption, production, and welfare in isolation from the natural environment. Integrating ecological systems in economic analysis requires to take the possible occurrence of tipping points or regime shifts into account. This Element focuses on two recent developments in environmental economics theory. One is economic management of ecological systems with tipping points, with the lake as the classical example. The other one is investigating the consequences of uncertain possible shocks to parameters in economic models, with the carrying capacity in a fishery and total factor productivity (due to climate tipping) in Ramsey growth as examples. This Element provides a precise account of the concepts, techniques, and results in the analysis of these models, which shows the effects of tipping and allows for other applications. This Element starts with a broader list of examples and management options.
A country's industrial policy aims at promoting the development of sectors that often relate to manufacturing and is especially important for less-developed countries as they seek to catch up economically. Industrial Development and Division of Labor re-examines the long history behind the debate on its formulation and organises the discussion around the two types of division of labour found in Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations. One type has evolved to become the neoclassical perspective and its notion of market failure that has heavily skewed the debate's history. Noting its limitations, including the simplified catch-up learning that is conceived, this book illustrates that arguments for industrial policy that are rejected by Neoclassical economists – so-called 'protectionist' and import-substituting ones – and newer notions involving innovation systems actually share roots with Smith's other type of labour division. They offer broader perspectives on policy that call for establishing elaborate interactive contexts for learning for development.
This Element addresses the illiberal challenge facing public administration amidst the rise of authoritarian populism and democratic backsliding. It investigates how populist governments seek to reshape state bureaucracies, often undermining liberal democratic principles such as pluralism, expertise, and constitutional safeguards, and examines how public administration must respond to safeguard democratic integrity. Drawing on global examples, the Element identifies strategies of populist administrative manipulation, patterns of bureaucratic compliance and resistance, and critical gaps in scholarly understanding. It develops a framework for analyzing these dynamics and proposes normative principles to defend active democratic bureaucracy. Through theoretical inquiry and practical recommendations, it advocates for robust, ethically grounded public administration capable of countering illiberal pressures. Its central thesis underscores the need to restore the intellectual foundation of public administration as a social science deeply embedded in and committed to the democratic policy process. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
This Element critically examines the claim that United States economic sanctions on Venezuela constituted 'collective punishment' of the Venezuelan population, contributing significantly to the country's economic collapse and humanitarian crisis. Through comprehensive analysis of economic, developmental, and welfare indicators from 2013 to 2023, it demonstrates that the bulk of Venezuela's economic devastation - including 52 percent of GDP losses and 98 percent of import declines - largely occurred before financial sanctions were imposed in August 2017. Key welfare indicators such as infant mortality, undernourishment, and life expectancy had deteriorated substantially by 2017 and subsequently stabilized or improved following sanctions implementation, contradicting narratives that attribute Venezuela's collapse primarily to external economic pressure. The Element provides a timeline of Venezuelan economic and political events around sanctions and a critical review of the literature on their economic effects. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
This Element advances an agency-theoretic approach to public administration through comparative analysis of the United States, China, and EU. It examines how principals – such as legislatures, executives, or ruling parties – can align the actions of diverse agents, including civil servants, public agencies, street-level bureaucrats, and contractors, with the public interest. Drawing on an extensive review of 146 key studies and AI-assisted analysis of 8,400 articles from Public Administration Review, Part I outlines fundamental concepts: goal divergence, moral hazard, adverse selection, and information asymmetry and traces its history, debates, and criticisms. These concepts are then applied to key themes in public administration – performance management, federalism/decentralization, contracting, politics-administration, and institutional drift. Part II investigates how these problems manifest and tackled in the US, China, and Europe. Part III concludes with a synthesis of findings, debates, extensions, and future directions for theory and practice.
Empirical Bayes methods as envisioned by Herbert Robbins are becoming an essential element of the statistical toolkit. In Empirical Bayes: Tools, Rules, and Duals, Roger Koenker and Jiaying Gu offer a unified view of these methods. They stress recent computational developments for nonparametric estimation of mixture models, not only for the traditional Gaussian and Poisson settings, but for a wide range of other applications. Providing numerous illustrations where empirical Bayes methods are attractive, the authors give a detailed discussion of computational methods, enabling readers to apply the methods in new settings.