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Just before World War I, the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) geographically expanded its trade in the Canadian Arctic to derive profits from Arctic fox fur and secure its position in a global value chain (GVC) delivering fur to metropolitan consumers. The “problem of nature” challenged the company’s business venture. Furthermore, “nature” was made and remade by the HBC’s own capital investments. The fox trade itself changed human ecology. Technology transfers to Inuit modified their hunting regimes to increase the company’s returns of polar bear skins. Though these skins had high potential market value, modes of production introduced by the HBC to the Arctic precluded the company from sending high-quality products to metropolitan dressers. Within a changing Arctic human ecology, the HBC produced one highly valued commodity for the market while producing another from which it could derive only modest profit. The HBC’s fox and polar bear trade at the onset of the last century suggests ways that business empires can set off complex and unanticipated changes in human ecologies and, therefore, the dynamics of nature and business at their very peripheries.
L’article présente les résultats d’une double enquête, historique et ethnographique, sur une innovation biomédicale, la xénogreffe, c’est-à-dire la tentative de transplantation d’organes entre l’animal et l’humain. Cette pratique et les nombreux débats qu’elle a suscités donnent à voir des conceptions plurielles de l’animalité et de l’humanité qui ont circulé depuis le xviie siècle jusqu’à aujourd’hui. L’enquête historique souligne notamment l’émergence au xixe siècle d’une conception dualiste de l’échelle des êtres qui a façonné la mise en œuvre de l’expérimentation animale, dont la xénogreffe s’avère l’une des extensions, reposant sur l’affirmation d’une discontinuité entre humains et non-humains. Dans la seconde moitié du xxe siècle, un dispositif gradualiste voit le jour et remet en cause cette discontinuité en imposant une nouvelle conception de l’échelles des êtres. Si le gradualisme est partiellement actualisé dans la situation contemporaine, l’enquête ethnographique révèle également que les scientifiques engagés dans cette innovation s’appuient toujours sur des éléments de discours et des manières de s’engager auprès des animaux cobayes typiques de la conception dualiste. Ces résistances semblent liées aux rapports ambivalents que les expérimentateurs entretiennent aux cobayes, oscillant entre compassion et objectivation.
Le commerce des fourrures en Nouvelle-France est à l’origine d’une abondante historiographie. Cependant, malgré de nombreux travaux ethnohistoriques, ses dimensions environnementales demeurent peu étudiées. Cet article propose une réflexion renouvelée sur la conservation du castor dans une perspective impériale et transatlantique. En s’appuyant sur une relecture des sources coloniales, il révèle non seulement la diversité des rapports autochtones au castor, mais aussi les causes expliquant la difficile conservation de l’animal par les autorités. Dans un monde encore marqué par le caractère inépuisable du vivant, des inquiétudes apparaissent quant à la raréfaction du castor, mais aucune politique coloniale uniforme n’est mise en place. Plusieurs paramètres conditionnent la question de la conservation du castor : les relations entre les contraintes environnementales et l’économie, l’apparition de formes de marchandisation de la nature, la prééminence de la raison d’État, les différents degrés d’insertion des territoires à l’économie pelletière, la variété des configurations écologiques ainsi que les tensions impériales et intra-coloniale, qui témoignent de réponses variées de la part des acteurs autochtones et européens.
Throughout its history, the papacy has engaged with the world. Volume 1 addresses how the papacy became an institution, and how it distinguished itself from other powers, both secular and religious. Aptly titled 'The Two Swords,' it explores the papacy's navigation, negotiation, and re-negotiation, initially of its place and its role amid changing socio-political ideas and practices. Surviving and thriving in such environment naturally had an impact on the power dynamics between the papacy and the secular realm, as well internal dissents and with non-Catholics. The volume explores how changing ideas, beliefs, and practices in the broader world engaged the papacy and lead it to define its own conceptualizations of power. This dynamic has enabled the papacy to shift and be reshaped according to circumstances often well beyond its control or influence.
Historically, the papacy has had – and continues to have – significant and sustained influence on society and culture. In the contemporary world, this influence is felt far afield from the traditional geographic and cultural center of papal authority in western Europe, notably in the Global South. Volume 3 frames questions around the papacy's cultural influence, focusing on the influence that successive popes and various vectors of papal authority have had on a broad range of social and cultural developments in European and global societies. The range of topics covered here reflects the vast and expanding scope of papal influence on everything from architecture to the construction and contestation of gender norms to questions of papal fashion. That influence has waxed and waned over time as successive popes have had access to greater resources and have had stronger imperatives to use their powers of patronage and regulation to intervene in society at large.
This volume engages with the centrality of the popes within the Catholic Church and the claim of papal authority as it was exercised through the institution's various governing instruments. Addressing the history of the papacy in the longue durée, it highlights developments and the differences between the first and second millennium of the papacy. The chapters bring nuance to older historiographical models of papal supremacy, focusing on how apostolic primacy was contested and re-negotiated, and how the contours of power relationships shifted between center and periphery. The volume draws attention to questions about papal supremacy across time, place, and transnational lines; the function of law in the exercise of papal authority; the governance of the church in the form of the Curia, synods, and regional and ecumenical councils; the governance of the Papal States; the management of finances and church-state relations; and the relationship between papal temporal and spiritual authority.
This book introduces students of law and history to key colonial moments that have shaped women's legal status up to the present day. It introduces students and general readers to the critical events and legal decisions that determined the place of women under law. It also introduces readers to terms that are critical to understanding women's legal status in India today. In addition to bringing together the latest developments in Indian historical research with advances in feminist legal studies, it tracks the shifts and changes that have occurred, especially over the last 30 years, to feminist standpoints on women and law. Using examples and cases from different regions of India, it also weaves together a complex and nuanced account of colonial social history more generally. This title is available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
While there has been a great deal (comparatively) written about Rus as part of medieval Europe in the last twenty years, the popular perception of it remains a part of the so-called 'Byzantine Commonwealth.' This traditional framing discounts Rusian ties to the west and exaggerates those to 'Byzantium,' elevating the rhetoric used by Russian nationalists to separate Russia from Europe. This Element provides an accurate historical account of medieval Rus that corrects the modern misuse of medieval history: a resource for academics interested in the results of current research on the place of the Kingdom of Rus in the medieval world. It brings together and synthesizes existing scholarship on Rus to present a complete picture of the kingdom of Rus, and its orientation within the wider medieval world, with a particular focus on the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
This article interrogates the positioning of British colonial meteorology in Malaysia and Singapore from the 1940s to 1960. This period spanned a global conflict and an internecine war, effecting profound sociopolitical changes from which neither Malaysia nor Singapore would emerge the same. The meteorological services were essential to Britain’s armed conflicts, providing vital weather information to the army, navy and, especially, the air forces, as well as supporting the aviation and shipping industry often in difficult and dangerous circumstances. This article argues that British military policy in South East Asia and the specific concerns of the colonial government in Malaya directly commanded the meteorological agenda on the ground during this period, with a secondary but significant impact on tropical climate and weather research. It thus addresses the interplay of science, colonialism and military interest from the perspective of a region that has featured little in the history of science.
This article considers the intersecting of remembering and imagining vis à vis individual and cultural amnesia. It focuses on two artists’ films, Shona Illingworth’s video installation Time Present (2016) and Trinh-T Minh-Ha’s film, Forgetting Vietnam (2015). Time Present portrays the experience of an individual living with amnesia and further relates it to the immobility that denotes the cultural representation of the island of St Kilda (Outer Hebrides). Forgetting Vietnam questions the problematic legacy of the Vietnam War and its recollection by bridging personal and shared experiences through a portrait of Vietnam itself. Both Illingworth and Trinh use the film’s features of frames and movement to convey the emotional and affective resonances of the experiences and places presented to generate the possibility of presence. This article closely examines Time Present and Forgetting Vietnam with a focus on the films’ respective structures and thematic developments and reads them by suggesting the intersecting of remembering and imagining culturally and its potentiality for engaging with absence and silenced histories through decentralized approaches.