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Ramification groups of local fields are essential tools for studying boundary behaviour in geometric objects and the degeneration of Galois representations. This book presents a comprehensive development of the recently established theory of upper ramification groups of local fields with imperfect residue fields, starting from the foundations. It also revisits classical theory, including the Hasse–Arf theorem, and offers an optimal generalisation via log monogenic extensions. The conductor of Galois representations, defined through ramification groups, has numerous geometric applications, notably the celebrated Grothendieck–Ogg–Shafarevich formula. A new proof of the Deligne–Kato formula is also provided; this result plays a pivotal role in the theory of characteristic cycles. With a foundational understanding of commutative rings and Galois theory, graduate students and researchers will be well-equipped to engage with this rich area of arithmetic geometry.
Principal bundles and their associated fiber bundles famously play a foundational role in both algebraic and differential topology, as well as in fundamental and solid-state physics. More recently, their equivariant and higher homotopy enhancements (gerbes) have been crucial in generalized cohomology theory and for the physics of extended solitons and topological phases. This text is the first to offer a unified perspective of, and introduction to, these topics, providing an insight into material previously scattered across the literature. After a self-contained account of the classical theory of equivariant principal bundles in modern topological groupoid language, the book develops, on the novel backdrop of cohesive higher topos theory, a powerful theory of equivariant principal higher bundles. It establishes new methods like the 'smooth Oka principle' and 'twisted Elmendorf theorem' to elegantly prove classification results and clarify the relation to proper equivariant generalized cohomology theories.
Starting from ancient astronomy, this text follows the development of celestial mechanics culminating in applications of the most recent results concerning stability of planetary orbits: Kolmogorov's and Nekhoroshev's theorems. Key topics covered include: a historical introduction from ancient astronomy to Kepler and Newton; Lagrange's perturbation theory; the problem of three bodies, with a discussion of Levi-Civita regularization and of Sundman's theorem; methods of algebraic calculation of perturbation series, including a discussion of non-convergence due to the accumulation of small divisors; and a complete application of Kolmogorov's and Nekhoroshev's theorems. Written in an accessible, self-contained way with few prerequisites, this book can serve as an introductory text for senior undergraduate and graduate students, and for young researchers. Its approach allows students to learn about perturbation methods leading to advanced results.
The Shrikhande graph, discovered by Indian Mathematician Sharadchandra Shankar Shrikhande in 1959, exhibits several unusual properties and occupies a pivotal position within discrete mathematics. Offering a unique introduction to graph theory and discrete mathematics, this book uses the example of the Shrikhande graph as a window through which these topics can be explored. Providing historical background, including the Euler conjecture and its demise, the authors explore key concepts including: Cayley graphs; topological graph theory; spectral theory; Latin squares; root systems. A novel and valuable resource for graduate students and researchers interested in graph theory, its history, and applications, this book offers a comprehensive exploration of the Shrikhande graph and its significance.
This is a contemporary treatment of composition operators on Banach spaces of analytic functions in one complex variable. It provides a step-by-step introduction, starting with a review (including full proofs) of the key tools needed, and building the theory with a focus on Hardy and Bergman spaces. Several proofs of operator boundedness (Littlewood's principle) are given, and the authors discuss approaches to compactness issues and essential norm estimates (Shapiro's theorem) using different tools such as Carleson measures and Nevanlinna counting functions. Membership of composition operators in various ideal classes (Schatten classes for instance) and their singular numbers are studied. This framework is extended to Hardy-Orlicz and Bergman-Orlicz spaces and finally, weighted Hardy spaces are introduced, with a full characterization of those weights for which all composition operators are bounded. This will be a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students working in functional analysis, operator theory, or complex analysis.
Spanning elementary, algebraic, and analytic approaches, this book provides an introductory overview of essential themes in number theory. Designed for mathematics students, it progresses from undergraduate-accessible material requiring only basic abstract algebra to graduate-level topics demanding familiarity with algebra and complex analysis. The first part covers classical themes: congruences, quadratic reciprocity, partitions, cryptographic applications, and continued fractions with connections to quadratic Diophantine equations. The second part introduces key algebraic tools, including Noetherian and Dedekind rings, then develops the finiteness of class groups in number fields and the analytic class number formula. It also examines quadratic fields and binary quadratic forms, presenting reduction theory for both definite and indefinite cases. The final section focuses on analytic methods: L-series, primes in arithmetic progressions, and the Riemann zeta function. It addresses the Prime Number Theorem and explicit formulas of von Mangoldt and Riemann, equipping students with foundational knowledge across number theory's major branches.
Filling a gap in the literature, this book explores the theory of gradient flows of convex functionals in metric measure spaces, with an emphasis on weak solutions. It is largely self-contained and assumes only a basic understanding of functional analysis and partial differential equations. With appendices on convex analysis and the basics of analysis in metric spaces, it provides a clear introduction to the topic for graduate students and non-specialist researchers, and a useful reference for anyone working in analysis and PDEs. The text focuses on several key recent developments and advances in the field, paying careful attention to technical detail. These include how to use a first-order differential structure to construct weak solutions to the p-Laplacian evolution equation and the total variation flow in metric spaces, how to show a Euler–Lagrange characterisation of least gradient functions in this setting, and how to study metric counterparts of Cheeger problems.
This two-part book offers a rigorous yet accessible exploration of set theory and transfinite algebra, with a particular emphasis on the axiom of choice and its applications. Part I presents an informal axiomatic introduction to the foundations of set theory, including a detailed treatment of the axiom of choice and its equivalents, suitable for advanced undergraduates. Part II, aimed at graduate students and professional mathematicians, treats selected topics in transfinite algebra where the axiom of choice, in one form or another, is useful or even indispensable. The text features self-contained chapters for flexible use, and includes material rarely found in the literature, such as Tarski's work on complete lattices, Hamel's solution to Cauchy's functional equation, and Artin's resolution of Hilbert's 17th problem. Over 140 exercises, with full solutions provided in the Appendix, support active engagement and deeper understanding, making this a valuable resource for both independent study and course preparation.
The study of smooth embeddings of 3-manifolds in 4-space has been hampered by difficulties with the simplest case, that of homology spheres. This book presents some advantages of working with locally flat embeddings. The first two chapters outline the tools used and give general results on embeddings of 3-manifolds in S4. The next two chapters consider which Seifert manifolds may embed, with criteria in terms of Seifert data. After summarizing results on those Seifert manifolds that embed smoothly, the following chapters determine which 3-manifolds with virtually solvable fundamental groups embed. The final three chapters study the complementary regions. When these have 'good' fundamental groups, topological surgery may be used to find homeomorphisms. Figures throughout help illustrate links representing embeddings and open questions are further discussed in the appendices, making this a valuable resource for graduate students and research workers in geometric topology.
Addressing the active and challenging field of spectral theory, this book develops the general theory of spectra of discrete structures, on graphs, simplicial complexes, and hypergraphs. In fact, hypergraphs have long been neglected in mathematical research, but due to the discovery of Laplace operators that can probe their structure, and their manifold applications from chemical reaction networks to social interactions, they now constitute one of the hottest topics of interdisciplinary research. The authors' analysis of spectra of discrete structures embeds intuitive and easily visualized examples, which are often quite subtle, within a general mathematical framework. They highlight novel research on Cheeger type inequalities which connect spectral estimates with the geometry, more precisely the cohesion, of the underlying structure. Establishing mathematical foundations and demonstrating applications, this book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in mathematics working on the spectral theory of operators on discrete structures.
This long-anticipated work shares the aims of its celebrated companion: namely, to provide an introduction for students and a reference for researchers to the techniques, results, and terminology of multiplicative number theory. This volume builds on the earlier one (which served as an introduction to basic, classical results) and focuses on sieve methods. This area has witnessed a number of major advances in recent years, e.g. gaps between primes, large values of Dirichlet polynomials and zero density estimates, all of which feature here. Despite the fact that the book can serve as an entry to contemporary mathematics, it remains largely self-contained, with appendices containing background or material more advanced than undergraduate mathematics. Again, exercises, of which there is a profusion, illustrate the theory or indicate ways in which it can be developed. Each chapter ends with a thorough set of references, which will be essential for all analytic number theorists.
Providing a cohesive reference for advanced undergraduates, graduate students and even experienced researchers, this text contains both introductory and advanced material in extremal graph theory, hypergraph theory and Ramsey theory. Along the way, the book includes many modern proof techniques in the field such as the probabilistic method and algebraic methods. Several recent breakthroughs are presented with complete proofs, for example, recent results on the sunflower problem, and off-diagonal and geometric Ramsey theory. It is perhaps unique in containing material on both hypergraph regularity and containers. Featuring an extensive list of exercises, the text is suitable as a teaching text for a variety of courses in extremal combinatorics. Each of the two parts can form the basis of separate courses, and the majority of sections are designed to match the length of a single lecture.
Addressing a significant gap in the study of number series, this book presents an in-depth theory of multiple number series and an exhaustive examination of one-dimensional series. It incorporates overlooked yet essential results alongside recent research advancements. Much of the text is based on the authors' original contributions, particularly in the development of relaxed monotonicity concepts, which have become fundamental tools in Fourier and functional analysis. Each chapter concludes with historical context, aiding readers in understanding the theory's evolution. The book is aimed at a wide audience, ranging from undergraduate students to experts in the field. It offers a modern perspective on the theory, along with detailed introductory chapters that make complex concepts accessible for students. The audience will find the novel contributions enriching and inspiring.
A valuable resource for researchers in discrete and combinatorial geometry, this book offers comprehensive coverage of several modern developments on algebraic and combinatorial properties of polytopes. The introductory chapters provide a new approach to the basic properties of convex polyhedra and how they are connected; for instance, fibre operations are treated early on. Finite tilings and polyhedral convex functions play an important role, and lead to the new technique of tiling diagrams. Special classes of polytopes such as zonotopes also have corresponding diagrams. A central result is the complete characterization of the possible face-numbers of simple polytopes. Tools used for this are representations and the weight algebra of mixed volumes. An unexpected consequence of the proof is an algebraic treatment of Brunn–Minkowski theory as applied to polytopes. Valuations also provide a thread running through the book, and the abstract theory and related tensor algebras are treated in detail.
This textbook focuses on general topology. Meant for graduate and senior undergraduate mathematics students, it introduces topology thoroughly from scratch and assumes minimal basic knowledge of real analysis and metric spaces. It begins with thought-provoking questions to encourage students to learn about topology and how it is related to, yet different from, geometry. Using concepts from real analysis and metric spaces, the definition of topology is introduced along with its motivation and importance. The text covers all the topics of topology, including homeomorphism, subspace topology, weak topology, product topology, quotient topology, coproduct topology, order topology, metric topology, and topological properties such as countability axioms, separation axioms, compactness, and connectedness. It also helps to understand the significance of various topological properties in classifying topological spaces.
When you see a paper crane, what do you think of? A symbol of hope, a delicate craft, The Karate Kid? What you might not see, but is ever present, is the fascinating mathematics underlying it. Origami is increasingly applied to engineering problems, including origami-based stents, deployment of solar arrays in space, architecture, and even furniture design. The topic is actively developing, with recent discoveries at the frontier (e.g., in rigid origami and in curved-crease origami) and an infusion of techniques and algorithms from theoretical computer science. The mathematics is often advanced, but this book instead relies on geometric intuition, making it accessible to readers with only a high school geometry and trigonometry background. Through careful exposition, more than 160 color figures, and 49 exercises all completely solved in an Appendix, the beautiful mathematics leading to stunning origami designs can be appreciated by students, teachers, engineers, and artists alike.
The intersection of statistical mechanics and mathematical analysis has proved a fertile ground for mathematical physics and probability, and in the decades since lattice gases were first proposed as a model for describing physical systems at the atomic level, our understanding of them has grown tremendously. A book that provides a comprehensive account of the methods used in the study of phase transitions for Ising models and classical and quantum Heisenberg models has been long overdue. This book, written by one of the masters of the subject, is just that. Topics covered include correlation inequalities, Lee-Yang theorems, the Peierls method, the Hohenberg-Mermin-Wagner method, infrared bounds, random cluster methods, random current methods and BKT transition. The final section outlines major open problems to inspire future work. This is a must-have reference for researchers in mathematical physics and probability and serves as an entry point, albeit advanced, for students entering this active area.
In this comprehensive volume, the authors introduce some of the most important recent developments at the intersection of probability theory and mathematical physics, including the Gaussian free field, Gaussian multiplicative chaos and Liouville quantum gravity. This is the first book to present these topics using a unified approach and language, drawing on a large array of multi-disciplinary techniques. These range from the combinatorial (discrete Gaussian free field, random planar maps) to the geometric (culminating in the path integral formulation of Liouville conformal field theory on the Riemann sphere) via the complex analytic (based on the couplings between Schramm–Loewner evolution and the Gaussian free field). The arguments (currently scattered over a vast literature) have been streamlined and the exposition very carefully thought out to present the theory as much as possible in a reader-friendly, pedagogical yet rigorous way, suitable for graduate students as well as researchers.
Bridge the gap between theoretical concepts and their practical applications with this rigorous introduction to the mathematics underpinning data science. It covers essential topics in linear algebra, calculus and optimization, and probability and statistics, demonstrating their relevance in the context of data analysis. Key application topics include clustering, regression, classification, dimensionality reduction, network analysis, and neural networks. What sets this text apart is its focus on hands-on learning. Each chapter combines mathematical insights with practical examples, using Python to implement algorithms and solve problems. Self-assessment quizzes, warm-up exercises and theoretical problems foster both mathematical understanding and computational skills. Designed for advanced undergraduate students and beginning graduate students, this textbook serves as both an invitation to data science for mathematics majors and as a deeper excursion into mathematics for data science students.
The present volume features contributions from the 2022 BIRS-CMO workshop 'Moduli, Motives and Bundles – New Trends in Algebraic Geometry' held at the Casa Matemática Oaxaca (CMO), in partnership with the Banff International Research Station for Mathematical Innovation and Discovery (BIRS). The first part presents overview articles on enumerative geometry, moduli stacks of coherent sheaves, and torsors in complex geometry, inspired by related mini course lecture series of the workshop. The second part features invited contributions by experts on a diverse range of recent developments in algebraic geometry, and its interactions with number theory and mathematical physics, offering fresh insights into this active area. Students and young researchers will appreciate this text's accessible approach, as well as its focus on future research directions and open problems.