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Cognitive ability research and practice in the work context are at a crossroads. Our established approaches have made tremendous contributions to understanding human behavior at work. However, their utility is being questioned at a time when cognitive ability is more important than ever for success in the modern world of work. This book offers an accessible introduction to a broad range of cognitive ability theories that have the potential to advance cognitive ability research and practice in work contexts. It addresses challenges to cognitive ability research and presents new directions for academics, practitioners, and professionals across organizational psychology, human resources, management, education, and testing. This book provides insights that will help modernize how cognitive ability is conceptualized, assessed, and applied in workplace contexts.
As artificial intelligence chatbots offer increasingly sophisticated emotional support, society faces a profound question: can a machine truly empathize? Empathy and Artificial Intelligence provides the first comprehensive roadmap for this pivotal moment. Moving beyond simple binaries of 'hype' or 'doom,' this interdisciplinary volume unites leading psychologists, philosophers, and engineers to explore the tangled web of synthetic care. Key chapters investigate the 'AI Advantage' – where machines often outperform humans in perceived empathy – alongside the 'AI Penalty,' where discovering the artifice corrodes trust. The text navigates the distinct landscapes of text-based LLMs and embodied robots, addressing urgent ethical dilemmas and exploring whether reliance on AI risks the atrophy of our moral capacities or enables synthetic agents to scaffold stronger human relationships. Essential for researchers, students, and curious observers, this book investigates whether outsourcing our emotional labor saves us time, or costs us our humanity.
Noun phrases (NPs) are central to effecting linguistic reference, itself fundamental to human interactions. However, little research has examined the NPs used by people with the language disability, aphasia. This Element provides detailed analyses of noun- and pronoun-headed NPs in spoken narratives by twelve people with various aphasia types/severities, exploring NP elaboration and productivity along a continuum of spoken language capability. The Element explains how some observations challenge the rule-based theory that remains influential in aphasiology, while all can be predicted by a usage-based approach. It expands the emerging subfield of Cognitive Aphasiology, with potential implications for both linguistics and speech and language therapy.
While intergroup relations research has expanded globally, few resources offer a comprehensive grounding in its major theories. This book bridges that gap by providing critical assessments of the major theories of intergroup relations, their applied implications, and the empirical research that tests them. It traces the development of the field by examining major theories of intergroup behavior – from identity-based, materialist, and irrationalist perspectives to theories centered on justice, conflict, evolution, and system justification – and also critically assesses assimilation, multiculturalism, omniculturalism, and intergroup contact. The book concludes by showing how integrating existing theories with feminist frameworks, allyship, and intersectionality can help build more powerful and coherent models for understanding intergroup relations. By systematically analyzing these approaches and their practical applications, Theories of Intergroup Relations deepens our understanding of intergroup dynamics and supports the development of strategies for fostering more harmonious relations among diverse groups.
Aging is universal, but the ways we age are profoundly shaped by culture. This Element takes readers across Asia, Africa, North America, Europe, and Oceania to examine aging-in-place strategies, dementia-friendly communities, innovative senior living models, and culturally adapted health interventions. Through research, case studies, and community innovations, contributors highlight the interplay between tradition and modernity, resilience and contextual challenges, and individual and collective forms of care. Rich with global perspectives, this Element offers scholars, practitioners, caregivers, and policymakers culturally grounded insights to support older adults and their families in an increasingly interconnected and aging world.
This book brings together an international team of scholars to explore participation, change and transformative possibilities in everyday life. Drawing on critical ethnographic and participatory research from Brazil, Denmark, and Italy, it examines how people in marginalized positions – socially excluded children and young people, former gang members, rock musicians, bank employees and sex workers – engage in learning practices across diverse contexts. The chapters challenge conventional notions that oppose equality and difference, offering a critical perspective grounded in social practice theory, critical psychology, and urban anthropology. With a strong focus on co-produced knowledge and learners' perspectives, the book offers new conceptual tools for understanding learning as a dynamic, relational and political process rooted in everyday struggles. Essential reading for researchers, students, and professionals across education, anthropology, psychology, social work, pedagogy, and human geography.
This Element examines the relationship between mental health and religiosity from an evolutionary perspective. Drawing on psychology, anthropology, and health science, it explores the origins of religiosity and the cultural evolution of religious traditions to identify how religious beliefs, behaviors, and affiliations have influenced human psychosocial functioning over time. First, it defines the concepts of mental health and religiosity and then summarizes research on contemporary associations between them. This synthesis highlights the multidimensionality of each construct and the variability in their association across individuals and cultural contexts. Building on theory, the Element introduces a novel multilevel framework to explain how religiosity and mental health have interacted differently across evolutionary, cultural, and personal timescales. It concludes by considering applications of this evolutionary science, proposing that individuals who understand how religiosity and mental health are associated can more intentionally cultivate personal forms of religiosity that benefit, rather than hinder, well-being.
Everyone has experienced loneliness – perhaps briefly – perhaps for many years. This handbook explores why people of all ages can become lonely, and features steps that can be taken by individuals, communities, and entire societies to prevent and alleviate loneliness. Chapters present rigorous scientific research drawn from psychology, relationship science, neuroscience, physiology, sociology, public health, and gerontology to demystify the phenomenon of loneliness and its consequences. The volume investigates the significant risks that loneliness poses to health and the harmful physiological processes it can set in motion. It also details numerous approaches to help people overcome loneliness from multiple perspectives, including traditional and cognitive psychotherapy, online interventions, efforts to connect individuals to their communities, and designing communities as well as public health programs and policies to create a greater sense of social connection. Using accessible terminology understandable to a non-medical audience, it is an important work for social science scholars, students, policymakers, and practitioners.
There is increasing evidence for the intergenerational decline of religiosity across many different countries: religious beliefs, behaviours, and identities of parents are not being passed on to their children. This Element surveys the psychological and sociological research on the intergenerational transmission of religion, focussing on the factors that influence it. After introducing the topic in Section 1, Section 2 describes the methods used to study intergenerational transmission. Section 3 argues that the religious decline in recent decades is mainly due to intergenerational changes, as distinct from ageing or historical period effects. Section 4 examines societal and social factors, including national context, peers, education, religious communities, and the Internet. Section 5 focusses on parents, who are the most important agents of religious socialisation. Section 6 draws lessons from religious minorities, highly religious families, and also nonreligious families. Section 7 offers some practical conclusions for parents, and suggests directions for future research.
We are consistently bombarded with news and hard evidence that the super-rich are getting richer, leaving the rest of us behind. At the same time, many of us live lives that are materially richer than what was possible for most people throughout human history. We've never had it so good, yet it often feels like we don't have enough. This book reconciles that tension, placing the vices of capitalism in conversation with its virtues. Séamus A. Power explores how people comprehend and experience two global stories of economic growth – and what this means for the future of capitalism and humanity in an era of polarization, poverty, and climate change. The volume charts three possible futures for economic inequality and capitalism, and advocates for a world where poverty is eradicated, economic systems are made fairer, and the achievement of human capabilities is fully realized.
As international adoption peaked at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, research on its outcomes has paralleled that peak in scope and depth. This book provides a comprehensive, integrative analysis of international adoption within its historical, political, and legal frameworks, situating the practice in the context of global child welfare and the search for permanent families. By synthesizing decades of multidisciplinary research, the chapters examine developmental trajectories of internationally adopted individuals from childhood through to adulthood, taking into account physical health, attachment, language, cognition, academic achievement, identity, and mental health. Drawing on diverse methodologies and international samples, the text advances our understanding of resilience, adaptation, and identity in cross-cultural contexts. It also identifies critical gaps and articulates directions for future inquiry, refining developmental theory and informing policy and practice. This essential resource supports researchers, professionals, and graduate students engaged in adoption, child development, and social care.
This volume explores the interrelations between emotions, embodiment, and vulnerability through a phenomenological perspective. Scholars of philosophy, psychology, and psychiatry investigate how the fragilities of embodied existence shape emotions, how these vulnerabilities become visible in psychopathological conditions, and how they figure in therapeutic contexts. A central theme is that emotions can be understood as experiences lived through and enacted – not merely endured – showing them as fundamental to human selfhood and agency. Integrating phenomenological analyses with clinical insights, the text illuminates fluid boundaries between ordinary and pathological emotional experience. Across twenty-one chapters contributed by established researchers, this book builds a framework for understanding how emotions reveal and modulate human vulnerability.
The Element Children in War describes the impact of armed conflicts and war on children and family life and elaborates on ways in which children in and after war can be supported. Attachment theory rooted in the World Wars raging in the 20th century is one of the authors' conceptual underpinnings. The protracted Russian war against Ukraine served as the driving rationale for this Element. Its deleterious effects on child development but also the untold reserves in parents and professionals show that families under siege can profit from support to create safe, stable and shared care for the children. Two developmental scientists recognized for their attachment research and a child psychiatrist working 'in situ' during the war in Ukraine wrote this brief but evidencebased and comprehensive treatise on children and families weathering war. The authors aim to reach researchers but also policymakers and professionals working with children in wartime and its aftermath.
Hunger and starvation have significantly shaped the human condition. The imprints of past famines continue to cast lasting shadows on our evolutionary relationship with food, highlighting starvation as a powerful cognitive force. This book explores the nature of human hunger primarily from a psychological perspective, covering its basis in the brain, its critical dependence on learning and memory, and the dramatic effect of starvation on morality and behaviour. It connects the biology and psychology of hunger with historical and social examples including hunger strikers, hunger artists, disordered eating, and hunger as a weapon. Human experimental studies of deep starvation are also analysed, alongside case studies of the 'super hungers' in Prader-Willi syndrome, binge eating, and dementia. Delivering a comprehensive and interdisciplinary picture of human hunger and starvation, this book is an ideal resource for students and researchers interested in ingestive behaviour from a multidisciplinary perspective.
Beyond the Metrics examines how fitness technology subtly affects self-image, social anxiety, and mental well-being through wearables, performance monitoring, and digital affirmation. It uniquely combines academic insights with their practical experiences in competitive sports, user experience, and psychosocial research. It critically examines how fitness technology, while intended to be empowering, can paradoxically lead to self-objectification, social comparison, and performance anxiety. The authors explore the mental health effects of focusing on numbers related to the body, including body dysmorphia in bodybuilding and anxiety from online fitness tracking and social media. This timely book uses sports science, psychology, user experience (UX), and gender studies to explore the risks and potential solutions. Perfect for researchers, mental health professionals, athletes, and tech designers.
This textbook establishes Critical Race Theory (CRT) as a central framework for social work education and praxis. Addressing and ultimately moving beyond models of cultural competence and diversity, it offers a comprehensive framework for integrating CRT into pedagogy, research, and practice. It introduces analytical tools to address issues such as systemic racism, the social construction of race, critiques of liberalism, interest convergence, intersectionality, and counternarratives. Chapters contributed by renowned social work researchers highlight how social work has been entangled with white supremacy, neoliberalism, and colonialism, while also presenting a road map for a change in the future. With case examples, narratives, and reflective questions, this book is designed for all levels of social work study, as well as for committed practitioners of anti-racism. Although grounded in the US context, global perspectives are included, making it relevant for international audiences facing systematic racism or colonial legacies.
Throughout decades of research, motivation remains a vital part of psychology and other areas of the behavioural sciences. Frederick Toates explores this important psychological and biological process through an integrative account of how internal and external influences shape the decision making that guides and activates behaviour. Now extensively updated and expanded for modern readership, this textbook is equally accessible to undergraduates and engaging for academics. Drawing on psychology, neuroscience, and ethology, it presents a uniquely synthesised perspective of what motivates us. The chapters pull together diverse phenomena under one conceptual roof, including newly examined causes of behaviour such as the motivation associated with pain. Richly illustrated with personal anecdotes and examples from leading figures in the behavioural sciences, the text is accompanied by a test bank. This clear and supportive guide reveals how motivation systems take shape from the interactions between brain, body, and environment.
This Element introduces the Existential-Spiritual Psychotherapy framework as a promising clinical and research tool and then integrates it with the three pillars of the Multicultural Orientation framework. Section 1 presents Existential-Spiritual Psychotherapy by exploring how spirituality and religion intersect with existentialism and how all three relate to psychotherapy, psychological symptoms, well-being, and flourishing. Section 2 details the Existential-Spiritual Narrative as a roadmap that offers a process framework and introduces the integration of dynamic and culturally sensitive symbols. Section 3 explores existential-spiritual comfort, encouraging therapists' self-awareness around spiritual themes. Section 4 identifies common existential-spiritual opportunities, helping clinicians recognize and engage culturally embedded spiritual content. Section 5 discusses existential-spiritual humility, promoting a posture of humble expertise when navigating spiritual material. Throughout, the authors offer an empirically informed, culturally attuned framework while promoting a dialectical balance in integrating spirituality and religion into psychotherapy.
Discover how technology is revolutionizing the world of work across diverse industries in this essential text. As AI, automation, and digital platforms reshape fields like healthcare, hospitality, law enforcement, and the skilled trades, this book describes the emerging demands and skills workers need to thrive. Each chapter spotlights a different sector, uncovering how job roles are changing, what new training looks like, and the social and economic impacts of these shifts. By exploring both the opportunities and challenges of these technological transformations, this book offers an insightful perspective for professionals, educators, and anyone curious about the future of work. Perfect for readers seeking a comprehensive view of how technology is redefining careers and the labor market, it's a must-read for staying ahead in an ever-evolving workplace.
The arts are many things: a source of entertainment, an industry, and even in some cases a luxury item or status symbol. In this book, a philosopher and a cognitive scientist argue that, most foundationally, the arts are fundamental to who we are, a source of transformation and transcendence. Drawing on real-world examples – from visual art and poetry, to music and performance – they offer a powerful framework for understanding how art engagement fosters intellectual growth and emotional insight. Each chapter features thought-provoking artworks that invite readers to reflect on their own experiences and grapple with essential questions about empathy, creativity, and what it means to live well. Rich in scholarship yet grounded in everyday relevance, this work offers fresh ways to think about the role of the arts in both individual and collective life. It offers the perfect jumping-off point for anyone curious about how the arts shape our minds.