This chapter presents the book’s analytical framework and analyses three micro-scenes of interaction, arguing that everyday life plays a critical role in the objectification of differentiation. With special focus on the third interaction, involving the representation of peripheries and the ‘world of crime’ in São Paulo, it discusses how difference operates when the marginals appear to be getting closer to the established middle classes. Native categories and analytical concepts are both understood here as intervals of plausible meaning, a formal structure where contents are always mutually situated and constructed within the normative ideal boundaries established by routine use. The ethnographic reflection on the three empirical situations gives rise to a broader interpretation of how the recent authoritarian wave in Brazil is based on the construction of ideal categories. The authoritarians rely on how gender and state, as well as race, religion, family, class, sexuality and crime are entangled to serve their national project. The aim is to debate how the contemporary social life flows intertwine the production of those ideals, and to reflect on how the aesthetic of their emergence in the quotidian impacts on the construction of the general public sphere.

This chapter focuses on service rights which complement the legal rights which victims of crime have been afforded in Ireland. It maps the services which are available to victims at each stage in the criminal justice process, from reporting through to offender release. Many of the organisations discussed in the chapter offer counselling services and/or emotional support to victims outside of the criminal justice process. The importance of information provision, along with shortcomings in the delivery of information to victims at various stages of the process, is a recurring theme in this chapter. Gardaí play a crucial role in the support of victims of crime, not least because a Garda is the first person to whom a victim recounts the incident. The chapter explores the gaps between the rhetoric and the realities of service provision for victims of crime in Ireland with reference to available research on their experiences.

This chapter considers how Manchester’s footballing culture developed during the 1870s, analysing and interpreting the communities that became established in Manchester, how they developed the sport and what their influences were. It considers changes in the Manchester environment where, during the decade of Hulme Athenaeum’s existence, the population had increased to over 400,000 by 1871, exacerbating existing problems such as overcrowding in slum areas. The problems were those of a big commercial city, and polluted Manchester epitomised all that was socially bad in the effects of the Industrial Revolution. This chapter highlights the continuing influence of individuals such as Fitzroy Norris, who established Manchester’s second prominent association football club, Manchester Association, and remained a member of the footballing community for the rest of his life.

Since his death in 1998, memories of Powell have been partial yet persistent and forever associated with his ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech. Each year on 20 April, the anniversary of this speech, there are renewed effort to canonise Powell. Many of those who attempt this canonisation of Powell suggest, however, that his legacy must be detangled from a politics of race. Instead, invoking Powell is often used as a signifier in more coded debates as a politics that was first able to establish ‘magical connections’ and ‘short-circuits’ between the themes of race and immigration control, while evoking the images of the nation, the British people and the destruction of ‘our culture, our way of life’. Tracing the genealogy of these memories allows us to analyse the continuities, fissures and contradictions of racism as an ideology which has coalesced around the symbolism of Powell. The chapter examines the survival processes of Powell’s memory and his partial rehabilitation from the wilderness.

This chapter explains the emergence of the modern assumptions commitments and strategic priorities that have shaped the position of the victim in the justice system. In particular, it demonstrates how the paradigm of prosecuting and investigating crime moved from an intensely local, unstructured and victim-precipitated arrangement to a structured, adversarial, State-monopolised event where the accused was largely silenced and the victim was rendered invisible. The chapter traces the ways in which different justice systems have accommodated victims of crime. It highlights the broad historical changes in the assumptions and realities that governed victim relations under pre-modern exculpatory and modern inculpatory models of justice. The chapter represents the shift from personal to institutional relations, ensuring that subjective and emotive experiences were increasingly represented as invalid, tainted knowledge.

This chapter argues that violence, and especially lethal violence, is strictly managed on the periphery of São Paulo. It argues against the idea of banalisation of violence in favelas, as its thesis is that there is strict control of the use of force in the favelas and neighbourhoods of São Paulo’s peripheries of . It presents three ethnographic situations of the ‘Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC) era’ in which members of the ‘world of crime’ interact in a particular way with police officers and lawyers. The diverse normative repertoire of PCC’s practices is analysed vis-à-vis the state’s violence management tools, with which they coexist in the peripheral zones of São Paulo. Four dimensions are specifically analysed: (i) state justice; (ii) the court room justice of ‘crime’; (iii) the selective justice of the police; and (iv) divine justice. The ethnographic study shows how this repertoire divides different projects of regulation of violence in the city, which have given birth to the different normative regimes analysed in this book.

Focusing on non-professional footballing activity, this chapter provides an assessment of how the game developed within schools during the early twentieth century. It also considers how, by 1919, the Manchester region housed multiple leagues and competitions for all ages. By this time football was prevalent across Manchester’s communities, but it was the efforts of new organisations such as the Manchester Schools Football Association and the Manchester and Salford Playing Fields Society which transformed spaces and provided opportunities to allow football to become embedded within Mancunian life. This chapter explores how the game grew and was promoted outside the professional clubs, considering the efforts of individuals in establishing a network of leagues, clubs and school-based activities.

This chapter situates Powell’s ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech within the context of 1968 as a global year of dramatic change. To understand the purchase of Powell’s words, the chapter examines the end of the post-war consensus and how immigration and race both reflected and remoulded a new form of politics.

This conclusion presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the preceding chapters of this book. The book examines the criminal justice system's interactions with victims of crime. It demonstrates the 'conditions of possibility' of the return of victims of crime by examining the factors that shaped this emergence and informed its assumptions. The book focuses on 'rupture', 'discontinuity' and the 'incidence of interruptions' in order to produce a proper understanding of this emergence. It considers service provision for victims of crime. The book charts the challenges which continue to face service users, providers and the wider criminal justice sector in the delivery of services which are responsive to the needs of victims and meet increased demands under the EU Directive on Victims' Rights.