Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T18:17:09.804Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

African Literature and the CIA

Networks of Authorship and Publishing

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 December 2020

Caroline Davis
Affiliation:
Oxford Brookes University

Summary

During the period of decolonisation in Africa, the CIA covertly subsidised a number of African authors, editors and publishers as part of its anti-communist propaganda strategy. Managed by two front organisations, the Congress of Cultural Freedom and the Farfield Foundation, its Africa programme stretched across the continent. This Element unravels the hidden networks and associations underpinning African literary publishing in the 1960s; it evaluates the success of the CIA in secretly infiltrating and influencing African literary magazines and publishing firms, and examines the extent to which new circuits of cultural and literary power emerged. Based on new archival evidence relating to the Transcription Centre, The Classic and The New African, it includes case studies of Wole Soyinka, Nat Nakasa and Bessie Head, which assess how the authors' careers were affected by these transnational networks and also reveal how they challenged, subverted, and resisted external influence and control.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781108663229
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 21 January 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Bibliography

Primary Sources

Acott, H., ‘Tactics of the Habitat: The Elusive Identity of Nat Nakasa’, unpublished MA dissertation (University of South Africa, 2008).Google Scholar
Adejunmobi, M., ‘Claiming the Field: Africa and the Space of Indian Ocean Literature’, Callaloo, 32: 4 (2009), 1247–61.Google Scholar
Amuta, C., The Theory of African Literature: Implications for Practical Criticism (London: Zed Books, 1989).Google Scholar
Ashuntantang, J., ‘The Publishing and Digital Dissemination of Creative Writing in Cameroon’, in Davis, C. and Johnson, D. (eds.), The Book in Africa: Critical Debates (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), pp. 245–66.Google Scholar
Askew, K., ‘Everyday Poetry from Tanzania: Microcosm of the Newspaper Genre’, in Peterson, D., Hunter, E., and Newell, S. (eds.), African Print Cultures: Newspapers and Their Publics in the Twentieth Century (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2016), pp. 179223.Google Scholar
Athill, D., Stet: A Memoir (London: Granta Books, 2000).Google Scholar
Ballantyne, T., Webs of Empire: Locating New Zealand’s Colonial Past (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2014).Google Scholar
Barber, K., ‘Introduction’, in Barber, K. (ed.), Africa’s Hidden Histories: Everyday Literacy and Making the Self (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006), pp. 124.Google Scholar
Benson, P., Black Orpheus, Transition, and Modern Cultural Awakening in Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).Google Scholar
Benson, P., ‘“Border Operators”: Black Orpheus and the Genesis of Modern African Art and Literature’, Research in African Literatures, 14:4 (1983), 431–73.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P., The Field of Cultural Production: Essays on Art and Literature (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993).Google Scholar
Brown, R., Native of Nowhere: The Life of Nat Nakasa (Auckland Park, South Africa: Jacana, 2013).Google Scholar
Brouillette, S., ‘Postcolonial Authorship Revisited’, in Dalleo, Raphael (ed.), Bourdieu and Postcolonial Studies (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2016), pp. 80101.Google Scholar
Buitenhuis, P., The Great War of Words: Literature as Propaganda 1914–18 and After (London: Batsford, 1989).Google Scholar
Bush, R., Publishing Africa in French: Literary Institutions and Decolonization 1945–1967 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2016).Google Scholar
Casanova, P., The World Republic of Letters (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007).Google Scholar
Chapman, M. (ed.), The Drum Decade: Stories from the 1950s (Scottsville: University of Natal Press, 2001).Google Scholar
Church, F., Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with respect to Intelligence Activities, United States Senate, Book 1 (26 April 1976).Google Scholar
Coleman, P., The Liberal Conspiracy: The Congress for Cultural Freedom and the Struggle for the Mind of Postwar Europe (New York: Free Press, 1989).Google Scholar
Collings, R., ‘The First Commonwealth Arts Festival’, The New African, 4:7 (1965), 151–2.Google Scholar
Davis, C., ‘Creating a Book Empire: Longmans in Africa’, in Davis, C. and Johnson, D. (eds.), The Book in Africa: Critical Debates (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), pp. 128–52.Google Scholar
Davis, C., Creating Postcolonial Literature: African Writers and British Publishers (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).Google Scholar
Davis, C., ‘Playing the Game? The Publication of Oswald Mtshali’, in Dalleo, Raphael (ed.), Bourdieu and Postcolonial Studies (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2016), pp. 137158.Google Scholar
Davis, C., ‘A Question of Power: Bessie Head and her Publishers’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 44 (2018), 149506.Google Scholar
Ehmeir, W., ‘Publishing South African Literature in the 1960s’, Research in African Literatures, 26:1 (1995), 111–31.Google Scholar
Fraser, R., Book History through Postcolonial Eyes: Rewriting the Script (London: Routledge, 2008).Google Scholar
Friendly, A., ‘Slick African Magazine Gains a Wide Following’, The New York Times (11 August 1968), 3.Google Scholar
Furniss, G., ‘Innovation and Persistence: Literary Circles, New Opportunities, and Continuing Debates in Hausa Literary Production’, in Barber, K. (ed.), Africa’s Hidden Histories: Everyday Literacy and Making the Self (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006), pp. 416–34.Google Scholar
Gray, S., Free-lancers and Literary Biography in South Africa (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1999).Google Scholar
Gready, P., ‘The Sophiatown Writers of the Fifties: The Unreal Reality of Their World’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 16:1 (1990), 139–64.Google Scholar
Head, B., ‘For Serowe, a Village in Africa’, The New African, 4:10 (1965), 230.Google Scholar
Head, B., ‘A Gentle People’, The New African, 2:8 (1963), 169–70.Google Scholar
Head, B., ‘God and the Underdog: Thoughts on the Rise of Africa’, The New African, 7:2 (1968), 47–8.Google Scholar
Head, B., ‘The Isolation of Boeta L’, The New African, 3:2 (1964), 28–9.Google Scholar
Head, B., ‘Let Me Tell You a Story Now’, The New African, 1:9 (1962), 810.Google Scholar
Head, B., ‘Looking for a Rain God: A Story of Botswana’, The New African, 5:3 (1966), 65.Google Scholar
Head, B., Maru (London: Gollancz, 1971).Google Scholar
Head, H., ‘Piet de Vries Speaks His Mind’, The New African, 1:5 (1962), 56.Google Scholar
Head, B., ‘Snowball: A Story’, The New African, 3:5 (1964), 100–1.Google Scholar
Head, B., ‘Things I Don’t Like’, The New African, 1:7 (1962), 10.Google Scholar
Head, B., When Rain Clouds Gather (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1968).Google Scholar
Hench, J., Books as Weapons: Propaganda, Publishing, and the Battle for Global Markets in the Era of World War II (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2016).Google Scholar
Herdeck, D., African Authors: A Companion to Black African Writing (Washington, DC: Black Orpheus Press, 1973).Google Scholar
Hofmeyr, , ‘Reading Debating/Debating Reading’, in Barber, K. (ed.), Africa’s Hidden Histories: Everyday Literacy and Making the Self (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006), pp. 258–77.Google Scholar
Holman, V., ‘Carefully Concealed Connections: The Ministry of Information and British Publishing, 1939–1946’, Book History, 8 (2005), 197226.Google Scholar
Ibironke, O., Remapping African Literature: African Histories and Modernities (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2018).Google Scholar
Jeyifo, B. (ed.), Conversations with Wole Soyinka (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2001).Google Scholar
Johnson, L., ‘The U.S. Congress and the CIA: Monitoring the Dark Side of Government’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, 5:4 (1980), 477–99.Google Scholar
Julien, E., ‘The Extroverted African Novel’, in Moretti, F. (ed.), The Novel, vol. 1, History Geography, and Culture (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006), pp. 667700.Google Scholar
Julien, E., ‘The Extroverted African novel, Revisited: African Novels at Home, in the World’, Journal of African Cultural Studies, 30:3 (2018), 371–81.Google Scholar
Kalliney, P., ‘Modernism, African Literature and the Cold War’, Modern Language Quarterly, 76:3 (2015), 334–68.Google Scholar
Kalliney, P., Modernism in a Global Context (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).Google Scholar
Keany, M., ‘“I Can Feel My Grin Turn to a Grimace”: From the Sophiatown Shebeens to the Streets of Soweto on the Pages of Drum, The Classic, New Classic, and Staffrider’, unpublished master’s dissertation (George Mason University, 2010).Google Scholar
Komey, E. A., ‘Wanted: Creative Writers’, West African Review, 32:407 (1961), 63.Google Scholar
Krishnan, M., Contingent Canons: African Literature and the Politics of Location (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018).Google Scholar
Holt, E. M., ‘“Bread or Freedom”: The Congress for Cultural Freedom, the CIA, and the Arabic Literary Journal Hiwãr (1962–67)’, Journal of Arabic Literature, 44 (2013), 83102.Google Scholar
La Guma, B. with Klammer, M., In the Dark with my Dress on Fire: My Life in Cape Town, London, Havana and Home Again (Auckland Park, South Africa: Jacana, 2010).Google Scholar
Lindfors, B., ‘African Literature Criticism and the Post-Colonial Curriculum’, Journal of Literary Studies 16:3–4 (2000), 541.Google Scholar
Lindfors, B., ‘Post-War Literature in English by African Writers from South Africa’, The Atlanta University Review of Race and Culture, 27:1 (1966), 5062.Google Scholar
Manganyi, C. N., Exiles and Homecomings: A Biography of Es’kia Mphahlele (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1983).Google Scholar
Mphahlele, E., ‘Mphahlele on the CIA’, Transition, 34 (December 1967–January 1968), 56.Google Scholar
Nakasa, N., ‘Comment’, The Classic, 1:1 (1963), 34.Google Scholar
Nakasa, N., ‘Comment’, The Classic, 1:2 (1963), 5.Google Scholar
Nakasa, N., ‘Writing in South Africa’, The Classic, 1:1 (1963), 5663.Google Scholar
Neogy, R., and Hill, T., ‘Liberalism: The Toughest Creed There Is’, Sunday Nation (11 June 1967), repr. in Transition, 75–6 (1997), 312–16.Google Scholar
Ngũgĩ wa, Thiong’o, Birth of a Dream Weaver: A Writer’s Awakening (London: Random House, 2016).Google Scholar
Ngũgĩ wa, Thiong’o, Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1992).Google Scholar
Nkosi, L., ‘Review of The World of Nat Nakasa: Selected Writings by Essop Patel’, Research in African Literatures, 9:3 (1978), 475–9.Google Scholar
Nsehe, M., ‘The 40 Most Powerful Celebrities in Africa’, Forbes, www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2011/10/12/the-40-most-powerful-celebrities-in-africa (accessed 3 March 2020).Google Scholar
Reuser Jahn, Uta, ‘Private Entertainment Magazines and Popular Literature Production in Socialist Tanzania’, in Peterson, D., Hunter, E., and Newell, S. (eds.), African Print Cultures: Newspapers and Their Publics in the Twentieth Century (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2016), pp. 224–50.Google Scholar
Rogers, A., ‘Culture in Transition: Rajat Neogy’s Transition (1961–68) and the Decolonization of African Literature’, in Davies, D., Lombard, E., and Mountford, B. (eds.), Fighting Words: Fifteen Books that Shaped the Postcolonial World (New York: Peter Lang, 2017), pp. 183–99.Google Scholar
Rogers, A., ‘Officially Autonomous: Anglophone Literary Cultures and the State since 1945’, unpublished D.Phil. thesis (University of Oxford, 1914).Google Scholar
Rubin, A. N., Archives of Authority: Empire, Culture and the Cold War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012).Google Scholar
Sandwith, C., ‘Entering the Territory of Incitement: Oppositionality and Africa South’, Social Dynamics, 35:1 (2009), 123–36.Google Scholar
Saunders, F. S., The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters (New York: New York Press, 2000).Google Scholar
Saunders, F. S., Who Paid the Piper? The CIA and the Cultural Cold War (London: Granta Books, 1999).Google Scholar
Shringarpure, B., Cold War Assemblages: Decolonisation to Digital (Abingdon: Routledge, 2019).Google Scholar
Soyinka, W., You Must Set Forth at Dawn (New York: Random House, 2007).Google Scholar
Spahr, J., Du Bois’s Telegram: Literary Resistance and State Containment (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018).Google Scholar
Suhr-Sytsma, N., ‘The Extroverted African Novel and Literary Publishing in the 21st Century’, Journal of African Cultural Studies, 30:3 (2018), 339355.Google Scholar
Suhr-Sytsma, N., Poetry, Print and the Making of Postcolonial Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017).Google Scholar
Swanepoel, P. C., Really inside BOSS: A Tale of South Africa’s Late Intelligence Service (and Something about the CIA) (Pretoria: Swanepoel, 2007).Google Scholar
Themba, C., ‘The Suit’, The Classic, 1:1 (1963), 616.Google Scholar
Vigne, R., ‘Come What May’, The New African, 5:1 (1966), 1.Google Scholar
Vigne, R., Gesture of Belonging: Letters of Bessie Head, 1965–1979 (London: SA Writers and Heinemann Educational Books, 1991).Google Scholar
Vigne, R., and Currey, J., The New African: A History 1962–69 (London: Merlin Press, 2014).Google Scholar
Zimbler, J., ‘For Neither Love nor Money: The Place of Political Art in Pierre Bourdieu’s Literary Field’, Textual Practice, 23: 4 (2009), 599620.Google Scholar

Secondary Sources

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

African Literature and the CIA
  • Caroline Davis, Oxford Brookes University
  • Online ISBN: 9781108663229
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

African Literature and the CIA
  • Caroline Davis, Oxford Brookes University
  • Online ISBN: 9781108663229
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

African Literature and the CIA
  • Caroline Davis, Oxford Brookes University
  • Online ISBN: 9781108663229
Available formats
×