Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c4f8m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T02:16:41.377Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Seclusion, Protection and Avoidance: Exploring the Metida Complex among the Datoga of Northern Tanzania

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2011

Abstract

This article deals with metida avoidance practices as they emerge in daily and ritual practice among the agro-pastoral Datoga-speaking peoples of Tanzania. The elaboration of the avoidance practices varies starkly between and within Datoga segments, but these practices are commonly particularly elaborate in connection with death or death-like events, and with birth or birth-like events. In the study area women may spend years of their lives with severe restrictions on their conduct in terms of movement and socialization. We argue that in making sense of such avoidance phenomena the strong influence of Mary Douglas's ‘dirt’ and ‘pollution’ concepts has hindered an understanding of the fact that the metida seclusion does not only isolate substances perceived to be dangerously contaminating, but in similar ways secludes fertile and vulnerable elements in order to protect them. A Strathern-inspired transition to a focus on bodies as open and dynamic systems that mingle with other bodies in intimate flows or exchanges of bodily fluids may be fruitful in this context. We indicate, however, that incautious substitution of a ‘pollution’ concept with the concept of ‘flows’ may lead to challenges not entirely dissimilar to those that attended the employment of Douglas's concepts.

Résumé

Cet article traite des pratiques d'évitement metida dans le cadre des pratiques quotidiennes et rituelles des peuples agropastoraux de langue datoga de Tanzanie. L'élaboration des pratiques d'évitement varie considérablement selon les segments Datoga, mais ces pratiques sont souvent particulièrement élaborées en ce qui concerne la mort ou événements assimilables à la mort, et la naissance ou événements assimilables à la naissance. Dans la zone d'étude, il arrive que les femmes passent plusieurs années de leur vie assujetties à de lourdes contraintes de conduite en termes de mouvement et de socialisation. L'article soutient qu'en donnant un sens à ce phénomène d'évitement, la forte influence des notions de “souillure” et de “pollution” de Mary Douglas a empêché de comprendre que l'isolement metida ne fait pas qu'isoler les substances perçues comme dangereusement contaminantes, mais de façon similaire isole les éléments fertiles et vulnérables afin de les protéger. Une transition inspirée par Strathern vers une focalisation sur les corps en tant que systèmes ouverts et dynamiques qui se mêlent à d'autres corps, dans des écoulements intimes ou des échanges de liquides organiques, peut s'avérer féconde dans ce contexte. L'article indique cependant que la substitution imprudente d'une notion de “pollution” par la notion d'“écoulements” peut susciter des contestations peu dissimilaires de celles qui ont accompagné l'emploi desnotions de Douglas.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Beidelman, T. O. (1997) The Cool Knife: imagery of gender, sexuality, and moral education in Kaguru initiation ritual. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Blystad, A. (1996) ‘“Do give us children”: the problem of fertility among the pastoral Barbayiig of Tanzania’ in Ahmed, A. G. M. and Abdel, H. A. (eds), Managing Scarcity: human adaptation in East African drylands. Addis Ababa: Commercial Printing Enterprise.Google Scholar
Blystad, A. (1999) ‘“Dealing with men's spears”: Datoga pastoralists combating male intrusion on female fertility’ in Moore, H. L., Sanders, T. and Kaare, B. (eds), Those Who Play with Fire: gender, fertility and transformation in East and Southern Africa. London: The Athlone Press.Google Scholar
Blystad, A. (2000) ‘Precarious Procreation: Datoga pastoralists at the late 20th century’. PhD thesis, Department of Social Anthropology, University of Bergen.Google Scholar
Blystad, A. (2005) ‘Fertile mortal links: reconsidering Datoga violence’ in Broch-Due, V. (ed.), Violence and Belonging. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Broch-Due, V. (1990) ‘Cattle are companions, goats are gifts: animals and people in Turkana thought’ in Palsson, G. (ed.), From Water to Worldmaking. Uppsala: The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.Google Scholar
Broch-Due, V. (1999) ‘Creation and the multiple female body: Turkana perspectives on gender and cosmos’ in Moore, H. L., Sanders, T. and Kaare, B. (eds), Those Who Play with Fire: gender, fertility and transformation in East and Southern Africa. London: The Athlone Press.Google Scholar
Bura, M. W. T. (1984) ‘Pregnancy and Child Rearing Practices among the Wairaqw of Tanzania’. Thesis for Diploma in Tropical Child Health, University of Liverpool.Google Scholar
Burton, J. W. (1991) ‘Representations of the feminine in Nilotic cosmologies’ in Jacobson-Widding, A. (ed.), Body and Space: symbolic models of unity and division in African cosmology and experience. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell International.Google Scholar
Devisch, R. (1993) Weaving the Threads of Life: the Khita gyn-eco-logical healing cult among the Yaka. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Douglas, M. (1966) Purity and Danger: an analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Douglas, M. (1970) Natural Symbols. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Herbert, E. W. (1993) Iron, Gender and Power: rituals of transformation in African societies. Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, S. (1992) ‘“Dangerous to eat”: rethinking pollution states among the Nuer of Sudan’, Africa 62 (4): 490503.Google Scholar
Jacobson-Widding, A. and van Beek, W. (eds) (1990) The Creative Communion: African folk models of fertility and the regeneration of life. Uppsala: Almqvist and Wiksell International.Google Scholar
Karp, I. (1987) ‘Preface to the 1987 edition’ in Karp, I. and Bird, C. (eds), Explorations in African Systems of Thought. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Karp, I. and Bird, C. (eds) (1980) Explorations in African Systems of Thought. Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Kratz, C. A. (1994) Affecting Performance: meaning, movement, and experience in Okiek women's initiation. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Lane, C. R. (1996) Pastures Lost: Barabaig economy, resource tenure, and the alienation of their land in Tanzania. Nairobi: Initiatives Publishers.Google Scholar
Lawi, Y. Q. (1999) ‘Where physical and ideological landscapes meet: landscape use and ecological knowledge in Iraqw, northern Tanzania, 1920s–1950s’, The International Journal of African Historical Studies 32 (2): 30.Google Scholar
Lawi, Y. Q. (1999) ‘Local Knowledge and the Political Ecology of Natural Resource Use in the Iraqwland, Northern Tanzania, 1900–1980s’. PhD thesis, Boston University.Google Scholar
Mous, M., Qorro, M. A. S. and Kiessling, R. (2002) Iraqw–English Dictionary. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Rekdal, O. B. (1999) ‘The Invention by Tradition: creativity and change among the Iraqw of Northern Tanzania’. PhD thesis, Department of Social Anthropology, University of Bergen.Google Scholar
Rekdal, O. B. and Blystad, A. (1999) ‘“We are as sheep and goats”: Iraqw and Datooga discourses on fortune, failure, and the future’ in Anderson, D. M. and Broch-Due, V. (eds), “The Poor Are Not Us”: poverty and pastoralism in Eastern Africa. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Sanders, T. (1998) ‘Making children, making chiefs: gender, power and ritual legitimacy’, Africa 68 (2): 238–62.Google Scholar
Selvik, E. (1998) ‘Channelling Flows of Blood and Water: a study of gender, fertility and seclusion practices among Iraqw people in Tanzania’. PhD thesis, Department of Social Anthropology, University of Oslo.Google Scholar
Snyder, K. A. (1993) ‘“Like Water and Honey”: moral ideology and the construction of community among the Iraqw of Northern Tanzania’. PhD thesis, Yale University.Google Scholar
Strathern, M. (1988) The Gender of the Gift: problems with women and problems with society in Melanesia. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Thornton, R. J. (1980) Space, Time and Culture among the Iraqw of Tanzania. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Thornton, R. J. (1982) ‘Modelling of spatial relations in a boundary-marking ritual of the Iraqw of Tanzania’, Man 17 (3): 528–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winter, E. H. (1966) ‘Territorial groupings and religion among the Iraqw’ in Banton, M. (ed.), Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion. London: Tavistock.Google Scholar