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Friendship and Care for Elderly People*

  • Graham Allan (a1)
Abstract

In recent years policy initiatives on caring for elderly people have stressed the need for ‘care by the community’: the use of various informal relationships to provide the elderly with more effective forms of care. The present paper analyses the potential of one type of informal relationship – friendship – to act in this way and argues that, despite appearances, friendship is not a particularly suitable basis for care provision. Not only are many elderly people in need of care excluded from the contexts in which friendships are usually generated and serviced, but more importantly the normal exchange basis of friendship is undermined when there is long-term, unilateral provision of care. Similar factors apply to primary carers' friendships. By analysing these issues fully, the paper shows that attempts to incorporate friends into systematic caring is unlikely to be successful. While friends will help in a crisis, in the long run such help is as contradictory to the nature of friendship as it is compatible with it.

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NOTES

1 DHSS. Growing Older, Cmnd. 8173. HMSO, London, 1981.

2 Sinclair, I. and Thomas, D. N. (eds). Perspectives on Patch. N.I.S.W. Paper No.14, 1983.

3 See, for example, Glastonbury, B., Paying and Piper and Calling the Tune. B.A.S.W., London, 1979.

4 Abrams, P., Neighbourhood Care and Social Policy: A Research Perspective, The Volunteer Centre, London, 1979; Abrams, P., Social change, social networks, and neighbourhood care, Social Work Service, 22 (1980), 1223; Abrams, P. and Bulmer, M., Policies to promote informal social care: some reflections on voluntary action, neighbourhood involvement, and neighbourhood care, Ageing and Society, 5 (1985), 118.

5 Leat, D., Limited Liability? A Report on Some Good Neighbour Schemes, The Volunteer Centre, London, 1979; Leat, D., Getting to Know the Neighbours, Policy Studies Institute, London, 1983.

6 Rosow, I., Old people: their friends and neighbours, American Behavioural Scientist, 14 (1970), 5969; Jerome, D., The significance of friendship for women in later life, Ageing and Society, 1 (1981), 175197; Matthews, S. H., Definitions of friendship and their consequences in old age, Ageing and Society, 3 (1983), 141–55; Wenger, C., The Supportive Network: Coping with Old Age, Allen & Unwin, London, 1984.

7 Finch, J. and Groves, D., Community care and the family, Journal of Social Policy, 9 (1980), 487514; Equal Opportunities Commission, Caring for the Elderly and Handicapped, Equal Opportunities Commission, Manchester, 1982; Missel, M. and Bonnerjea, L., Family Care of the Handicapped Elderly: Who Pays?, Policy Studies Institute, London, 1982; Walker, A. (ed), Community Care: the Family, the State and Social Policy, Martin Robertson/Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1982; Finch, J. and Groves, D. (eds), A Labour of Love: Women, Work and Caring, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1983.

8 Allan, G. A., Sociology of Friendship and Kinship. Allen & Unwin, London, 1979.

9 McCall, G. et al. , ‘A collaborative overview of social relationships’, in McCall, G. (ed.), Social Relationships. Aldine, Chicago, 1970.

10 Naegale, K., Friendship and acquaintances: An exploration of some social distinctions, Harvard Educational Review, 28 (1958), 232252.

11 Lazarsfeld, P. and Merton, R., ‘Friendship as a social process’, in Berger, M., Abel, T. and Page, C. H. (eds). Freedom and Control in Modern Society. Van Nostrand, Princeton, 1954.

12 Blau, Z. S., Structural constraints on friendship in old age, American Sociological Review, 26 (1961), 429439; Rosow, I., op. cit.; Jerome, D., op. cit; Matthews, S. H., op. cit.

13 Parker, R., ‘Tending and social policy’, in Goldberg, E. M. and Hatch, S. (eds). A New Look at the Personal Social Services. Policy Studies Institute, London, 1981.

14 Ungerson, C., ‘Women and caring: skills, tasks and taboos’, in Gamarnikow, E., Morgan, D., Purvis, J. and Taylorson, D. (eds). The Public and the Private, Heinemann, London, 1983.

15 Wenger, C., op. cit.

16 Briggs, A. and Oliver, J. (eds), Caring: Experiences of Looking After Disabled Relatives, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1985.

17 Gavron, H., The Captive Wife, Penguin, London, 1966; Oakley, A., The Sociology of Housework, Martin Robertson, London, 1974.

18 Tomlinson, A., Leisure and Social Control, Brighton Polytechnic, Eastbourne, 1981; Deem, R., Women, leisure and inequality, Leisure Studies, 1 (1982), 2946.

19 Flew, A., Looking after granny: the reality of community care, New Society, 9th 10 1980, 5658; Equal Opportunities Commission, op. cit.; Nissel, M. and Bonnerjea, L., op.cit.

20 A number of the carers in Briggs, A. and Oliver, J., op cit., testify to this by highlighting the help they received through becoming members of the Association of Carers.

21 Schneider, D., American Kinship: A Cultural Account, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1968.

22 Matthews, S. H., op.cit.

* A version of this paper was read to the Vth International Congress of Sicilian Anthropological Studies in November, 1983. I would like to thank Sue Allan and Joan Higgins for their helpful comments on an earlier draft.

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Ageing & Society
  • ISSN: 0144-686X
  • EISSN: 1469-1779
  • URL: /core/journals/ageing-and-society
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