Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T15:58:29.281Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Regulation, Market Power, and Advertising Effectiveness

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 September 2016

Kevin Chen
Affiliation:
Department of Rural Economy at the University of Alberta
Jeevika Weerahewa
Affiliation:
Department of Agricultural Economics at the University of Peradeniya–Sri Lanka
Get access

Abstract

Using the case of Canadian dairy industry, this paper investigates the farm level effectiveness of generic advertising in two vertically related markets under government regulation and oligopolistic power. Comparative static analysis indicates that an increase in advertising may either increase or decrease the farm level profit when the processing industry is oligopolistic. When advertising leads to an increase in the farm level profit under the oligopolistic processing industry, the size of this effect may be more than, less than, or the same as that under perfect competition. Specifications of the retail demand function play an important role in determining both the direction and magnitude of the effect of advertising on the farm level profit under the oligopolistic processing industry. The simulation results of the Canadian butter industry illustrate that the magnitude of the bias caused by an erroneous assumption regarding the market structure could be significant.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 1998 Northeastern Agricultural and Resource Economics Association 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agriculture Canada. 1994. Dairy Market Review.Google Scholar
Azzam, A., and Pagoulatos, E. 1990. “Oligopolistic and Oligoponistic Behaviour: An Application to the U.S. Meat Packing Industry.” Journal of Agricultural Economics 41: 362–70.Google Scholar
Babcock, B.A., and Foster, W.E. 1992. “Economic Rents under Supply Controls with Marketable Quota.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 74: 630–37.Google Scholar
Barichello, R.R. 1981. The Economics of Canadian Dairy Industry Regulation. Technical Report no. E12. Ottawa: Economic Council of Canada.Google Scholar
Bruno, M. 1978. “Duality, Intermediate Inputs, and Value Added.” In Production Economics: A Dual Approach to Theory and Applications, ed. Fuss, M. and McFadden, D. Vol. 2. Amsterdam: North Holland.Google Scholar
Chang, H.S., and Kinnucan, H.W. 1990. “Generic Advertising of Butter in Canada: Optimal Advertising Levels and Returns to Producers.” Agribusiness 6: 345–54.3.0.CO;2-I>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, H.S., and Kinnucan, H.W. 1991. “Advertising, Information, and Product Quality: The Case of Butter.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 73: 11951203.Google Scholar
Chen, K., and Meilke, K. 1998. “A Simple Analytics of Transferable Production Quota: Implications for the Marginal Cost of Ontario Milk Production.” Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics. In press.Google Scholar
Cranfield, J. 1995. “Advertising and Oligopoly Power in the North American Beef Industry.” M.S. thesis, Department of Agricultural Economics and Business, University of Guelph.Google Scholar
Cranfield, J., Cousineau, L., Swidinsky, M., Lai, H., Goddard, E., and Rude, J. 1995. Oligopoly Power in the Canadian Food Processing Industry. Working Paper, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Guelph.Google Scholar
Dairy Farmers of Canada. 1994. Dairy Facts.Google Scholar
Dorfman, A., and Steiner, P.O. 1954. “Optimal Advertising and Optimal Quality.” American Economic Review 44: 826–36.Google Scholar
Ewing, R. 1994. The Canadian Dairy Industry: Institutional Structure and Demand Trends in the 1990s. Working Paper 1/94. Policy Branch, Agricultural and Agri-food Canada.Google Scholar
Ferrero, J.L., Ackerman, K.Z., and Nichols, J.P. 1996. Agricultural Commodity Promotion Policies and Programs. Ithaca: National Institute for Commodity Promotion Research and Evaluation, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Forker, O.D., and Ward, R.W. 1993. Commodity Advertising: The Economics and Measurement of Generic Programs. New York: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Gordon, D.V., and Hazledine, T. 1995. Modeling Farm-Retail Price Linkage for Eight Agricultural Commodities. Research Report to Policy Branch, Agriculture Canada.Google Scholar
Goddard, E.W., and Amuah, A.K. 1989. “The Demand for Fats and Oils: A Case Study of Advertising Effectiveness.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 71: 741–49.Google Scholar
Goddard, Ellen W., and McCutcheon, M.L. 1993. “Optimal Producer Investment in Generic Advertising: The Case of Fluid Milk in Ontario and Quebec.” Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 41: 329–48.Google Scholar
Goddard, E.W., and Taylor, D.S. 1994. Promotion in the Marketing Mix: What Works, Where and Why. Proceedings from the NEC-63 Conference. Toronto, Ontario. Spring.Google Scholar
Goddard, E.W., and Tielu, A. 1988. “Assessing the Effectiveness of Fluid Milk Advertising in Ontario.” Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 36: 261–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goddard, E.W., and Tielu, A. 1994. “Optimal Advertising Rules: The Case of the Canadian Dairy Industry.” Unpublished ms., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Guelph.Google Scholar
International Dairy Federation (IDF). 1991. Econometric Measurement of Generic Advertising. Special Issue no. 9202. Brussels, Belgium.Google Scholar
Karp, L.S., and Perloff, J.M. 1993. “A Dynamic Model of Oligopoly in the Coffee Export Market.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 75: 448–57.Google Scholar
Kinnucan, H., and Belleza, E. 1991. “Advertising Evaluation and Measurement Error: The Case of Fluid Milk in Ontario.” Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 39: 283–97.Google Scholar
Kinnucan, H.W., Johnston, S.R., and Chang, H.S., eds. 1992. Commodity Advertising and Promotion. Ames: Iowa State University Press.Google Scholar
Liu, D.J., Sun, C.H., and Kaiser, H.M. 1995. “Market Conduct under Government Price Intervention in the U.S. Dairy Industry.” Journal of Agricultural Resource Economics 20: 301–15.Google Scholar
Liu, D.J., and Forker, O.D. 1990. “Optimal Control of Generic Fluid Milk Advertising Expenditures.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 72: 1047–55.Google Scholar
Moschini, G. 1989. “Modeling the Supply Response of Supply-Managed Industries: A Review of Issues.” Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 37: 379–92.Google Scholar
Quilkey, J.J. 1986. “Primary Product Promotion—A View from the Cloister.” Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics 30: 3852.Google Scholar
Quirmbach, H.C. 1988. “Comparative Statics for Oligopoly: Demand Shift Effects.” International Economic Review 29: 451–58.Google Scholar
Rude, J. 1992. “The Impact of Trade Liberalization on the Canadian Dairy Processing Industry.” Ph.D. diss., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Guelph.Google Scholar
Schroeter, J.R. 1988. “Estimating the Degree of Market Power in the Beef Packing Industry.” Review of Economics and Statistics 70: 158–62.Google Scholar
Schroeter, J.R., and Azzam, A. 1990. “Measuring Market Power in Multiproduct Oligopolies: The U.S. Meat Industry.” Applied Economics 22: 1365–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suzuki, N., and Kaiser, H.M. 1997. “Imperfect Competition Models and Commodity Promotion Evaluation: The Case of U.S. Generic Milk Advertising.” Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 29: 315–25.Google Scholar
Suzuki, N., Kaiser, H.M., Lenz, J.E., Kobayashi, K., and Forker, O.D. 1994. “Evaluating Generic Milk Promotion Effectiveness with an Imperfect Competition Model.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 76: 296302.Google Scholar
Venkateswaran, M., and Kinnucan, H.W. 1990. “Evaluating Fluid Milk Advertising in Ontario: The Importance of Functional Form.” Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 38: 471–88.Google Scholar
Wann, J.J., and Sexton, R.J. 1992. “Imperfect Competition in Multiproduct Food Industries with Application to Pear Processing.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 74: 980–90.Google Scholar
Weerahewa, J. 1996. “Return from Investments under Imperfect Competition: Sri Lankan Tea Research, Promotion, and Advertising.” Ph.D. diss., Department of Agricultural Economics and Business, University of Guelph.Google Scholar
Weerahewa, J., and Goddard, E. 1995. Market Power, Demand Shifts, and Returns from Advertising to Primary Producers. Selected Paper at the 1995 American Association of Agricultural Economics (AAEA) annual meeting, August 6–9, Indianapolis.Google Scholar
Wohlgenant, M.K. 1989. “Demand for Farm Output in a Complete System of Demand Equations.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 71: 241–52.Google Scholar
Wohlgenant, M.K., and Haidacker, H. 1989. Retail-to-Farm Linkage for a Complete Demand System of Food Commodities. Pub. no. TB-1775. Washington, D.C.: USDA/ERS.Google Scholar