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COUGAR CREEK: QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF OBSIDIAN USE IN THE GREATER YELLOWSTONE ECOSYSTEM
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 February 2019
Abstract
With more than 15 sources of obsidian and other lithic materials, the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem of Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho is one of the richest toolstone regions in northwestern North America. This article introduces a quantitative assessment technique to compare attributes of seven Yellowstone obsidians used by Native Americans over at least 11,000 years. The proposed assessment technique is replicable and adaptable to other regions. This article also analyzes the procurement, use, and distribution of the poorly studied Cougar Creek obsidian. Archaeological research documented Cougar Creek obsidian outcrops, procurement areas, and secondary processing sites. Native Americans acquired the material at surface exposures, as well as occasional trench and pit excavations. There is a significant distance decay reduction in its use, especially when compared with Obsidian Cliff obsidian. Using a weighted z-score analysis, the material attributes of Cougar Creek were compared with those of six regional obsidians to determine the factors involved in their differential use. Based on these rankings, Cougar Creek obsidian experienced low demand and usage due to poor quality and availability. In contrast, due to their high quality, abundance, and aesthetics, Obsidian Cliff and Bear Gulch obsidians were preferred for stone tool production.
El Gran Ecosistema de Yellowstone, que abarca los estados de Montana, Wyoming e Idaho, cuenta con más de quince fuentes de obsidiana y otros materiales líticos, por lo que es una de las regiones más ricas en utensilios de piedra en el noroeste de Norteamérica. Este artículo presenta una técnica de evaluación cuantitativa para comparar los atributos de siete obsidianas de Yellowstone utilizadas por los Nativos Americanos durante al menos 11,000 años. La técnica de evaluación propuesta es replicable y adaptable a otras regiones. Este documento también analiza la adquisición, el uso y la distribución de la obsidiana de Cougar Creek, que ha sido poco estudiada. Los afloramientos de obsidiana de Cougar Creek, las áreas de aprovisionamiento y los sitios secundarios de procesamiento fueron documentados por medio de una prospección arqueológica. Los Nativos Americanos adquirieron el material tanto en exposiciones superficiales como en excavaciones ocasionales de zanjas y pozos. Hay una disminución significativa del decaimiento por distancia en el uso de la obsidiana de esta fuente, especialmente cuando se compara con la obsidiana de Obsidian Cliff. Usando un análisis de puntaje Z ponderado, los atributos materiales de la obsidiana de Cougar Creek fueron comparados con los de seis obsidianas regionales para determinar los factores involucrados en su uso diferencial. Según estas clasificaciones, la obsidiana de Cougar Creek experimentó una menor demanda y uso debido a la baja calidad y disponibilidad. En contraste, debido a su alta calidad, abundancia y estética, las obsidianas de Obsidian Cliff y Bear Gulch fueron preferidas para la producción de herramientas de piedra.
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MacDonald et al. supplementary material
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