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Collapse of Crucial Resources and Culture Change: A Model for the Woodland to Oneota Transformation in the Upper Midwest

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

James L. Theler  and
Robert F. Boszhardt
James L. Theler
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology and Archaeology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601
Robert F. Boszhardt
Affiliation:
Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601
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Abstract

The Driftless Area of the Upper Midwestern United States offers a case study for the transition from hunter-gatherer (Late Woodland Effigy Mound) to agricultural (Oneota) societies between ca. A.D. 950 and 1150, a period that coincided with northward expansion of Middle Mississippian cultures from the American Bottom. Previous studies have not adequately explained the regional disappearance of Effigy Mound cultures, the appearance of Oneota cultures, or the cultural changes that occurred during this period. Our analysis considers ecological (deer and firewood) and cultural (population packing, community organization, hunting technology, and warfare) factors to develop a testable model applicable to broader regions. We propose that increasing Late Woodland populations reached the region's “packing threshold,” disrupting a flexible seasonal round based on residential mobility and triggering shortages of two essential resources, white-tailed deer and firewood, which in turn led Late Woodland groups to abandon vast portions of the Driftless Area. The intrusion of Middle Mississippian peoples from the south created additional disruption and conflict. Remnant Woodland and Mississippian peoples amalgamated briefly in the region's first villages, which were palisaded. After A.D. 1150, Oneota cultures emerged, reoccupying specific localities in clustered settlements.

Résumé

Résumé

El Area Driftless (una zona no cubierta por los glaciares) de la parte central del Norte de los Estados Unidos ofrece un ejemplo de la transición de una sociedad cazadora-recolectora (Woodland Effigy Mound Tardío) a una sociedad agrícola (Oneota) entre 1050 y 1150 d.C, un período que coincidió con la expansión hacia el Norte de culturas Mississippian Medio del Sur Americano. Estudios anteriores no han explicado adecuadamente la desaparición regional de las culturas Effigy Mound, la aparición de las culturas Oneota, o los cambios culturales que ocurrieron durante este período. Nuestro análisis considera factores ecológicos (venado y leña) y culturales (densidad de población, organización de comunidad, tecnología de caza, y guerra) para desarrollar un modelo que se puede probar y que se puede aplicar a regiones más extensas. Proponemos que las poblaciones Woodland Tardío aumentaron hasta que llenaron la región, rompiendo el patrón flexible de movilidad estacional y causando escaseases de dos recursos esenciales, venado de cola blanca y leña. Esta situación obligó a los grupos Woodland Tardío a abandonar vastas extensiones del Area Driftless. La intrusión de grupos Mississippian del Sur creó trastornos y conflictos adicionales. Grupos remanentes Woodland y Mississippian se fusionaron brevemente en las primeras aldeas de la región, que fueron empalizadas. Después del año 1150 d.C. emergieron las culturas Oneota, reocupando localidades específicas en asentamientos agrupados.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 71 , Issue 3 , July 2006 , pp. 433 - 472
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2006 

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