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The Dolphin Hunters: A Specialized Prehistoric Maritime Adaptation in the Southern California Channel Islands and Baja California

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Judith F. Porcasi  and
Harumi Fujita
Judith F. Porcasi
Affiliation:
Zooarchaeology Laboratory, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1510
Harumi Fujita
Affiliation:
Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, 16 de Septiembre 1035, La Paz, Baja California Sur, C.P. 23000
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Abstract

Synthesis of faunal collections from several archaeological sites on the three southernmost California Channel Islands and one in the Cape Region of Baja California reveals a distinctive maritime adaptation more heavily reliant on the capture of pelagic dolphins than on near-shore pinnipeds. Previous reports from other Southern California coastal sites suggest that dolphin hunting may have occurred there but to a lesser extent. While these findings may represent localized adaptations to special conditions on these islands and the Cape Region, they call for reassessment of the conventionally held concept that pinnipeds were invariably the primary mammalian food resource for coastal peoples. Evidence of the intensive use of small cetaceans is antithetical to the accepted models of maritime optimal foraging which assume that shore-based or near-shore marine mammals (i.e., pinnipeds) would be the highest-ranked prey because they were readily encountered and captured. While methods of dolphin hunting remain archaeologically invisible, several island cultures in which dolphin were intensively exploited by people using primitive watercraft and little or no weaponry are presented as possible analogs to a prehistoric Southern California dolphin-hunting technique. These findings also indicate that dolphin hunting was probably a cooperative endeavor among various members of the prehistoric community.

Resumen

Resumen

La sintesis de varias colecciones faunísticas procedentes de los sitios arqueológicos localizados en tres de las islas Channel más sureñas de California revela una adaptatión marítima distintiva, más dependiente de la captura de delfines que pinipedos costeños. Hay un sitio en la Region del Cabo de Baja California que presenta indicios de una indole semejante. Reportes anteriores provenientes de algunos sitios costeros de California continental, nos llevan a pensar que la caza de delfin pudo haber sido practicada allí también aunque en menor escala. Aunque estos descubrimientos podrían representor una adaptación localizada a las condiciones existentes en estas islas y en el estéril desierto de la Región del Cabo, es necesario realizar un nuevo estudio o evaluatión del concepto general comunmente aceptado de que los pinípedos eran invariablemente lafuente mamífera alimenticia principal de los pueblos costeros. La evidencia del uso intensivo de cetáceos menores contradice los modelos generalmente aceptados sobre la explotación sustentable de recursos marinos los cuales asumen que los mamíferos marinos del océano o costenos (p.ej. pinipedos) servían como alimento de las mejore especie ya que fdcilmente eran encontrados y capturados. Aunque los metodos de captura de delfines en los sitios en las islas y en Baja California son invisibles arqueologicamente, ciertas culturas insulares hicieron uso intensivo del delfin empleando embarcaciones primitivas y con escasa o ninguna herramienta para su caceria. La captura del delfin estaba considerada como la mas valiosa. Estas culturas se presentan como posibles análogos en lo que pudo haber sido la técnica de la caza de delfin en la prehistoria del sur de California. Una inferencia significativa de estos hallazgos es que la caza de delfines probablemente fue un esfuerzo cooperativo que requirio organización y participatión de varios miembros de la comunidad prehistórica.

Type
Reports
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 65 , Issue 3 , July 2000 , pp. 543 - 566
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2000

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