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Ground-Stone Tools and Hunter-Gatherer Subsistence in Southwest Asia: Implications for the Transition to Farming

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Katherine I. Wright
Katherine I. Wright*
Affiliation:
Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31-34 Gordon Square, London WC1H OPY, United Kingdom
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Abstract

Ground-stone tools and hunter-gatherer subsistence in late Pleistocene southwest Asia are examined in light of ethnographic and experimental data on processing methods essential for consumption of various plant foods. In general, grinding and pounding appear to be labor-intensive processing methods. In particular, the labor required to make wild cereals edible has been widely underestimated, and wild cereals were unlikely to have been “attractive” to foragers except under stress conditions. Levantine ground-stone tools were probably used for processing diverse plants. The earliest occurrence of deep mortars coincides with the glacial maximum, camp reoccupations, the onset of increasingly territorial foraging, and the earliest presently known significant samples of wild cereals. Two major episodes of intensification in plant-food processing can be identified in the Levant, coinciding respectively with the earliest evidence for sedentism (12,800-11,500 B.P.) and the transition to farming (11,500-9600 B.P.). The latter episode was characterized by rising frequencies of grinding tools relative to pounding tools, and suggests attempts to maximize nutritional returns of plants harvested from the limited territories characteristic of sedentary foraging and early farming. This episode was probably encouraged by the Younger Dryas, when density and storability of foods may have outweighed considerations of processing costs.

Resumen

Resumen

Las henamientas de moler y la subsistencia de cazadores-recolectores en el Pleistoceno tardío del suroeste asiático se examinan bajo la luz de datos etnográficos y experimentales sobre los métodos de procesamiento esenciales para el consumo de varios tipos de plantas. En general, los métodos usados para moler y pulverizar requieren trabajo intensivo. En particular, el trabajo requerido para convertir cereales silvestres en comestibles ha sido sumamente subestimado; los cereales silvestres no fueron muy “atractivos” para los forajeros excepto bajo condiciones de presión. Las herramientas de moler levantinas probablemente fueron usadas para procesar diversas plantas. La ocurrencia más temprana de morteros hondos coincide con el máximo glacial, las reocupaciones de campamentos, la aparición de forraje territorial, y las muestras de cereales silvestres más tempranas que se conocen. Dos episodios importantes en la intensificación del procesamiento de plantas pueden identificarse en el Levante, coincidiendo respectivamente con la evidencia más temprana de sedentismo (12.800-11.500 A.P.) y con la transición hacia la agricultura (11.500-9600 B.P.). Este último episodio se caracterizó por frequencias crecientes de herramientas de moler en relación con herramienteas de pulverizar, y sugiere un intento de maximizar el rendimiento nutritivo de plantas cosechadas en los limitados territorios característicos del forraje sedentario y la agricultura temprana. Este episodio fue probablemente estimulado por el Dryas Reciente, cuando la densidad y capacidad de almacenamiento de comestibles habría sido más importante que los costos de procesamiento.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 59 , Issue 2 , April 1994 , pp. 238 - 263
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 1994

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