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Pots and Pox: The Identification of Protohistoric Epidemics in the Upper Mississippi Valley

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Colin M. Betts
Colin M. Betts*
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work, Luther College, Decorah, IA 52101
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Abstract

Exogenous diseases represent one of the principal agents of culture change associated with the historic period, yet the timing of their initial influence remains undocumented in many regions of North America. Settlement variables, cooking pot volume, and mortality profiles from Oneota tradition occupations are used to investigate the possible occurrence of epidemics in the Upper Mississippi River valley. Synchronous fluctuations in settlement and ceramic variables indicate that following at least two centuries of population growth a significant population decline occurred in the early seventeenth century. Several factors provide support for the role of disease in this decline, including its timing, magnitude, and the documented presence of epidemics in adjacent regions combined with substantial evidence for extensive contact with those areas. This event, prior to direct, sustained contact, is associated with the increased intensity of intergroup exchange occurring with the fur trade. The ability to identify the occurrence of such epidemics is essential for understanding protohistoric cultural dynamics as well as the transmission of disease on a continental level.

Las enfermedades exógenas representan uno de los principales agentes de cambio cultural relacionados con una época histórica, aún queda por documentar la cronología de su impacto inicial en muchas regiones de Norteamérica. Este estudio utiliza las variables de asentamiento, el volumen de las ollas de cocción, y datos de la mortalidad para investigar la posible ocurrencia de epidemias en la cultura Oneota del valle del Alto Río Mississippi. Las fluctuaciones sincrónicas de variables tanto en los asentamientos como en la cerámica indican que por lo menos después de dos siglos de aumento de población, hubo una notable disminución de la misma en la primera parte del siglo XVII. Hay varios factores que corroboran el papel de las enfermedades durante este período de reducción de población, incluyendo sus fechas de aparición, magnitud y evidencia documental sobre la presencia de epidemias en regiones adyacentes, junto con una abundante evidencia de contactos extensos con estas áreas. Este fenómeno de disminución, ocurrido antes del contacto directo y sostenido, se asocia con una mayor intensidad de intercambios entre grupos relacionados con el trueque de pieles. Identificar la ocurrencia de tales epidemias es fundamental para comprender tanto la dinámica cultural protohistórica como la transmisión de enfermedades por todo el continente.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 71 , Issue 2 , April 2006 , pp. 233 - 259
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2006

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