Feminicidio: TWAIL in Action

¹ See, e.g., Femicide: The Politics of Woman Killing (Jill Radford & Diana E.H. Russell eds., 1992).

² As part of my research, I conducted interviews with members of grassroots civil society organizations in Chihuahua City, the state capital, that were involved in the transnational mobilization against feminicidio.

³ See, e.g., Lagarde, Marcela, Preface: Feminist Keys for Understanding Feminicide: Theoretical, Political, and Legal Construction, in Terrorizing Women: Feminicide in the Americas xi (Fregoso, Rosa-Linda and Bejarano, Cynthia eds., 2010); Julia Monárrez Fragoso, Trama de una Injusticia: Feminicidio Sexual Sistémico en Ciudad Juárez (2013).

⁴ Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its fifty-third session, 19 UN GAOR Suppl. No. 10, at 43, UN Doc. A/56/10 (2001), reprinted in [2001] 2 Y.B. Int’l L. Comm’n 26, UN Doc. A/CN.4/SER.A/2001/Add. 1.

⁶ Monárrez Fragoso, supra note 3

⁷ Anghie, Antony and Chimni, Bhupinder S., Third World Approaches to International Law and Individual Responsibility in Internal Conflicts, 2 Chinese J. OF Int’l L. 77, 79 (2003).

⁸ Sally E. Merry, Human Rights and Gender Violence: Translating International Law into Local Justice (2006); Levitt, Peggy & Merry, Sally E., Vernacularization on the Ground: Local Use of Global Women’s Rights in Peru, China, India and the United States, 4 Global Networks 441 (2009); Boaventura de Sousa Santos & César A. Rodríguez Garavito, Law and Globalization From Below (2005).

⁹ González (“Cotton Field”) v. Mexico, Preliminary Objection, Merits, and Costs, Judgment, Inter-Am. Ct. H. R. (ser. C) No. 205 (Nov. 16, 2009).

¹⁰ Fagbongbe, Mosope, The Future of Women’s Rights from a TWAIL Perspective, 10 Int’l Community L. Rev. 401, 404 (2008); Rémi Bachand, Critical Approaches and the Third World. Towards a Global and Radical Critique of International Law, McGill Law School Working Paper (2010).

¹² Id .

¹³ Monárrez Fragoso, supra note 3.

¹⁴ Wright, Melissa W., The Dialectics of Still Life: Murder, Women and Maquiladoras, 11 Pub. Culture 453, 469 (1999).

¹⁵ Id.

¹⁶ Elsewhere, I have also examined the gendered and racialized colonial dimension underlying this macho gender order. See Moral, Paulina García-Del, Representation as a Technology of Violence. On the Representation of the Murders and Disappearances of Aboriginal Women in Canada and Women in Ciudad Juarez. 36 Canadian J. Latin American & Caribbean Stud. 33 (2011).

¹⁷ Fragoso, Julia Monárrez, The victims of Ciudad Juárez Feminicide: Sexually Fetishized Commodities, in Terrorizing Women: Feminicide in the Americas 59 (Fregoso, Rosa-Linda & Bejarano, Cynthia eds., 2010).

¹⁸ Lagarde, supra note 3, at xxiii.

¹⁹ See Monárrez Fragoso, supra note 3.

²⁰ Paulina García-Del Moral, Transforming Feminicidio: Framing, Institutionalization, and Social Change, Current Soc. (Dec. 23, 2015).

²¹ American Convention on Human Rights, Nov. 21, 1969, 1144 UNTS 143.

²² Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women, Mar. 5, 1995, 33 ILM 1534.

²³ See González (“Cotton Field”) v. Mexico, Preliminary Objection, Merits, and Costs, Judgment, Inter-Am. Ct. H. R. (ser. C) No. 205, paras. 137-145 (Nov. 16, 2009). It is important to note that the English version of the judgment inaccurately translates feminicidio as femicide.

²⁴ Balakrishnan Rajagopal, International Law from Below: Development, Social Movement, and Third World Resistance (2003); Kennedy, David, The International Human Rights Movement: Part of the Problem?, 15 Harv. Hum. Rts. 101 ; Kennedy, David, The International Human Rights Regime: Still Part of the Problem?, in Examining Critical Perspectives on Human Rights 19 (Dickinson, Rob et.al. eds., 2012).

²⁵ See Sousa Santos & RodríGuez Garavito, supra note 8.

²⁶ Levitt & Merry, supra note 8, at 441.

²⁷ Id.

²⁸ Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, Dec. 18, 1979, 1249 UNTS 13.

²⁹ See García-Del Moral, supra note 20, for an explanation of the transformation of feminicidio from an academic concept into a frame as well as its criminalization in Mexican law.

³⁰ Levitt & Merry, supra note 8, at 459-460.

³¹ Id.

³² Merry, supra note 8, at 134, 215.

³³ Paloma Angélica Escobar Ledezma v. Mexico, Case 12.551, Inter-Am. Comm’n H.R., Report No. 51/13 (July 12, 2013).