Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-cfpbc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T11:28:05.688Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

KITTOS AND THE PHIALAI EXELEUTHERIKAI

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2019

Mills McArthur
Mills McArthur*
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
*
millsmcarthur@uchicago.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In an oracular tablet from Dodona dating to the mid-fourth century bc, a slave named Kittos inquires whether his master, Dionysios, will set him free. A roughly contemporary entry in the Athenian phialai inscriptions records Dionysios isotelēs manumitting Kittos the metalworker. This paper suggests that the individuals in both documents may be identical. Along the way, it also takes a position on a number of questions surrounding the phialai inscriptions. These inscriptions are not really inventories, I propose, nor can they be explained in terms of lawsuits unrelated to manumission. (The presence of families and children in the inscriptions is especially important in demonstrating this point.) Instead, they represent acts of manumission effectuated through dikē apostasiou prosecutions, an Athenian practice which, I believe, dates back to the 350s. It was not until the 330s, under the financial administration of Lycurgus, that the city imposed mandatory phialai dedications upon all manumissions in court, with the phialē serving as a manumission fee paid to the treasurers of Athena.

Ο Κίττος και οι Φιάλαι Εξελευθερικαί

Σε ένα χρηστήριο έλασμα από τη Δωδώνη που χρονολογείται στα μέσα του 4ουαι. π.Χ., ένας δούλος ονόματι Κίττος ρωτά εάν ο κύριός του, Διονύσιος, θα τον απελευθερώσει. Μια περίπου σύγχρονη καταχώρηση στις επιγραφικές εγγραφές των Αθηναϊκών φιαλών ο Διονύσιος ἰσοτελής απελευθερώνει τον μεταλλουργό Κίττο. Το άρθρο αυτό προτείνει ότι τα άτομα στα δύο αυτά έγγραφα μπορεί να είναι τα ίδια. Στην πορεία, παίρνει θέση σε μια σειρά ερωτημάτων που σχετίζονται με τις επιγραφές φιαλών. Προτείνω ότι οι επιγραφές αυτές δεν είναι στην πραγματικότητα ευρετήρια, ούτε μπορούν να εξηγηθούν ως αγωγές που δε σχετίζονται με απελευθερώσεις. (Η παρουσία οικογενειών και παιδιών στις επιγραφές είναι ιδιαίτερα σημαντική για αυτό το επιχείρημα). Αντίθετα, αντιπροσωπεύουν πράξεις απελευθέρωσης που πραγματοποιήθηκαν μέσω της δίωξης δίκης ἀποστασίου, μια Αθηναϊκή πρακτική που πιστεύω ότι χρονολογείται στη δεκαετία του 350. Μόνο μετά τη δεκαετία του 330, υπό την οικονομική διοίκηση του Λυκούργου, μπόρεσε η πόλη να επιβάλει υποχρεωτικές αναθέσεις φιαλών μετά την απελευθέρωση στο δικαστήριο, με τη φιάλη να χρησιμεύει ως τέλος απελευθέρωσης που πληρωνόταν στους ταμίες της Αθηνάς.

Type
Articles
Information
Annual of the British School at Athens , Volume 114 , November 2019 , pp. 263 - 291
Copyright
Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Aleshire, S.B. 1989. The Athenian Asklepieion: The People, Their Dedications, and The Inventories (Amsterdam).Google Scholar
Amyx, D.A. 1958. ‘The Attic stelai: part III. Vases and other containers’, Hesperia 27.3, 163–254.Google Scholar
Audollent, A.M.H. 1904. Defixionum tabellae quotquot innotuerunt, tam in Graecis Orientis quam in totius Occidentis partibus praeter Atticas in Corpore Inscriptionum Atticarum editas (Paris).Google Scholar
Bosman, P. 2016. ‘The “Dodona Bronze” revisited’, Acta Classica 59, 184–92.Google Scholar
Buck, C.D. 1955. The Greek Dialects (Chicago, IL).Google Scholar
Burkett, J.W. 2011. ‘Aristotle, Rhetoric III: a commentary’ (unpublished PhD thesis, Texas Christian University).Google Scholar
Chiron, P. 2008. ‘Musique des mots et persuasion dans deux traités de rhétorique d'époque hellénistique et romaine (Ps.-Démétrios de Phalère, Du Style, Denys d'Halicarnasse, La Composition stylistique)’, Modèles linguistiques 58, 27–45.Google Scholar
Cope, E.M. 1877. The Rhetoric of Aristotle, with a Commentary, rev. and ed. Sandys, J. E., 3 vols (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Dakaris, S., Vokotopoulou, J. and Christidis, A.P. 2013. Τα Χρηστήρια Ἐλάσματα της Δωδώνης των ἀνασκαφών Δ. Ευαγγελίδη, 2 vols (Athens).Google Scholar
Dimopoulou-Piliouni, A. 2008. ‘Apeleutheroi: metics or foreigners?’, Dike: Rivista di storia del diritto greco ed ellenistico, 11, 27–50.Google Scholar
Eidinow, E. 2007. Oracles, Curses, and Risk among the Ancient Greeks (Oxford).Google Scholar
Feyel, C. 2006. Les artisans dans les sanctuaires grecs aux époques classique et hellénistique à travers la documentation financière en Grèce (Paris).Google Scholar
Fortenbaugh, W.W. 2006. Aristotle's Practical Side: On His Psychology, Ethics, Politics and Rhetoric (Leiden).Google Scholar
Gabrielsen, V. 1994. Financing the Athenian Fleet: Public Taxation and Social Relations (Baltimore, MD).Google Scholar
Ghiron-Bistagne, P. 1976. Recherches sur les acteurs dans la Grèce antique (Paris).Google Scholar
Golden, M. 2015. Children and Childhood in Classical Athens, 2nd edn (Baltimore, MD).Google Scholar
Graham, A.J. 1998. ‘Thucydides 7.13.2 and the crews of Athenian triremes: an Addendum’, TAPA 128, 89–114.Google Scholar
Groth, M.E. 2017. Slavery and Freedom in the Mid-Hudson Valley (Albany, NY).Google Scholar
Harrill, J.A. 1993. ‘Ignatius, Ad Polycarp. 4.3 and the corporate manumission of Christian slaves’, Journal of Early Christian Studies 1.2, 107–42.Google Scholar
Harris, D. 1988. ‘Nikokrates of Kolonos, metalworker to the Parthenon treasurers’, Hesperia 57.4, 329–37.Google Scholar
Harris, D. 1992. ‘Bronze statues on the Athenian Acropolis: the evidence of a Lycurgan inventory’, AJA 96.4, 637–52.Google Scholar
Harris, D. 1995. The Treasurers of the Parthenon and Erechtheion (Oxford).Google Scholar
Harris, E.M. 2004. ‘Notes on a lead letter from the Athenian agora’, HSCP 102, 157–70.Google Scholar
Harris, E.M. 2013. ‘The plaint in Athenian law and legal procedure’, in Faraguna, M. (ed.), Legal Documents in Ancient Societies IV (Trieste), 156–75.Google Scholar
Harrison, A.R.W. 1968. The Law of Athens, vol. 1: The Family and Property (Oxford).Google Scholar
Henderson, J. 1991. ‘Women and the Athenian dramatic festivals’, TAPA 121, 133–47.Google Scholar
Hopkins, K. 1978. Conquerors and Slaves (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Hünefeldt, C. 1994. Paying the Price of Freedom: Family and Labor among Lima's Slaves, 1800–1854 (Berkeley, CA).Google Scholar
Ismard, P. 2015. La Démocratie contre les experts. Les Esclaves publics en Grèce ancienne (Paris).Google Scholar
Jones, C. 2008. ‘Hyperides and the sale of slave-families’, ZPE 164, 19–20.Google Scholar
Kassel, R. 1976. Aristotelis: Ars Rhetorica (Berlin).Google Scholar
Kennedy, G.A. 1996. ‘The composition and influence of Aristotle's Rhetoric‘, in Rorty, A.O. (ed.), Essays on Aristotle's Rhetoric (Berkeley, CA), 416–24.Google Scholar
Kellogg, D.L. 2013. Marathon Fighters and Men of Maple: Ancient Acharnai (Oxford).Google Scholar
Köhler, U. 1878. “ΦΙΑΛΑΙ ΕΞΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΚΑΙ”, Mitteilungen des deutschen archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung 3, 172–7.Google Scholar
Kränzlein, A. 1975. ‘Die attischen Aufzeichnungen über die Einlieferung von φιάλαι ἐξελευθερικαί’, in Wolff, H.J. (ed.), Symposion 1971. Vorträge zur griechischen und hellenistischen Rechtsgeschichte (Cologne), 255–64.Google Scholar
Kühner, R. and Gerth, B. 1890–1904. Ausführliche Grammatik der griechischen Sprache, 2 vols (Hannover).Google Scholar
Lambert, S.D. 1997. Rationes Centesimarum: Sales of Public Land in Lykourgan Athens (Amsterdam).Google Scholar
Lambert, S.D. 2012. Inscribed Athenian Laws and Decrees 352/1–322/1 bc: Epigraphical Essays (Brill Studies in Greek and Roman Epigraphy Vol. 2; Leiden).Google Scholar
Lanni, A.M. 1997. ‘Spectator sport or serious politics? οἱ περιεστηκότες and the Athenian lawcourts’, JHS 117, 183–9.Google Scholar
Lewis, D.M. 1959. ‘Attic manumissions’, Hesperia 28.3, 208–38.Google Scholar
Lewis, D.M. 1968. ‘Dedications of phialai at Athens’, Hesperia 37.4, 368–80.Google Scholar
Lewis, D.M. 1997. Selected Papers in Greek and Near Eastern History, ed. Rhodes, P. J. (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Lhôte, É. 2006. Les lamelles oraculaires de Dodone (Geneva).Google Scholar
Mactoux, M.-M. 2008. ‘Regards sur la proclamation de l'affranchissement au théâtre à Athènes’, in Gonzales, A. (ed.), La fin du statut servile ? Affranchissement, libération, abolition, vol. 2: Besançon 15–17 décembre 2005 (Actes des colloques du Groupe de recherche sur l'esclavage dans l'antiquité Vol. 30–2; Besançon), 437–51.Google Scholar
Malouchou, G.E. 2013. ‘Two overlooked Attic inscriptions’, in Martzavou, P. and Papazarkadas, N. (eds), Epigraphical Approaches to the Post-Classical Polis: Fourth Century bc to Second Century ad (Oxford), 201–15.Google Scholar
Mansfield, J.M. 1985. ‘The robe of Athena and the Panathenaic Peplos‘ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley).Google Scholar
Martin, D.B. 1990. Slavery as Salvation: The Metaphor of Slavery in Pauline Christianity (New Haven, CT).Google Scholar
Masson, O. 1972. ‘Les noms des esclaves dans la Grèce antique’, in Actes du colloque 1971 sur l'esclavage. Besançon 10–11 mai 1971 (Actes des colloques du Groupe de recherche sur l'esclavage dans l'antiquité Vol. 2; Besançon), 9–23.Google Scholar
Meyer, E. 2010. Metics and the Athenian Phialai-Inscriptions: A Study in Athenian Epigraphy and Law (Historia Einzelschriften Vol. 208; Stuttgart).Google Scholar
Migeotte, L. 2014. Les finances des cités grecques. Aux périodes classique et hellénistique (Epigraphica Vol. 8; Paris).Google Scholar
Mitchel, F.W. 1962. ‘Demades of Paeania and IG II2.1493, 1494, 1495’, TAPA 93, 213–29.Google Scholar
Mitchel, F.W. 1964. ‘Derkylos of Hagnous and the date of I.G., II2, 1187’, Hesperia 33.4, 337–51.Google Scholar
Mouritsen, H. 2011. The Freedman in the Roman World (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Mulvey, P.A. 1982. ‘Slave confraternities in Brazil: their role in colonial society’, The Americas 39.1, 39–68.Google Scholar
Mussche, H. 1961. ‘La forteresse maritime de Thorikos’, BCH 85, 176–205.Google Scholar
Niku, M. 2007. The Official Status of the Foreign Residents in Athens, 322–120 bc (Papers and Monographs of the Finnish Institute at Athens Vol. 12; Helsinki).Google Scholar
Osborne, M.J. 1981–3. Naturalization in Athens, 4 vols in 3 (Brussels).Google Scholar
Papazarkadas, N. 2012. ‘Review of Meyer 2010’, CR 62.2, 553–5.Google Scholar
Parker, R. 1996. Athenian Religion: A History (Oxford).Google Scholar
Parker, R. 2016. ‘Seeking advice from Zeus at Dodona’, GaR 63.1, 69–90.Google Scholar
Patterson, O. 1982. Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study (Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
Pouilloux, J. 1954. La forteresse de Rhamnonte. Étude de topographie et d'histoire (Paris).Google Scholar
Powell, B. 1904. ‘Oeniadae: II. The Theatre’, AJA 8.2, 174–201.Google Scholar
Pritchett, W.K. 1956. ‘The Attic stelai: part II’, Hesperia 25.3, 178–328.Google Scholar
Rädle, H. 1969. ‘Untersuchungen zum griechischen Freilassungswesen’ (PhD thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität zu München).Google Scholar
Reilly, L.C. 1978. ‘The naming of slaves in Greece’, AncW 1.2, 111–13.Google Scholar
Reinmuth, O.W. 1971. The Ephebic Inscriptions of the Fourth Century bc (Leiden).Google Scholar
Robertson, M. 1992. The Art of Vase-Painting in Classical Athens (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Rocca, F. 2011. ‘IG II2 1560 e la pratica della manomissione ad Atene: alcune osservazioni’, Historika: Studi di storia greca e romana 1.1, 247–68.Google Scholar
Rosivach, V.J. 1989. ‘Talasiourgoi and Paidia in IG 22 1553–78: a note on Athenian social history’, Historia 38.3, 365–70.Google Scholar
Rosivach, V.J. 1991. ‘Some unexpected names of Athenian freedmen’, LCM 16, 4–5.Google Scholar
Rubinstein, L. 2000. Litigation and Cooperation: Supporting Speakers in the Courts of Classical Athens (Historia Einzelschriften Vol. 147; Stuttgart).Google Scholar
Samama, É. 2003. Les médecins dans le monde grec. Sources épigraphiques sur la naissance d'un corps médical (Geneva).Google Scholar
Scafuro, A.C. 2016. ‘Note to the Phialai Exeleutherikai. Response to Velissaropoulos-Karakostas’, in Leão, D.F. and Thür, G. (eds), Symposion 2015: Vorträge zur griechischen und hellenistischen Rechtsgeschichte (Coimbra, 1.–4. September 2015) (Vienna), 91–8.Google Scholar
Smyth, H.W. 1956. Greek Grammar, rev. Messing, G.M. (Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
Stroud, R.S. 1974. ‘An Athenian law on silver coinage’, Hesperia 43.2, 157–88.Google Scholar
Tracy, S.V. 1995. Athenian Democracy in Transition: Attic Letter-Cutters of 340–290 bc (Berkeley, CA).Google Scholar
Velissaropoulos-Karakostas, J. 2016. ‘Note sur les phialai exeleutherikai’, in Leão, D.F. and Thür, G. (eds), Symposion 2015: Vorträge zur griechischen und hellenistischen Rechtsgeschichte (Coimbra, 1.–4. September 2015) (Vienna), 75–89.Google Scholar
Vlassopoulos, K. 2011. ‘Review of Meyer 2010’, BMCR (available online <http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2011/2011-02-48.html> accessed June 2019).+accessed+June+2019).>Google Scholar
Vlassopoulos, K. 2015. ‘Plotting strategies, networks, and communities in Classical Athens: the evidence of slave names’, in Taylor, C. and Vlassopoulos, K. (eds), Communities and Networks in the Ancient Greek World (Oxford), 101–27.Google Scholar
Walbank, M.B. 2015. ‘Two new lists of Athenians and Metics’, Hesperia 84.2, 389–96.Google Scholar
Whitehead, D. 1986. The Demes of Attica, 508/7–ca. 250 bc: A Political and Social Study (Princeton, NJ).Google Scholar
Whitehead, D. 2000. Hypereides: The Forensic Speeches (Oxford).Google Scholar
Whitman, T.S. 1997. The Price of Freedom: Slavery and Manumission in Baltimore and Early National Maryland (Lexington, KY).Google Scholar
Wilamowitz-Möllendorff, U. von. 1887. ‘Demotika der Attischen Metoeken. I’, Hermes 22.1, 107–28.Google Scholar
Williams, J.M. 1984. ‘A note on Athenian chronology, 319/8–318/7 bc’, Hermes 112.3, 300–5.Google Scholar
Youni, M. 2008. ‘Sur le statut juridique de l'affranchi grec dans le monde gréco-romain’, in Gonzales, A. (ed.), La fin du statut servile ? Affranchissement, libération, abolition, vol. 1: Besançon 15–17 décembre 2005 (Actes des colloques du Groupe de recherche sur l'esclavage dans l'antiquité Vol. 30–1; Besançon), 161–74.Google Scholar
Zelnick-Abramovitz, R. 2005. Not Wholly Free (Leiden).Google Scholar
Zelnick-Abramovitz, R. 2013. Taxing Freedom in Thessalian Manumission Inscriptions (Leiden).Google Scholar
Ziebarth, E. 1934. ‘Neue Verfluchungstafelnaus Attika, Boiotien, und Euboia’, SBBerl 33, 1019–50.Google Scholar