¹ The material from this excavation (code KWW) is in the Stratigraphical Museum, Knossos. D. Vavouranakis, the Archaeological Service's Knossos guard, noticed and reported the subsidence. The writer excavated the site, while Knossos Fellow, at the request of the Herakleion Ephoreia represented by the epimelete (later ephor) Miss A. Lembesi, who took a friendly interest in its progress. The land belonged to Mrs Maria Kalathaki, whose assent to repeated requests to extend the excavation is remembered with gratitude. The excavation was backfilled. The date for the LG/EA level was a verbal communication from J. N. Coldstream at the time of the excavation; the dating of the hellenistic levels and the identification of the Hadra ware derive from verbal information from P. J. Callaghan, also during the excavation. The pottery and finds were assigned to Dr Callaghan for publication by the then director of the British School, Dr H. W. Catling, and will appear in a separate article. Philip Kinns studied the coins, and Sheilagh Wall kindly provided the attached report on the animal bones in 1980. Photographs and plans are by the writer, but Fig. 1 is based on David Smyth's work in the Knossos Survey (2nd edn) and in AR 1977–79, fig. 105, while Fig. 4 incorporates sections drawn by Guy and Jan Sanders, whose help was much appreciated.

An article referring to two byzantine wine presses at Syllata in Chalkidiki, which are well preserved and resemble the Knossos example, appeared too late to be taken into account: Pazaras, Th. and Tsanana, A., ‘Ανασϰαφιϰές έρευνες οτη Βεριά Ν. Συλλάτων (1991)’, Το αρχαιολογιϰό έργο στη Μαϰεδονία ϰαι Θράϰη, 5 (1991) (Thessaloniki, 1993), 289–98, plan 2, fig. 2–6.Google Scholar

² The type is seen in Pendlebury, J. D. S., The Archaeology of Crete (London, 1939), 357–8, pl. 42. 3Google Scholar, top left, beneath handles.

³ For comment on such doors in buildings connected with vineyards in both ancient and modern Rheneia, see Kent, J. H., ‘The temple estates of Delos, Rheneia and Mykonos’, Hesp. 17 (1948), 293 n. 181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴ A sample of the earth inside the tub was kept.

⁵ Samples of the grey silt from the tank ledge and within the tank were kept for analysis, but this has not so far proved possible.

⁶ As n. 5.

⁷ Bruneau, P. and Fraisse, P., ‘Un pressoir à vin à Délos’, BCH 105 (1981), 127–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁸ Ibid., figs. 10–14.

⁹ Bruneau, P. and Fraisse, P., ‘Pressoirs déliens’, BCH 108 (1984), 723, fig. 6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁰ Ibid. 723–5, fig. 7.

¹¹ Ibid. 725, figs. 8–9.

¹² Bruneau and Fraisse (n. 7), 129, figs. 7–9.

¹³ Papapostolou, I. A., A. Delt. 29 (1973–1974), Chr. 2, 354–5, fig. 7, pl. 219 γ–δ.Google Scholar

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¹⁶ Lalaki, M., A. Delt. 40 (1985), Chr. 129.Google Scholar

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¹⁸ Ibid. 38, figs. 17–18.

¹⁹ Wace, A. J. B., ‘Excavations at Mycenae, 3: the ramp’, BSA 25 (1921–1923), 68–9, pl. 1, rooms 30–1.Google Scholar

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²⁴ Olynthus, i, no text, fig. 3; Olynlhus, ii. 2, 3, fig. 23.

²⁵ Olynthus, i, fig. 3; ii. 2, 3, figs. 17, 22.

²⁶ Olynlhus, viii. 342–3, pls. 82. 4–5, 97.

²⁷ Ibid. 343, pl. 99.

²⁸ Pelekanidis, S., ‘Ἀνασϰαφὴ Φιλίππων’, PAE 1958, 89Google Scholar, fig. 2, pls. 65 β, 66 α.

²⁹ Kourkoutidou-Nikolaïdou, E., ‘Ληνοὶ εἰς τὰς πηγὰς Βοϊράνης’, Arch. Eph. 1973. Arch. Chr., 36–49.Google Scholar

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³¹ Michalowski, K. and Gajdukiewicz, W. F., Mirmeki, i (Warsaw, 1958), 48–64Google Scholar (French summary at 143–5), figs. 56–75.

³² Wasowicz, A., Olbia Pontique et son territoire (Paris, 1975), 122–3 and nn. 21–2CrossRefGoogle Scholar; figs. 128–9.

³³ For references to other wine presses in the Black Sea area, not available to me, see Michalowski and Gajdukiewicz (n. 31), 143, nn. 18–22; Hind, J. G. F., ‘Archaeology around the Black Sea’, AR 1992–1993, 98, 101Google Scholar; id., ‘Greek and barbarian peoples on the shores of the Black Sea’, AR 1983–4, 86.

³⁴ See Bruneau and Fraisse (n. 9), 720 3; Kourkoutidou-Nikolaïdou (n. 29), 40–1.

³⁵ For a comprehensive, welli-llustrated account see Hadjisavvas, S., Olive Oil Processing in Cyprus fiom the Bronze Age to the Byzantine Period (SIMA 99; Nicosia, 1992)Google Scholar; also Forbes, H. A. and Foxhall, L., ‘The queen of all trees’, Expedition 21.1 (1978), 37–47.Google Scholar

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³⁹ Hadjisawas (n. 35), 119–20; Forbes and Foxhall (n. 35), 42; Drachmann, A. G., Ancient Oil Mills and Presses (Copenhagen, 1932) 52–3Google Scholar, for discussions on date.

⁴⁰ Boardman, J., ‘Excavations at Pindakas in Chios’, BSA 53–4 (1958–1959), 303. 304Google Scholar, figs. 3, 6, Pl. 72 c.

⁴¹ Bosanquet (n. 37), 264–9, 31–5, pl. 11.

⁴² At first pure oil runs from the pulp in the sacks, but to remove all the oil they have to be drenched with hot water. The oil and water separate in the collection receptacle, and the oil can then be skimmed off. This is tedious, however, and it is better if the receptacle has a low-set spout or bunghole, through which the water can be allowed to drain away: then, when the oil starts to flow, it can be caught in a different container. Our stone tub was considered for this use too, but again the blocked hole negated the idea.

⁴³ Young, J. H., ‘A migrant city in the Peloponnese’, Expedition (Bulletin of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, 5.3 (1962–1963), 3Google Scholar, fig. on p. 4. Pressbed diameter c.1.0 m; jar diam. c. 0.05 m.

⁴⁴ Paton, W. R. and Myres, J. L., ‘On some Karian and Hellenic oil presses’, JHS 18 (1898), 214, fig. 5.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Where pithoi were used as collection tanks, it was probably possible to put a strainer directly over the vessel's mouth.

⁴⁶ Vasileiadis, D., ‘Η λαϊϰὴ ἀρχιτεϰτονιϰὴ τῆς Αἴγινας’, Λαογραφία, 16 (1956), 488–9, fig. 42.Google Scholar This article records and describes the use of wine presses and an oil press on Aegina in the 1950s and shows their differences well (wine presses at pp. 488 ff.; oil press, pp. 491–5).

⁴⁷ Isler (n. 21), 230.

⁴⁸ Bruneau and Fraisse (n. 9), 721.

⁴⁹ Herodotos (iv. 17) records the Greco-Scythian Kallippidai, west of the mouth of the Dnieper and thus close to Olbia, as growing wheat, onions, garlic, lentils, and millet. Recent studies have mentioned grape seeds, wheat, barley, and grains in the S. Crimea near Chersonesos (Hind 1983–4 (n. 33), 85) and wheat, barley, millet, chickpeas, peas, and vines in the NW Crimea (id. 1992–3 (n. 33), 98). There is no mention of olives.

⁵⁰ This appendix was written in 1980.

⁵¹ Schmid, E., Atlas of Animal Bones (Amsterdam, London and New York, 1972).Google Scholar

⁵² Harcourt, R. A., ‘The dog in prehistoric and early historic Britain’, Journal of Archaeological Science, 1 (1974), 151–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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