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    Li, Zhijun Li, Runling Wang, Zipan Haas, Christian and Dieckmann, Gerhard 2016. Upper limits for chlorophyll a changes with brine volume in sea ice during the austral spring in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, Vol. 35, Issue. 2, p. 68.
    Arrigo, Kevin R. 2014. Sea Ice Ecosystems. Annual Review of Marine Science, Vol. 6, Issue. 1, p. 439.
    Lannuzel, Delphine van der Merwe, Pier C. Townsend, Ashley T. and Bowie, Andrew R. 2014. Size fractionation of iron, manganese and aluminium in Antarctic fast ice reveals a lithogenic origin and low iron solubility. Marine Chemistry, Vol. 161, Issue. , p. 47.
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The cadmium-phosphate relationship in brine: biological versus physical control over micronutrients in sea ice environments

  • Katharine R. Hendry (a1), Rosalind E.M. Rickaby (a1), Jan C.M. de Hoog (a1), Keith Weston (a2) and Mark Rehkamper (a3)...
Abstract

Despite supporting productive ecosystems in the high latitudes, the relationship between macro- and micronutrients in sea ice environments and their impact on surface productivity is poorly documented. In seawater, the macronutrient phosphate and the micronutrient cadmium follow similar distributions, which are controlled by biological processes in surface waters. We investigated cadmium and phosphate in sea ice brine, and the biological and physical processes controlling their distribution. Cadmium concentrations in sea ice brine ranged from 0.09–2.4 nmol kg-1, and correlated well with salinity. Our results show that micronutrients in sea ice are most probably sourced from the seawater from which it froze rather than external sources such as atmospheric deposition. The weak correlation between sea ice cadmium and phosphate, and the positive relationship between cadmium and biomass, suggests against biological uptake being a principal control over micronutrient distribution even in a highly productive setting. Instead, brine expulsion and dilution play a dominant role in cadmium distribution in sea ice. Nutrient dilution within brine channels during melting, and contrasting sea ice and open water phytoplankton populations, suggests that late spring sea ice is not a significant source of nutrients or biomass to seawater. We suggest that future changes in sea ice seasonality may impact nutrient distribution and Antarctic marine ecosystems.

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Copyright
COPYRIGHT: © Antarctic Science Ltd 2009
Corresponding author
*kathh@earth.ox.ac.uk
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