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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 April 2016
The small Spanish island of Minorca is the unexpected setting for a British naval hospital. It was constructed from 1711, during the first years of the British military occupation of the island, to provide medical care to mariners as they served in the strategically important Mediterranean. Scholars working in the fields of both medical and architectural history agree on the innovative importance of this hospital. Christine Stevenson, the foremost expert on early modern British hospital architecture, stated that: ‘the first of the purpose-built naval hospitals was at Port Mahon, Minorca […] [It] was, however, unique until the 1740s, when others were built on Jamaica and Gibraltar’. In terms of the history of hospital architecture, the Minorcan hospital’s role, as the sole purpose-built British naval hospital for over three decades, was a reflection of its exceptional setting, for it presented the British navy with an opportunity to create an infirmary that realized contemporary ideals of hospital design. The single-storey limestone edifice, which adopted the U-shaped plan already pioneered by Sir Christopher Wren (1635-1703) back in England, was located on an island in the middle of Mahon harbour, known by the name Isla del Rey. This was a highly significant location in Minorcan history, formerly called Ilia dels Conills (Rabbit Island), and was named for King Alfonso III of Aragon. It was from this island that Alfonso launched his reconquest of Minorca for Christendom from the Moors, and from this point in time Minorca was incorporated into Catalonia. No evidence has yet come to light of this important name in British usage; instead the occupiers referred to it as ‘Bloody Island’, or ‘Hospital Island’. Despite the informal and macabre renaming of the harbour island it was, however, a beautiful location, cooled by sea breezes, and was visible from all the surrounding cliffs.
1 The island was referred to by the British as ‘Minorca’ and the base as ‘Port Mahon’ throughout the eighteenth century. More recent political changes have resulted in a variety of alternative Castilian and Catalan spellings for place names. For the sake of consistency in this article, ‘Minorca’ refers to the island, the capital city and harbour is ‘Mahon’, and the island’s population is ‘Minorcan’. Similarly, Indian place names are those in traditional British use to maintain consistency with the names of published works. Thus Chennai is rendered ‘Madras’, Mumbai is ‘Bombay’ and Kolkata is ‘Calcutta’.
2 Stevenson, Christine, ‘From Palace to Hut: The Architecture of Military and Naval Medicine’, in British Military and Naval Medicine, 1600-1830, ed. Hudson, Geoffrey L. (London, 2007), p. 233 Google Scholar; Buchanan, Emmakate MacQueen, ‘An Enlightened Age: Building the Naval Hospitals’, International journal of Surgery, 3 (2005), pp. 221–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
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6 Micaela Mata, ‘Menorca Britanica. Tomo I — La Reina Ana y Jorge I. (1712-1727)’, in El Hospital, p. 36. British maps and plans show the island names variously as ‘Bloody Island’ (NA, WO 78-5644) or ‘Hospital Island’ (NA, WO 78-1017-7). Armstrong referred to it as ‘Bloody Island’ in his letter dated 17 August 1740; Armstrong, John, The History of the Island of Minorca (London, 1752), p. 19.Google Scholar
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30 Mata, Conquests, pp. 129-30.
31 Ibid., pp. 135-40.
32 Mata calls them ‘redeemers’ (ibid., p. 158).
33 NA, WO 78-1017-34. ‘Plan of the Subterraneous Works at St. Philip’s Castle, Minorca’ by Thomas Sowers, for the Board of Ordnance, 1734. Mata, Conquests, p. 158. For a detailed description of the completed fortress in 1756, see Villalonga, Francisco Fornals, Las Defensas Subterreneas del Castillo de San Felipe del Puerto de Mahón (Mahon, 2006).Google Scholar
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39 Juan Quetglas Moll and Patrocino Moratinos Palomero, ‘El Hospital Militar de la “Isla del Rey” en Mahón’, in El Hospital, p. 74: ‘El Hospital construido entre 1771 y 1776 tenía dos plantas y conservaba su forma de “U”, rodeando un jardín, situado en la zona mas elevada de la Isla, orientado hacia Levante’.
40 Coad, Navy, p. 144. The hospital on the Isla del Rey is presently being painstakingly restored, but another island in the harbour contains a slightly later, and more ambitious quarantine hospital that employs the same architectural features. For the latter, see Ponce, José L. Terrón, El Lazareto en el Puerto de Mahón (Mahón, 2003).Google Scholar
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44 NA, MPD1/93 001, Plan and Elevation of the Hospital of the Isla del Rey.
45 Buchanan, ‘Naval Hospitals’, p. 223: ‘The hospital was a single-storey ranging three hundred and ten feet in length. It was simply embellished, faced with ashlar and punctuated by small windows. Minorcan influence was present in the centre of the main range where a chapel was crowned by an impressive domed bell tower. This was flanked on each side by five vaulted wards. The wards were linked by a colonnaded walk along the south-east front which opened out into a vestibule in front of the chapel and at the north end led to a kitchen. The design, and the choice of materials were adapted to the climate, with pale stone and small windows keeping the internal spaces cool’.
46 Buchanan, ‘Naval Hospitals’ cites NA, ADM 140/1312, published here as Fig. 4.
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51 Coad, Navy, p. 143; Olives, ‘Hospital Naval’, p. 95: ‘Ahora ya, tanto franceses como ingleses, tenian puestos los ojos en la balear menor y su fabuloso Puerto’.
52 Mitter, ‘Port Cities’, p. 107.
53 Cited by Coad, Navy, p. 143.
54 Coad, Navy, p. 143; Olives, ‘Hospital Naval’, p. 95: ‘Las primeras y ya urgentes para la Navy acciones, supusieron buscar y alquilar acomodaciones para algunos enfermos, parecer ser que en un convent de cuidad de Mahón’.
55 NA, WO 78/312 Minorca, ‘A Draft of Port Mahon with ye Castle of St Phillips and all ye new works projected’.
56 Mitter, ‘Port Cities’, pp. 110-11.
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58 Stevenson, Magnificence, especially ch. 8 (pp. 172-94) on island hospitals.
59 Stevenson, ‘Palace’, p. 233.
60 Stevenson, Magnificence, p. 172.
61 NA, WO 78/1017/34.
62 Mata, Conquests, p. 158.
63 Francisco Hernández Sanz, Compedio de geografia e hisotria de la isla de Menorca (Mahon, 1908) cited in translation in Mata, Conquests, p. 174.
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67 Armstrong, History, p. 20.
68 Coad, Navy, p. 144.
69 Moll and Palomero, ‘El Hospital Militar’, p. 70.
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73 NA, Secretaries of State: State Naval Papers SP 42/68 Correspondence # 87. Letter from Admiral Sir John Jennings to Rt. Hon. Earl of Dartmouth, 30 June 1712. The Earl of Dartmouth was another of the Commissioners for Building Fifty New Churches.
74 Pierce Griffith, according to Olives, ‘Hospital Naval’, p. 96.
75 Tomlinson, ‘Navy’, pp. 19-39.
76 Mata, ‘Menorca Británica’, p. 36: ‘El almirante Jennings aportó de su pecunio particular las primeras libras para su construcción, en 1711, cuyo reembolso reclamó en 1714, siéndole mas tarde pagadas 468.3.6 libras. A pesar de su oportuna generosidad, la primera obra resultó de tan pobre calidad que pronto amenazó ruina’.
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85 Mata, ‘Menorca Británica’, p. 38.
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171 Hart, Hawksmoor, fig. 326. It is held by the RIBA in London.
172 Montegriffo, C., ‘History of Medicine in Gibraltar’, The British Medical Journal, 2.6136 (19 August 1978), pp. 552–55 (p. 553)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; for more detailed descriptions of these hospitals, see Stevenson, Magnificence, p. 174.
173 Parissien, S. P., ‘Jacobsen, Theodore (d. 1772)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004 Google Scholar; online edn, October 2008 <http://www.oxforddnb.com.libproxy.york.ac.uk/view/article/14577> [accessed 30 April 2010].
174 Taylor, James Stephen, ‘Coram, Thomas (c.1668-1751)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004 Google Scholar; online edn, October 2006 <http://www.oxforddnb.com.libproxy.york.ac.uk/view/article/6282> [accessed 30 April 2010].
175 ODNB, ‘Coram’.
176 Stevenson, ‘Palace’, p. 229; also her Magnificence, pp. 176-85; Coad, Navy, p. 149.
177 Stevenson, Magnificence, p. 184.
178 Stevenson, ‘Palace’, p. 235.
179 ODNB, ‘Cleghorn’.
180 Baugh, Daniel, British Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole (Princeton, NJ, 1965), pp. 217–18 Google Scholar, cited in Stevenson, ‘Palace’, p. 234.
181 ODNB,’Cleghorn’.
182 MacArthur, William, ‘A Brief Story of English Malaria’, British Medical Bulletin, 8.1 (1951), pp. 76–79 (p. 76).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
183 Cleghorn, George, Observations on the Epidemical Diseases in Minorca from the Year 174.4 10 1-749 (London, 1751), pp. 216–17.Google Scholar
184 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 66 (1776), pp. 439-46.
185 Ibid., p. 444.
186 See El Hospital, p. 99, fig. 29.
