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Alliances and Contestations in the Legal Production of Space: The Case of Bali

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 May 2015

Agung Wardana
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Abstract

The controversy over the provincial spatial planning regulation for Bali Province reflects the dynamic of Balinese society in the era of regional autonomy. The dynamic is polarised between expanding the tourism and real estate industry for economic reasons and constraining such expansion for the sake of protecting Bali’s environment and culture. Thus, the law governing space becomes an essential means to intervene in crafting the relations between competing interests over space. The application of the law itself is also complicated by the condition of legal pluralism which provides different and sometimes conflicting sources of legality to be used to justify the interests of legal actors. This article aims at highlighting how space is produced in a pluralistic legal setting and examining whose interests are served by the condition of legal pluralism in contemporary Bali. Employing socio-legal methods with Lefebvre’s conception of space and legal pluralism as an integrating analytical framework, the article contributes to the literature on spatial planning law in Indonesia that is dominated by “legal centralism” and a given notion of space.

Keywords

spatial planninglegal pluralismsocio-legalBalitourism
Type
Articles
Information
Asian Journal of Comparative Law , Volume 9: Special Issue: Socio-Legal Research on Southeast Asia: Themes, Directions, and Challenges , 1 January 2014 , pp. 145 - 171
Copyright
Copyright © Faculty of Law, National University of Singapore 2014

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References

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14 “Masak orang luar saja datang ke sini [Pecatu] untuk cari kerja, sedangkan kita tidak kerja? Pendatang kerja di sini kan juga makan di sini, dan kita bisa menyiapkan makan untuk mereka sehingga masyarakat di sini bisa punya usaha kecil-kecilan, termasuk kos-kosan.” Interview with Ketut Yasa by Carol Warren, 1 August 2012.

15 Adhika, supra note 13.

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20 The market value (NJOP/nilai jual obyek pajak) is the basis of land tax under current tax law (Article 6 paragraph (1) of the 1994 No. 12 Land and Building Tax Law). The NJOP itself is calculated according to the location or condition (including the use and accessibility) of the land.

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48 Their objections were related to legal loopholes in the draft favouring investors, and the lack of coherence in the academic study which was the reference for these drafts and out of date with respect to the real conditions of Bali Province.

49 Members of the team were 22 persons representing different interest groups over the use of space, which were: five from Forum Peduli Gumi Bali (NGO activists), five government officials, three spatial planning experts, three from religious and adat organisation, three academics, three from the business community. Only three women served as members of the team who were all from Forum Peduli Gumi Bali. See “Pemprov Bentuk Tim Evaluasi: Rombak Kajian Akademis dan RTRWP” Bali Post (15 May 2009).

50 Arya Utama & Sudiarta, “Kajian Normatif terhadap Efektifitas Perda Bali No. 16 Tahun 2009 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Provinsi Bali Tahun 2009-2029 serta Strategi Implementasinya” (Paper delivered at the National Seminar on Developing Bali in the Frame of Spatial Planning for Bali, UNUD, 6 May 2011) [unpublished] at 1.

51 Ibid., at 2.

52 “Kabupaten Tolak RTRW Provinsi: Beberapa Bupati Sudah Teken Surat Keberatan” Radar Bali (31 October 2009), online: Jawa Post Group <http://www.jawapos.com> (last accessed 18 August 2013). However, it has also been strongly argued that decentralisation to district level worked against coherent environmental and cultural integrity in the case of Bali.

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57 The hierarchy of temples in Bali is categorised into (1) Sad Kahyangan (highest temples of island wide importance), such as Besakih, Batur, Uluwatu, Batukaru, Lempuyang, Andakasa, Goa Lawah, Puncak Mangu, Pusering Jagat, Kentel Bumi; (2) Dang Kahyangan (temples of regional importance), with more than 100 temples across Bali, including Tanah Lot, Sakenan, Perancak, Pulaki. See Gusti Gde Ardana, Pura Kahyangan Tiga (Denpasar: Pemerintah Provinsi Bali, 1999); and (3) Kahyangan Tiga (three temples at the village level).

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62 Adhika, supra note 13 at 217.

63 Made Deg v. Gubernur Bali [2010] Supreme Court of Indonesia, No. 30 P/HUM/2010, at 40.

64 I Wayan Puja v. Gubernur Bali [2010] Supreme Court of Indonesia, No. 32 P/HUM/2010, at 16.

65 “Menyoroti Perda RTRW Bali tentang Kawasan Suci”, online: Mpu Jaya Prema Ananda <http://mpuprema.blogspot.com.au/2011/03/menyoroti-perda-rtrw-bali-tentang.html> (last accessed 16 February 2013).

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69 Registered as Case No. 34 P/HUM/2010 and Case No. 35 P/HUM/2010. See Utama & Sudiarta, supra note 50.

70 Ibid. This is based on 2009 Spatial Planning Regulation (Provincial Government of Bali) No. 16, Articles 96, 127, 128.

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75 Representation within banjar (hamlet) and desa adat (custom village) is customarily by male heads of household; elected and appointed representative village councils are also disproportionately male.

76 Interview with Ketut Yasa by Carol Warren, 1 August 2012.

77 Commonweal’ refers to “the general welfare of the public, as well as institutional, political, cultural and material domains through which that common welfare is pursued.” See John McCarthy & Carol Warren, “Communities, Environments and Local Governance in Reform Era Indonesia” in Carol Warren & John McCarthy, supra note 1.

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