Hostname: page-component-7dd5485656-s6l46 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-31T04:16:29.071Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Why does human twin research not produce results consistent with those from nonhuman animals?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

J. P. Scott
J. P. Scott
Affiliation:
Center for Research on Social Behavior, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'

Information

Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 10 , Issue 1 , March 1987 , pp. 39 - 40
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1987

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Abramovitch, R., Pepler, D. & Corter, C. (1982) Patterns of sibling interaction among preschool-age children. In: Sibling relationships: Their nature and significance across the lifespan, ed. Lamb, M. & Sutton-Smith, B.. Erlbaum. [aRP, TOW]Google Scholar
Ahern, F. M., Johnson, R. C. & Cole, R. E. (1983) Generational differences in spouse similarity in educational attainment. Behavior Genetics 13:95–8. [RCJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ahern, F. M., Johnson, R. C., Wilson, J. R., McClearn, C. E. & Vandenberg, S. G. (1982) Family resemblances in personality. Behavior Genetics 12:261–80. [aRP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alexanbder, R. A. (1974) The evolution of social behavior. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5:325–83. [DMB]Google Scholar
Alexanbder, R. A. (1979) Darwinism and human affairs. University of Washington Press. [DMB]Google Scholar
Annett, M. (1981) The genetics of handedness. Trends in NeuroSciences 10:256–58. [JKK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aristotle, (1959) Nichomaehean ethics. Book I. Springer-Verlag. [rRP]Google Scholar
Bayley, N. (1969) Manual for the Bayley Scales of infant development. Psychological Corporation. [aRP]Google Scholar
Beichtman, J. H. (1985) Childhood schizophrenia. A review and comparison with adult-onset schizophrenia. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 8:793–814. [JKK]Google Scholar
Bell, R. Q. (1968) A reinterpretation of the direction of effects in socialization. Psychological Review 75:81–95. [aRP, SS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bell, R. Q. (1979) Parent child and reciprocal influences. American Psychologist 34:821–6. [SS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benyajati, C. (1984) DNA sequences that are required for the alcohol dehydrogenase gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster. In: Progress in cancer research and therapy, ed. Pearson, M. L. & Sternberg, N. L.. Raven Press. [EWC]Google Scholar
Block, J., Block, J. & Morrison, A. (1981) Parental agreement-disagreement on child rearing orientations and gender related personality correlates in children. Child Development 52:965–74. [TDW]Google Scholar
Bock, R. D. & Moore, E. J. G. (1986) Advantage and disadvantage: A profile of American youth. Erlbaum [RDB]Google Scholar
Bodmer, W. F. (1982) Cancer genetics. Cancer Surveys 1:1–15. [rRP]Google Scholar
Bouchard, T. J. Jr & McGue, M. (1981) Familial studies of intelligence: A review. Science 212:1055–59. [aRP, RDB, RJS]Google Scholar
Broman, S. H., Nichols, P. L. & Kennedy, W. A. (1975) Preschool IQ: Prenatal and early development correlates. Erlbaum. [rRP]Google Scholar
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1985) Organism environment interaction from an ecological perspective. Paper presented at meeting of Society for Research in Child Development, Toronto. [TDW]Google Scholar
Buss, A. H. & Plomin, R. (1975) A temperament theory of personality development. Wiley. [SC, MZ]Google Scholar
Buss, A. H. & Plomin, R. (1984) Temperament: Early developing personality traits. Erlbaum. [aRP, MZ]Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. (1981) Predicting parent–child interactions from children's activity level. Developmental Psychology 17:59–65. [KMc]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buss, D. M. (1985) Human mate selection. American Scientist 73:47–51. [DMB]Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. (in press) Sex differences in human mate selection criteria: An evolutionary perspective. In: Sociohiology and psychology: Issues, ideas, and findings, ed. Crawford, C., Krebs, D. & Smith, M.. Erlbaum. [DMB]Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. & Barnes, M. (1986) Preferences in human mate selection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50:559–70. [DMB]Google Scholar
Cadoret, R. J., O'gorman, T. W., Troughton, E. & Heywood, E. (1985) Alcoholism and antisocial personality: Interrelationships, genetic and environmental factors. Archives of General Psychiatry 42:161–67. [RJR]Google Scholar
Caldwell, B. M. & Bradley, R. H. (1978) Home observation for measurement of the environment. University of Arkansas. [aRP]Google Scholar
Carlier, M. & Roubertoux, P. (1985) Motor development of newborn mice: Genetic analysis. In: Developmental psychology, ed. Brainer, C. J. & Reyna, V. F.. North-Holland. [PR]Google Scholar
Carlier, M., Roubertoux, P. & Cohen-Salmon, Ch. (1982) Differences in pup care in Mus musculus domesticus: I. Comparison between eleven inbred strains. Behavioral and Neural Biology 35:205–10. [PR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlier, M., Roubertoux, P. & Cohen-Salmon, Ch. (1983) Early development in mice: I. Genetic and postnatal maternal effects. Physiology and Behavior 30:837–44. [PR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, L. (1869) Alice's adventures in wonderland. Macmillan. [HN]Google Scholar
Carter-Saltzman, L. (1980) Biological and sociocultural effects on handedness: Comparison between biological and adoptive families. Science 209:1263–65. [JKK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caspari, E. W. (1977) Genetic mechanisms and behavior. In: Genetics, environment and intelligence, ed. Oliverio, A.. Elsevier/North-Holland. [EWC]Google Scholar
Cattell, R. B. (1953) Research design in psychological genetics, with special reference to the multiple variance method. American Journal of Human Genetics 5:76–93. [JMc]Google Scholar
Cattell, R. B., Eber, H. & Tatsuoka, M. M. (1970) Handbook for the Sixteen Personality Factor questionnaire. Institute for Personality and Ability Testing. [aRP]Google Scholar
Chess, S. & Thomas, A. (1984) Origins and evolution of behavior disorders. Brunner/Mazel. [SC]Google Scholar
Ciba Foundation Symposium 89 (1982) Temperamental differences in infants and young children. Pitman. [SC]Google Scholar
Clarke, A. (1984) Early experience and cognitive development. Review of Research in Education 11:125–57. [TDW]Google Scholar
Clarke, E. & Hanisse, J. (1982) Intellectual and adaptive performance of Asian children in adoptive American settings. Developmental Psychology 18:595–99. [TDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke-Stewart, K. A. & Hevey, C. M. (1981) Longitudinal relations in repeated observations of mother-child interaction from 1 to 2 1/2 years. Developmental Psychology 17:127–45. [aRP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
R., Cloninger. C., Bohman, M. & Sigvardsson, S. (1981) Inheritance of alcohol abuse: Cross-fostering analysis of adopted men. Archives of General Psychiatry 38:861–68. [RJR]Google Scholar
Cloninger, C. R., Rice, J. & Reich, T. (1979) Multifactorial inheritance with cultural transmission and assortative mating III. Family structure and the analysis of separation experiments. American Journal of Human Genetics 31:366–88. [JMc]Google ScholarPubMed
Cohen, J. & Cohen, P. (1983) Applied multiple regression: Correlational analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2nd ed. Erlbaum. [SS]Google Scholar
Cohen-Salmon, Ch., Carlier, M., Roubertoux, P., Jouhancau, J., Semal, C. & Paillette, M. (1985) Differences of pup care in mice, V. Pup ultrasonic emissions and pup care behavior. Physiology and Behavior 35:167–74. [PR]Google Scholar
Collins, R. L. (1977) Origins of the sense of asymmetry: Mendelian and non-Mendelian models of inheritance. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 299:283–305. [JKK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Commings, D. F. (1979). Pel Duarte, a common polymorphism of a human brain protein and its relationship to depressive disease and multiple sclerosis. Nature 277:28–32. [PR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, P. T., Zonderman, A. B., McCrae, R. R. & Williams, R. B. (1985) Content and comprehensiveness in the MMPI: An item factor analysis in a normal adult sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48:925–33. [RJR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cronbach, L. J. & Furby, L. (1970) How we should measure “change” – or should we? Psychological Bulletin 74:68–80. [SS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crook, M. N. (1937) Intra-family relationships in personality test performance. Psychological Record 1:479–502. [aRP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daly, M. & Wilson, M. (1982) Whom are newborn babies said to resemble? Ethology and Sociobiology 3:69–78. [DMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daniels, D. (1985) Understanding the family environment: A study of adoptive and nonadoptive infant siblings. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado. [aRP, KMC]Google Scholar
Daniels, D. (in press) Sibling personality differences and differential experience of siblings in the same family. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. [aRP]Google Scholar
Daniels, D., Dunn, J., Furstenberg, F. F. Jr & Plomin, R. (1985) Environmental differences within the family and adjustment differences within pairs of adolescent siblings. Child Development 56:764–74. [aRP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daniels, D. & Plomin, R. (1985) Differential experience of siblings in the same family. Developmental Psychology 21:747–60. [arRP, DCR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwin, C. (1892) In: The autobiography of Charles Darwin and selected letters, ed. Darwin, F.. Dover. [aRP]Google Scholar
De Fries, J. C., Corley, R. P., Johnson, R. C., Vandenberg, S. G. & Wilson, J. R. (1982) Sex-by-generation and ethnic group-by-generation interactions in the Hawaii Family Study of Cognition. Behavior Genetics 12:223–30. [RCJ]Google Scholar
Defries, J. C. & Fulker, D. W. (1985) Multiple regression of twin data. Behavior Genetics 15:467–73. [aRP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Defries, J. C. & Fulker, D. W. (1986) Multivariate behavioral genetics and development: An overview. Behavior Genetics 16:1–10. [JMc]Google Scholar
Defries, J. C., Johnson, R. C., Kuse, A. R., McCleam, G. E., Polovina, J., Vandenberg, S. G. & Wilson, J. R. (1979) Familial resemblance for specific cognitive abilities. Behavior Genetics 9:23–43. [RCJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Soete, C. & Carroll, J. D. (1983) A maximum-likelihood method for fitting the wandering vector model. Psychometrika 48:553–66. [JMc]Google Scholar
Dibble, E. O. & Cohen, D. J. (1980) The interplay of biological endowment, early experience, and psychosocial influence during the first year of life: An epidemiological twin study. In: The child in his family, ed. Anthony, E. J. & Chiland, C., vol. 6. Wiley. [DaH]Google Scholar
Dickmann, M. (1979) The reproductive structure of stratified human societies: A preliminary model. In: Evolutionary biology and human social organization: An anthropological perspective, ed. Chagnon, N. A. & Irons, W. G.. Duxbury Press. [DMB]Google Scholar
Dorfman, D. (1978) The Cyril Burt question: New findings. Science 201:1177–86. [TDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunn, J. (1977) Patterns of early interaction: Continuities and consequences. In: Studies in mother–infant interaction, ed. Schaffer, H. R.. Academic Press. [aRP]Google Scholar
Dunn, J. (1983) Sibling relationships in early childhood. Child Development 54:787–811. [aRP]Google Scholar
Dunn, J. (1986) Parents and siblings: Developmental implications of changes in relationships within the family. Developmental Psychobiology Research Group Conference on Social Factors in Early Developmental Psychopathology, Colorado. [rRP]Google Scholar
Dunn, J. F. & Kendrick, C. (1982) Siblings: Love, envy, and understanding. Grant McIntyre. [aRP]Google Scholar
Dunn, J. F., Plomin, R. & Daniels, D. (1986) Consistency and change in mothers' behavior towards young siblings. Child Development 57:348–56. [aRP]Google Scholar
Dunn, J. F., Plomin, R. & Nettles, M. (1985) Consistency of mothers' behavior towards infant siblings. Developmental Psychology 21:1188–95. [aRP, SS, TDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eaves, L. & Eysenck, H. J. (1975) The nature of extraversion: A genetical analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 5:219–21. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eaves, L. & Eysenck, H. J. (1976a) Genetic and environmental components of inconsistency and unrepeatability in twins' responses to a neuroticism questionnaire. Behavior Genetics 6:145–60. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eaves, L. & Eysenck, H. J. (1976b) Genotype X age interaction for neuroticism. Behavior Genetics 6:359–62. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eaves, L. & Eysenck, H. J. (1977) A genotype-environmental model for psychoticism. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy 1:5–26. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eaves, L. J., Last, K. A., Young, P. A. & Martin, N. G. (1978) Model-fitting approaches to the analysis of human behavior. Heredity 41:249–320. [JMc]Google Scholar
Edforst-Lubs, M-L. (1971) Allergy in 7000 twin pairs. Acta Allergologica 26:249–85. [rRP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ernst, C. & Angst, J. (1983) Birth order: Its influence on personality. Springer-Verlag [aRP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1967) The biological basis of personality. Charles C.Thomas. [aRP]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1977) Crime and personality. Paladin.[HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1983) A biometrical-genetical analysis of impulsive and sensation seeking behaviour. In: Biological bases and sensation seeking, impulsivity and anxiety, ed. Zuckerman, M.. Erlbaum. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. & Eysenck, M. W. (1985) Personality and individual differences: A natural science approach. Plenum. [MZ]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1964) Manual of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. University of London Press & Educational and Industrial Testing Service. [MZ]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1976) Psychoticism as a dimension of personality. Hodder & Stoughton. [MZ]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. & Fulker, D. W. (1983) The components of type A behaviour and its genetic determinants. Personality and Individual Differences 4:499–505. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. & Raehman, S. (1964) Causes and cures of neurosis. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [HJE]Google Scholar
Falconer, D. S. (1981) Introduction to quantitative genetics. Longman. [aRP]Google Scholar
Farber, S. L. (1981) Identical twins reared apart: A reanalysis. Basic Books. [JKK]Google Scholar
Fiseher, D. H. (1970) Historians' fallacies. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [HN]Google Scholar
Fisher, R. A. (1918) The correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 52:399–433. [aRP]Google Scholar
Floderus-Myrhed, B., Pederson, N. & Rasmuson, S. (1980) Assessment of heritability for personality based on a short form of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Behavior Genetics 10:153–62. [aRP, RJR, MZ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folstein, S. & Rutter, M. (1977) Genetic influences and infantile autism. Nature 265:726–28. [PR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Franz, S. I. Ahandbook of mental examination methods. Macmillan. [MZ]Google Scholar
Fulker, D. W. (1979) Some implications of biometrical genetical analysis for psychological research. In: Theoretical advances in behavior genetics, ed. Royce, J. R. & Mos, L. P.. Netherlands: Sijthoff & Noordhoff. [DIB]Google Scholar
Fulker, D. W. (1981) The genetic and environmental architecture of psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism. In: A model for personality, ed. Eysenck, H. J.. Springer. [HJE, MZ]Google Scholar
Fulker, D. W. & Defries, J. C. (1983) Genetic and environmental transmission in the Colorado Adoption Project: Path analysis. British Journal of Mathematics and Statistical Psychology 36:175–88. [rRP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fulker, D. W. & Eysenck, H. J. (1979) Nature and nurture: Environment. In: The structure and measurement of intelligence, ed. Eysenck, H. J.. Springer. [HJE]Google Scholar
Fulker, D. W., Eysenck, S. B. G. & Zuckerman, M. (1980) The genetics of sensation seeking. Journal of Personality Research 14:261–81. [MZ]Google Scholar
Fuller, J. L. & Thompson, W. R. (1967) Behavior genetics. Wiley. [JKK]Google Scholar
Fuller, J. L. & Thompson, W. R. (1978) Foundations of behavior genetics. Mosby. [aRP]Google Scholar
Furstenberg, F. F. Jr, Winquist-Nord, C., Peterson, J. L. & Zill, N. (1983) The life course of children of divorce. American Sociological Review 48:656–68. [aRP]Google Scholar
Galbraith, R. C. (1982) Sibling spacing and intellectual development: A closer look at the confluence models. Developmental Psychology 18:151–73. [aRP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldsmith, H. H. (1983) Genetic influences on personality from infancy to adulthood. Child Development 54:331–55. [aRP]Google Scholar
Gottesman, I. I. & Shields, J. (1982) Schizophrenia: The epigenetic puzzle. Cambridge University Press. [arRP, DAH]Google Scholar
Gottfried, A. (1984) Home environment and early cognitive development. Academic Press. [TDW]Google Scholar
Gottfried, A. E. & Gottfried, A. W. (1984) Home environment and mental development in middle-class children in the first three years. In: Home environment and early cognitive development: Longitudinal research, ed. Gottfried, A. E.. Academic Press. [RCJ]Google Scholar
Gough, H. G. (1957) Manual for the California Psychological Inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press. [MZ]Google Scholar
Granier-Deferre, C., Lecanuet, J. P., Cohen, M. & Busnel, M. C. (1985) Feasability of prenatal hearing test. Acta-Ato-Laryngology 421:93–101. [PR]Google Scholar
Gur, R. E., Gur, R. C., Sussman, N. M., O'connor, M. J. & Vey, M. M. (1984) Hemispheric control of the writing hand: The effect of callosotomy in a left-hander. Neurology 34:904–8. [JKK]Google Scholar
Harper, L. V. & Sanders, K. M. (1975) Preschool children's use of space: Sex differences in outdoor play. Developmental Psychology 11:119. [LVH]Google Scholar
Hartung, J. (1985) Matrilineal inheritance: New theory and analysis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:661–88. [DMB]Google Scholar
Hay, D. A. (1985) Essentials of behaviour genetics. Blackwells. [aRP, DAH]Google Scholar
Hay, D. A. & O'brien, P. J. (1981) The interaction of cognitive abilities in the LaTrobe Twin Study of Behavioural and Biological Development. In: Twin research 3, ed. Gedda, L., Parisi, P. & Nance, W. E.. A. R. Liss. [DAH]Google Scholar
Hay, D. A. & O'brien, P. J. (1984) The role of parental attitudes in the development of temperament in twins at home, school, and in test situations. Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae 33:191–204. [DAH]Google Scholar
Hay, D. A. & O'brien, P. J. (submitted) Early influences on the school social adjustment of twins. Acta Geneticae Medicae et Cemellologiae/Twin Research. [DAH]Google Scholar
Henderson, N. D. (1982) Human behavior genetics. Annual Review of Psychology 33:403–40. [RCJ, TDW]Google Scholar
Hensley, R. (1984) Australian studies with the Family Relations Test –Children's Version I. A revision and validation. Australian Council for Educational Research Bulletin for Psychologists 36:16–18. [DAH]Google Scholar
Heston, L. L. (1966) Psychiatric disorders in foster home reared children of schizophrenic mothers. British Journal of Psychiatry 112:819–25. [JKK, RJR]Google Scholar
Higgins, J. (1976) Effects of child rearing by schizophrenic mothers: A follow-up. Journal of Psychiatric Research 13:1–9. [JKK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirsch, J. & McGuire, T. (1982) Behavior-genetic analysis. Hutchinson Ross. [PR]Google Scholar
Holm, N. V., Hauge, M. & Jensen, O. M. (1982) Studies of cancer aetiology in a complete twin population: Breast cancer, colorectal cancer and leukaemia. Cancer Surveys 1:17–32. [rRP]Google Scholar
Horn, J. M., Loehlin, J. C., & Willerman, L. (1982) Aspects of the inheritance of intellectual abilities. Behavior Genetics 12:479–516. [JCL]Google Scholar
Hunt, J. McV. (1979) Psychological development: Early experience. Annual Review of Psychology 30:103–44. [TDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchings, B. & Mednick, S. A. (1974) Registered criminality in the adoptive and biological parents of registered male adoptees. In: Genetics, environment and psychopathology, ed. Mednick, S. A., Schulsinger, F., Higgins, J. & Bell, B.. North-Holland. [RJR]Google Scholar
Iselius, L., Morton, N. E. & Rao, D. C. (1983) Family resemblance for blood pressure. Human Heredity 33:277–86. [DIB]Google Scholar
Jacklin, C. N. & Maccoby, E. E. (1983) Issues of gender differentiation. In: Developmental behavioral pediatrics, ed. Levine, M. D., Carey, W. B., Crocker, A. C. & Gross, R. T.. Saunders. [rRP]Google Scholar
Jacobs, B. S. & Moss, H. A. (1976) Birth order and sex of sibling as determinants of mother–infant interaction. Child Development 47:315–22. [aRP, LVH, TDW]Google Scholar
Jackson, D. N. (1976) Jackson Personality Inventory manual. Research Psychologists Press. [PTC]Google Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1973) Let's understand Skodak and Skeels, finally. Educational Psychologist 10:30–35. [rRP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1980) Bias in mental testing. Basic Books. [KMc]Google Scholar
Jessor, R. (1981) The perceived environment in psychological theory and research. In: Toward a psychology of situations: An interactional perspective, ed. Magnusson, D.. Erlbaum. [aRP]Google Scholar
Jinks, J. L. & Fulker, D. W. (1970) Comparison of the biometrical genetical, MAVA and classical approaches to the analysis of human behavior. Psychological Bulletin 73:311–49. [aRP, DB, MZ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, R. C., Ahern, F. M. & Cole, R. E. (1980) Secular change in degree of assortative mating for ability? Behavior Genetics 10:1–8. [RCJ]Google Scholar
Johnson, R. C. & Nagoshi, C. T. (1985) Parental ability, education and occupation as influences on offspring cognition in Hawaii and Korea. Personality and Individual Differences 6:413–23. [RCJ]Google Scholar
Johnson, R. C., Nagoshi, C. T. & Ahern, F. M. (in press) A reply to Heath et al. on assortative mating for educational level. Behavior Genetics. [RCJ]Google Scholar
Johnson, R. C., Nagoshi, C. T., Ahern, F. M., Wilson, J. R., Defries, J. C., McClearn, G. E. & Vandenberg, S. G. (1983) Family background, cognitive ability, and personality as predictors of educational and occupational attainment. Social Biology 30:86–100. [RCJ]Google Scholar
Judd, C. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1981) Estimating the effects of social interventions. Cambridge University Press. [SS]Google Scholar
Kagan, J. (1984) The nature of the child. Basic Books. [SC]Google Scholar
Kagan, J. & Moss, H. A. (1962) From birth to maturity. Wiley. [PTC]Google Scholar
Kaprio, J., Koskenvuo, M., Langinvainio, H., Romanov, K., Sarna, S. & Rose, R. J. (in press). Genetic and social influences on use and abuse of alcohol: A study of Finnish twin brothers. Proceedings Third Congress of International Society For Biological Research on Alcoholism. Pergamon Press. [RJR]Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S. (1983) Overview: A current perspective on twin studies of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 140:1413–25. [JKK]Google Scholar
Kent, J. (1985) Genetic and environmental contributions to cognitive abilities as assessed by a telephone test battery. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Colorado. [arRP, NEM, RR]Google Scholar
Kety, S. S. (1983) Mental illness in the biological and adoptive relatives of schizophrenic adoptees: Findings relevant to genetic and environmental factors in etiology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140:720–727. [JKK]Google Scholar
Kohlberg, L. (1969) Stage and sequences: The cognitive developmental approach to socialization. In: Handbook of socialization theory and research, ed. Goslin, D. A.. Rand McNally. [MEL]Google Scholar
Konner, M. (1982) The tangled wing: Biological constraints on the human spirit. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. [LVH]Google Scholar
Kopp, C. B. & Parmelee, A. H. (1979) Prenatal and perinatal influence on infant behavior. In: Handbook of infant development, ed. Osofsky, J. D.. Wiley. [rRP]Google Scholar
Koskenvuo, M., Langinvainio, H., Sarna, S., Kaprio, J. & Rose, R. J. (1986) A developmental-genetic analysis of adult personality: Data from the Finnish Twin Cohort. Paper presented at International Congress of Twin Studies, Amsterdam. [RJR]Google Scholar
Kovach, J. K. (1986) Toward the genetics of an engram: The role of heredity in visual preferences and perceptual imprinting. In: Perspectives in Behavior Genetics, ed. Fuller, J. L. & Simmel, E. C.. Erlbaum. [JKK]Google Scholar
Loehlin, J. C. (1978) Heredity-environment analysis of Jencks's IQ correlations. Behavior Genetics 8:415–36. [aRP]Google Scholar
Loehlin, J. C. (1979) Combining data from different groups in human behavior genetics. In: Theoretical advances in behavior genetics, ed. Royce, J. R. & Mos, L. P.. Netherlands: Sijthoff & Noordhoff [JMc]Google Scholar
Loehlin, J. C. (1982) Are personality traits differentially heritable? Behavior Genetics 12:417–28. [aRP, KMC, MZ]Google Scholar
Loehlin, J. C., Horn, J. M. & Willerman, L. (1981) Personality resemblance in adoptive families. Behavior Genetics 11:309–30. [aRP]Google Scholar
Loehlin, J. C. & Nichols, R. C. (1976) Heredity, environment, and personality. University of Texas Press. [arRP, HJE, JCL, MEL, MZ]Google Scholar
Loehlin, J. C. & Vandenberg, S. G. (1968) Genetic and environmental components in the covariation of cognitive abilities: An additive model. In: Progress in human behavior genetics ed. Vandenberg, S. G.. Johns Hopkins Press. [rRP]Google Scholar
Loehlin, J. C., Willerman, L. & Horn, J. M. (1985) Personality resemblance in adoptive families when the children are late adolescents and adults. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48:376–92. [aRP]Google Scholar
Longstreth, L. E., David, B., Carter, L., Flint, D., Owen, J., Rickert, M. & Taylor, E. (1981) Separation of home intellectual environment and maternal IQ as determinants of child IQ. Developmental Psychology 7:532–41. [RCJ]Google Scholar
Lush, J. L. (1949) Heritability of quantitative characters in farm animals. Hereditas. Supplementary Volume:356–75. [EWC]Google Scholar
Lusis, A. J. & Paigen, K. (1975) Genetic determination of the α-galactosidase development program in mice. Cell 6:371–78. [EWC]Google Scholar
Lykken, D. T. (1982) Research with twins: The concept of emergensis. Psychophysiology 19:361–73. [aRP, DTL, MZ]Google Scholar
Lykken, D. T., Bouchard, T. J. Jr, Tellegen, A., Wilcox, K., Segal, N. & Rich, S. (1985) Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together. Paper presented at the Second International Conference of the Society for the Study of Individual Differences, St. Feliu, Spain. [MZ]Google Scholar
Lykken, D. T., Tellegen, A. & Derubeis, R. (1978) Volunteer bias in twin research: The rule of two-thirds. Social Biology 25:1–9. [aRP]Google Scholar
Lytton, H. (1977) Do parents create, or respond to, differences in twins? Developmental Psychology 13:456–59. [MZ]Google Scholar
Lytton, H. (1980) Parent-child interaction: The socialization process observed in twin and singleton families. Plenum. [SS, TDW]Google Scholar
Maccoby, E. E. & Jacklin, C. N. (1974) The psychology of sex differences. Stanford University Press. [rRP]Google Scholar
Maccoby, E. E. & Martin, J. A. (1983) Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In: Handbook of child psychology (4th ed.). Socialization personality, and social development, ed. Mussen, P. H.. Wiley. [aRP, SCTDW]Google Scholar
Martin, B. (1981) A longitudinal study of the consequences of early mother-infant interaction: A microanalytic study. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 46(3):Serial no. 190. [LVH]Google Scholar
Martin, N. G. & Eaves, L. J. (1977) The genetical analysis of covariance structure. Heredity 38:79–95. [DIB]Google Scholar
Martin, N. G. & Jardine, R. (1986) Eysenck's contributions to behaviour genetics. In: Hans Eysenck: Consensus and controversy, ed. Modgil, S. & Modgil, C.. Falmer Press. [JCL]Google Scholar
McArdle, J. J. (1986) Latent variable growth within behavior genetic models. Behavior Genetics 16: 163–200. [JMc]Google Scholar
McCall, R. B. (1983) Environmental effects on intelligence: The forgotten realm of discontinuous nonshared within-family factors. Child Development 54:408–15. [aRP, SC]Google Scholar
McClearn, G. E. & Defries, J. C. (1973) Introduction to behavior genetics. Freeman. [MZ]Google Scholar
McCrae, R. R. (1982) Consensual validation of personality traits: Evidence from self-reports and ratings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 43:293–303. [PTC]Google Scholar
McCrae, R. R. & Costa, P. T. Jr, (1984) Emerging lives, enduring dispositions: Personality in adulthood. Little, Brown. [rRP, PTC]Google Scholar
McCrae, R. R. & Costa, P. T. Jr, (1986) The use of self-reports and ratings in behavioral genetics. Unpublished manuscript. [PTC]Google Scholar
McEwen, B. S. (1983) Gonadal steroid influences on brain development and sexual differentiation. In: International review of psychology, vol. 27, ed. Greep, R. O.. University Park Press. [HN]Google Scholar
McGue, M., Cottesman, I. I. & Rao, D. C. (1983) The transmission of schizophrenia under a multifactorial threshold model. American Journal of Human Genetics 36:1161–78. [JMc]Google Scholar
Mednick, S. A. (1966) A longitudinal study of children with a high risk for schizophrenia. Mental Hygiene 50:522–35. [MZ]Google Scholar
Mendlewicz, J. (1978) l'Etiologie génétique des psychoses dysthymiques. Paris: Masson. [PR]Google Scholar
Michard, C. & Carlier, M. (1985) Les conduites d'agression intraspecifiques chez la souris domestique: Différences individuelles et analyse gènétique. Biology of Behavior 10:123–46. [PR]Google Scholar
Minuehin, P. (1985) Families and individual development: Provocations from the field of family therapy. Child Development, 56:289–302. [aRP]Google Scholar
Mitford, J. (1977) A fine old conflict. Michael Joseph. [DIB]Google Scholar
Moore, E. J. G. (1980) The effects of cultural style on black children's intelligence test achievement. Doctoral dissertation. University of Chicago. [RDB]Google Scholar
Moos, R. H. & Moos, B. S. (1981) Family Environment Scale manual. Consulting Psychologists Press. [aRP]Google Scholar
Nagoshi, C. T. & Johnson, R. C. (1985) Ethnic group-by-generation interactions in WAIS scores in the Hawaii Family Study of Cognition. Intelligence 9:259–64. [RCJ]Google Scholar
Namboodiri, K. K., Kaplan, E. B., Heuch, I., Elston, R. C., Green, P. P., Rao, D. C., Laskarzewski, P., Glueck, C. J. & Rifkind, B. M. (1985) The collaborative lipid research clinics family study: Biological and cultural determinants of familial resemblance for plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Genetic Epidemiology 2:227–54. [DIB]Google Scholar
Nebert, D. W., Felton, J. S. & Robinson, J. R. (1975) Developmental and genetic aspects of drug and environmental toxicity. Proceedings of the European Society for Toxicology 16:82–95. Elsevier. [EWC]Google Scholar
Nebert, D. W., Negishi, M., Lang, M. A., Hjelmeland, L. M. & Eisen, H. J. (1982) The Ah locus, a multigene family necessary for survival in a chemically adverse environment: Comparison with the immune system. In: Advances in genetics, ed. Caspari, E. W. & Scandalios, J. G., vol. 21. Academic Press. [EWC]Google Scholar
Nesselroade, J. R. & McArdle, J. J. (1986) Multivariate causal modeling in alcohol use research. Social Biology 32:272–96.. [rRP]Google Scholar
Newman, H. H., Freeman, F. N. & Holzinger, K. J. (1937) Twins: A study of heredity and environment. University of Chicago Press. [MZ]Google Scholar
Norman-Jackson, J. (1982) Family interaction, language development and primary reading achievement of Black children in families of low income. Child Development 53:349–58. [TDW]Google Scholar
Nyborg, H. (1974) The rod-and-frame test and the field dependent dimension: Some methodological, conceptual, and developmental considerations. Dansk Psykologisk Forlag. [HN]Google Scholar
Nyborg, H. (1983) Spatial ability in men and women: Review and new theory. Advances in human research and therapy, vol. 5. Pergamon Press. [HN]Google Scholar
Nyborg, H. (1984) Performance and intelligence in hormonally different groups. In: Sex differences in the brain: The relation between structure and function. Progress in brain research, ed. De Vries, G. J., Debruin, J. P. C., Uylings, H. B. M. & Corner, M. A., vol. 61. Elsevier. [HN]Google Scholar
Nyborg, H. (1986) Sex chromosomes, sex hormones, and developmental disturbances: In search of a model. Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Philadelphia. [HN]Google Scholar
Nyborg, H. & Nielsen, J. (1981) Sex hormone treatment and spatial ability in women with Turner's syndrome. In: Human behavior and genetics, ed. Schmid, W. & Nielsen, J.. Elsevier/North-Holland. [HN]Google Scholar
Oyama, S. (1985) The ontogeny of information. Cambridge University Press. [LVH]Google Scholar
Ozer, D. J. (1985) Correlation and the coefficient of determination. Psychological Bulletin 97:307–15. [aRP]Google Scholar
Piagen, K. (1971) The genetics of enzyme realization. In: Enzyme synthesis and degradation in mammalian systems, ed. Recheigl, M.. Karger. [EWC]Google Scholar
Parke, R. D. & Asher, S. R. (1983) Social and personality development. Annual Review of Psychology 34:465–509. [PTC]Google Scholar
Parkinson, C., Wallis, S., Prince, J. & Harvey, D. (1982) Rating the home environment of school age children: A comparison with general cognitive index and school progress. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 23:329–33. [TDW]Google Scholar
Pedersen, F., Rubenstein, J. & Yarrow, L. (1979) Infant development in father absent families. Journal of Genetic Psychology 135:51–61. [TDW]Google Scholar
Pederson, N. L., Friberg, L., Florderus-Myrhed, B., McClearn, G. E. & Plomin, R. (1984) Swedish early separated twins: Identification and characterization. Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae 33:243–50. [MZ]Google Scholar
Plomin, R. (1974) A temperament theory of personality development: Parent-child interactions. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Texas. [rRP]Google Scholar
Plomin, R. (1981a) Ethological behavioral genetics and development. In: Behavioral development, ed. Immelmann, K., Barlow, G. W., Petrinovich, L. & Main, M.. Cambridge University Press. [LVH]Google Scholar
Plomin, R. (1981b) Hereditary and temperament: A comparison of twin data for self-report questionnaires, peer ratings, and objectively assessed behaviour. In: Twin research 3, ed: Gedda, L., Parisi, P. & Nance, W. E.. A. R. Liss. [DAH]Google Scholar
Plomin, R. (1986) Development, genetics, and psychology. Erlbaum. [arRP, RJS, MZ]Google Scholar
(Submitted) Various man: Group differences and individual differences. [rRP]Google Scholar
(In press) The nature and nurture of cognitive abilities. In: Advances in the psychology of human intelligence, ed. Sternberg, R., vol. 4. Erlbaum. [rRP].Google Scholar
Plomin, R. & Daniels, D. (1984) The interaction between temperament and environment: Methodological considerations. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 30:149–62. [rRP]Google Scholar
Plomin, R. & Defries, J. C. (1980) Genetics and intelligence: Recent data. Intelligence 4:15–24. [RCJ]Google Scholar
Plomin, R., Defries, J. C. & Loehlin, J. C. (1977) Genotype-environment interaction and correlation in the analysis of human behavior. Psychological Bulletin 84:309–22. [arRP, LVH]Google Scholar
Plomin, R., Defries, J. C. & McClearn, G. E. (1980) Behavioral genetics: A primer. Freeman. [aRP]Google Scholar
Plomin, R. & Deitrich, R. A. (1982) Neuropharmacogenetics and behavioral genetics. Behavior Genetics 12:111–21. [rRP]Google Scholar
Plomin, R. & Dunn, J., eds. (1986) The study of temperament: Changes, continuities and challanges. Erlbaum. [SC]Google Scholar
Plomin, R. & Foch, T. T. (1980) A twin study of objectively assessed personality in childhood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39:680–88. [aRP, LVH]Google Scholar
Plomin, R. & Foch, T. T. (1981) Sex differences and individual differences. Child Development 52:383–5. [rRP]Google Scholar
Plomin, R., Loehlin, J. C. & Defries, J. C. (1985) Genetic and environmental components of “environmental” influences. Developmental Psychology 21:391–402. [arRP]Google Scholar
Pogue-Geile, M. F. & Rose, R. J. (1985) Developmental genetic studies of adult personality. Developmental Psychology 21:547–57. [JCL]Google Scholar
Pryce-Jones, D. (1976) Unity Mitford: A guest. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. [DIB]Google Scholar
Rageneau, S. (in press) A simple device to milk mice. Physiology and Behavior [PR]Google Scholar
Ramey, C. T., Yeates, K. O. & Short, E. J. (1984) The plasticity of intellectual development: Insights from preventive intervention. Child Development 55:1913–25. [RCJ]Google Scholar
Rao, D. C., Morton, N. E., Gottesman, I. I. & Lew, R. (1981) Path analysis of qualitative data on pairs of relatives: Application to schizophrenia. Human Heredity 31:325–33. [NEM]Google Scholar
Rao, D. C., Morton, N. E., Lalouel, J. M. & Lew, R. (1982) Path analysis under generalized assortative mating. II. American IQ. Genetical Research 39:187–98. [NEM]Google Scholar
Rose, R. J. (submitted) Genetic and environmental variance in content dimensions of the MMPI. [RJR]Google Scholar
Rosenblatt, J. & Siegel, H. (1981) Factors governing the onset and maintenance of maternal behavior among nonprimate mammals. In: Parental care in mammals, ed. Gubernick, D. & Klopfer, P.. Plenum Press. [PR]Google Scholar
Rosenthal, D. (1970) Genetic theory and abnormal behavior. McGraw-Hill. [aRP]Google Scholar
Roubertoux, P. (1981) Apport de l'analyse génétique à l'étiologie des depressions. Encephale 49:126–38. [PR]Google Scholar
Rowe, D. C. (1981) Environmental and genetic influences on dimensions of perceived parenting: A twin study. Developmental Psychology 17:203–8. [aRP]Google Scholar
Rowe, D. C. (1983) A biometrical analysis of perceptions of family environment: A study of twin and singleton sibling kinships. Child Development 54:416–23. [aRP, DCR]Google Scholar
Rowe, D. C. & Osgood, W. (1984) Heredity and sociological theories of delinquency: A reconsideration. American Sociological Review 49:526–40. [DCR]Google Scholar
Rowe, D. C. & Plomin, R. (1979) A multivariate twin analysis of within-family environmental influences in infants' social responsiveness. Behavior Genetics 9:519–25. [rRP]Google Scholar
Rowe, D. C. & Plomin, R. (1981) The importance of nonshared (El) environmental influences in behavioral development. Developmental Psychology 17:517–31. [arRP, JMc, DCR]Google Scholar
Rushton, J. P. (1984) Genetic similarity theory. Behavior Genetics 14:179–93. [DMB]Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1983) School effects on pupil progress: Research findings and policy implications. Child Development 54:1–29. [TDW]Google Scholar
Sameroff, A. & Chandler, M. (1975) Reproductive risk and the continuum of caretaking casualty. In: Review of child development research vol. 4, ed. Horowitz, F.. University of Chicago Press. [rRP]Google Scholar
Scarr, S. (1985) Constructing psychology: Making facts and fables for our times. American Psychologist 40:499–512. [SS]Google Scholar
Scarr, S. (1986a) “A theory of individual encounters with the world.” To be published in a conference volume from the Claremont Conference on Applied Social Psychology, February 15, 1986. [SS]Google Scholar
Scarr, S. (1986b) “How genotypes and environments combine: Development and individual differences.” To be published in a volume based on SRCD workshop on interacting systems in human development, ed: Bronfenbrenner, U., Cambridge University Press. [SS]Google Scholar
Scarr, S. & Carter-Saltzman, L. (1983) Genetics and intelligence. In: Behavior genetics, principles and applications, ed. Fuller, J. L. & Simmel, E. C.. Erlbaum. [DIB]Google Scholar
Scarr, S. & Grajek, S. (1982) Similarities and differences among siblings. In: Sibling relationships: Their nature and significance across the lifespan, ed. Lamb, M. E. & Sutton-Smith, B.. Erlbaum. [aRP, RDB, SC, MEL, RJS]Google Scholar
Scarr, S. & McCartney, K. (1983) How people make their own environments: A theory of genotype → environment effects. Child Development 54:424–35. [rRP, KMc, SS]Google Scholar
Scarr, S., Webber, P. I., Weinberg, R. A. & Wittig, M. A. (1981) Personality resemblance among adolescents and their parents in biologically related and adoptive families. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40:885–98. [aRP, MZ]Google Scholar
Scarr, S. & Weinberg, R. A. (1976) I.Q. test performance of Black children adopted by White families. American Psychologist 31:726–39. [RDB, TDW]Google Scholar
Scarr, S. & Weinberg, R. A. (1978a) Attitudes, interests, and IQ. Human Nature April:29–36. [aRP, RR, SS]Google Scholar
Scarr, S. & Weinberg, R. A. (1978b) The influence of “family background” on intellectual attainment. American Sociological Review 43:674–92. [arRP, KMc, SS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schachter, F. F. (1982) Sibling deidentification and split-parent identification: A family tetrad. In: Sibling relationships: Their nature and significance across the lifespan, ed. Lamb, M. E. & Sutton-Smith, B.. Erlbaum. [aRP, DCR]Google Scholar
Schiff, M., Duyme, M., Dumaret, A., Stewart, J., Tomkiewicz, S. & Feingold, J. (1978) Intellectual status of working-class children adopted early into upper-middle-class families. Science 200:1503–4. [DIB, TDW]Google Scholar
Schiff, M., Duyme, M., Dumaret, A. & Tomkiewicz, S. (1982) How much would we boost scholastic achievement and I.Q. scores?: A direct answer from a French adoption study. Cognition 12:165–96. [RDB]Google Scholar
Schneider, G. E. (1979) Is it really better to have your brain lesion early? A revision of the “Kennard Principle.” Neuropsychologia 17:557–83. [JKK]Google Scholar
Scott, J. P. (1977) Social genetics. Behavior Genetics 1:327–46. [JPS]Google Scholar
Scott, J. P., Bronson, F. & Trattner, A. (1968) Differential human handling and the development of agonistic behavior in basenjis and Shetland sheepdogs. Developmental Psychobiology 1:133–40. [JPS]Google Scholar
Scott, J. P. & Fuller, J. L. (1965) Genetics and the social behavior of the dog. University of Chicago Press. [JPS]Google Scholar
Seginar, R. (1983) Parent's educational expectations and children's academic achievement: A literature review. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 29:1–23. [TDW]Google Scholar
Shatz, M. & Gelman, R. (1973) The development of communication skills: Modifications in the speech of young children as a function of listener. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 38 (Serial No. 152). [KMc]Google Scholar
Shaw, D. S. & Bell, R. Q. (submitted) Bidirectional effects in the development of social competence in children. [SS]Google Scholar
Shields, J. (1962) Monozygotic twins brought up apart and brought up together. Oxford University Press. [MZ]Google Scholar
Spence, A., Ritvo, E. R., Marazita, M. L., Funderbunk, J., Sparkes, R. S. & Freeman, B. J. (1985) Gene mapping studies with the syndrome of autism. Behavior Genetics 15:1–14. [PR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spillman, J. R. (1984) The role of birthweight in mother-twin relationships. Unpublished thesis, Cranfield Institute of Technology. [DAH]Google Scholar
Symonds, P. M. (1931) Diagnosing personality and conduct. Appleton-Century. [MZ]Google Scholar
Symons, D. (1979) The evolution of human sexuality. Oxford University Press. [DMB]Google Scholar
Taylor, D. C. (1975) Factors influencing the occurrence of schizophrenia-like psychosis in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Psychological Medicine 5:249–54. [JKK]Google Scholar
Teasdale, T. W. & Owen, D. R. (1984) Heredity and familial environment in intelligence and educational level – a sibling study. Nature 309:620–22. [rRP]Google Scholar
Tellegen, A. (1985) Structure of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis on self-report. In: Anxiety and the anxiety disorders, ed. Tuma, A. H., & Maser, J. D.. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [MZ]Google Scholar
Tellegen, A., Lykken, D. T., Bouchard, T. J., Wilcox, K., Segal, N. & Rich, S. (in press) Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. [DTL]Google Scholar
Thomas, A. & Chess, S. (1977) Temperament and development. Brunner/Mazel. [SC]Google Scholar
Thomas, A., Chess, S. & Birch, H. (1968) Temperament and behavior disorders in children. New York University Press. [SC]Google Scholar
Tienari, P., Sorri, A., Lahti, I., Naarala, M., Wahlberg, K.-E., Ronkko, T., Pohjola, J. & Moring, J. (1985) The Finnish adoptive family study of schizophrenia. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 58:227–37. [rRP, JKK]Google Scholar
Toran-Allerand, C. D. (1984) On the genesis of sexual differentiation of the central nervous system: Morphogenetic consequences of steroidal exposure and possible role of a-feto protein. In: Sex differences in the brain: The relation between structure and function. Progress in brain research, vol. 61, ed: De Vries, G. J., Debruin, J. P. C., Uylings, H. B. M. & Corner, M. A.. Elsevier [HN]Google Scholar
Torgersen, A. M. & Kringlen, E. (1978) Genetic aspects of temperamental differences in infants. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 17:434–44. [SC]Google Scholar
Trivers, R. L. (1972) Parental investment and sexual selection. In: Sexual selection and the descent of man: 1871–1971, ed. Campbell, B.. Aldine. [DMB]Google Scholar
Trivers, R. L. & Willard, D. (1973) Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science 179:90–2. [DMB]Google Scholar
Vandenberg, S. G. (1965) Multivariate analysis of twin differences. In: Methods and goals in human behavior genetics, ed. Vandenberg, S. G.. Academic Press. [rRP]Google Scholar
Vogler, G. P. & Rao, D. C. (1986) Using genetic models to explore environmental sources of familial resemblance for intelligence. Paper presented at Annual Meeting of Behavior Genetics Association, Honolulu. [RJR]Google Scholar
Vom Saal, F. S. & Bronson, H. H. (1980) Sexual characteristics of adult female mice are correlated with their blood testosterone level during prenatal development. Science 208:547–99. [PR]Google Scholar
Wachs, T. D. (1979) Proximal experience and early cognitive-intellectual development: The physical environment. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 25:3–41. [TDW]Google Scholar
Wachs, T. D. (1983) The use and abuse of environment in behavior genetic research. Child Development 54:396–407. [rRP, TDW]Google Scholar
Wachs, T. D. (1984) Proximal experience and early cognitive intellectual development: The social environment. In: Home environment in early development, ed. Gottfried, A.. Academic Press. [TDW]Google Scholar
Wachs, T. D. (1985) Models of physical and environmental action. In: Play interactions: The contribution of play materials and parental involvement to children's development, ed. Gottfried, A. & Brown, C.. Lexington Books. [TDW]Google Scholar
Wachs, T. D. & Gandour, M. J. (1983) Temperament, environment and six-month cognitive intellectual development. International Journal of Behavior Development 6:135–52. [TDW]Google Scholar
Wachs, T. D. & Gruen, G. (1982) Early experience and human development. Plenum. [TDW]Google Scholar
Wassermann, G. D. (1986) Note on an abnormality of the operator for the structural gene of the dopamine D1 receptor as a possible partial cause of schizophrenia. Journal of Theoretical Biology 120:277–83. [JH]Google Scholar
Weizmann, F. (1971) Correlational statistics and the nature-nurture problem. Science 171:589. [TDW]Google Scholar
Werner, E. E. & Smith, R. (1982) Vulnerable but invincible. McGraw-Hill. [LVH]Google Scholar
White, K. R. (1982) The relation between socioeconomic status and academic achievement. Psychological Bulletin 91:461–81. [RCJ]Google Scholar
Wilkins, A. S. (1986) Genetic analysis of animal development. Wiley-Interscience. [rRP]Google Scholar
Willerman, L. (1979) Effects of families on intellectual development. American Psychologist 34:923–9. [DIB]Google Scholar
Wilson, G. (1978) Introversion/Extroversion. In: Dimensions of personality, ed. London, H. & Exner, J. E. JrWiley. [DCR]Google Scholar
Wilson, R. S. (1978) Synchronies in mental development: An epigenetic perspective. Science 202:939–48. [rRP, JCL]Google Scholar
Wilson, R. S. (1983) The Louisville Twin Study: Developmental synchronies in behavior. Child Development 54:298–316.Google Scholar
Woodworth, R. S. (1941) Heredity and Environment. Social Science Research Council. [DIB]Google Scholar
Zazzo, R. (1965) Les jumeaux, le couple, la personne. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France [PR]Google Scholar
Zuckerman, M., Eysenck, S. B. G. & Eysenck, H. J. (1978) Sensation seeking in England and America: Cross-cultural, age, and sex comparisons. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 46:139–49. [MZ]Google Scholar
Zuckerman, M., Kuhlman, D. M. & Camac, , (in press) What lies beyond E and N? Factor analyses of scales believed to measure basic dimensions of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. [MZ]Google Scholar