Letters “a” and “r” appearing before authors' initials refer to target article and response respectively.
Abitbol, M. M. (1987) Obstetrics and posture in pelvic anatomy. Journal of Human Evolution 6:243–55. {MMA}
(1989) Variations in blood supply allocations for quadrupedal and for bipedal posture and locomotion. American Journal of Physiological Anthropology 80:239–58. {MMA}
Allee, W. C., & Schmidt, K. (1951) Ecological animal geography. Wiley and Sons. {MCab}
Altman, J. (1987) A quiet revolution in thinking. Nature 328:572–73. {aDF}
Andrews, P. J. (1989) Palaeoecology of Laetoli. Journal of Human Evolution 18:173–81. {WHK}
Ardrey, R. (1976) The hunting hypothesis. Atheneum. {aDF}
Armstrong, E. (1982) Mosaic evolution in the primate brain: Differences and similarities in the Hominid thalamus. In: Primate brain evolution: Methods and concepts, ed. Armstrong, E. & Falk, D.. {GPB}
(1983) Relative brain size and metabolism in mammals. Science 220:1302–04. {rDF, RAB, AW}
Aschoff, J., Gunther, B. & Dramer, K. (1971) Energiehaushalt und Temperaurregulation. Urban & Schwartzenbert. {aDF}
Badeer, H. S. (1985) Elementary principles based on modified Bernoulli’s equation. The Physiologist 28:41–46. {aDF}
(1986) Does gravitational pressure of blood hinder flow to the brain of the giraffe? Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 83:207–11. {aDF}
Baker, M. A. (1979) A brain-cooling system in mammals. Scientific American 240:130–39. {aDF}
(1982) Brain cooling in endotherms in heat and exercise. Annual Review of Physiology 44:85–96. {arDF, WHK}
Barnes, J. (1964) The complete works of Aristotle. The revised Oxford translation, vol. 1, 1984. Princeton University Press. {O-JG}
Bashore, T. R., Martinerie, J. M., Weiser, P. C, Greenspon, L. C. & Heffley, E. F. (1988) Preservation of mental processing speed in aerobically fit older men. Psychobiology 25:433–44. {WMB}
Batson, O. V. (1944) Anatomical problems concerned in the study of cerebral blood flow. Federation Proceedings 3:139–44. {aDF}
Bingham, G. P. (1988) Task-specific devices and the perceptual bottleneck. Human Movement Science 7:225–64. {GPB}
Blomquist, C. G., Nixon, J. V., Johnson, R. L. & Mitchell, J. H. (1980) Early cardiovascular adaptation to zero gravity simulated by head-down tilt. Ada Astronautica 7:543–53. {O-JG}
Blumenberg, B. & Lloyd, A. T. (1983) Australopithecus and the origin of the genus Homo: Aspects of biometry and systematics with accompanying catalog of tooth metric data. BioSystems 16:127–67. {rDF}
Blumenschine, R. J. (1986) Carcass consumption sequences and the archaeological distinction of scavenging and hunting. Journal of Human Evolution 15:639–59. {aDF}
(1987) Characteristics of an early hominid scavenging niche. Current Anthropology 28:383–407. {aDF, WHK}
Bonnefille, R., Vincens, A. & Buchet, G. (1987) Palynology, stratigraphy and paleoenvironment of a Pliocene hominid site (2.9–3.3 M.Y.) at Hadar, Ethiopia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 60:249–81. {WHK}
Bortz, W. M. (1985) Physical exercise as an evolutionary force. Journal of Human Evolution 14:145–55. {aDF, WMB}
Bourliere, F. (1985) Primate communities: Their structure and role in tropical ecosystems. International Journal of Primatology 6(1):1–42. {AZ}
Boyd, G. I. (1930) The emissary foramina of the cranium in man and the anthropoids. Journal of Anatomy 65:108–21. {aDF, GLB, AW}
(1988) The states of human evolution, 3d ed. Prentice-Hall. {CLB}
Brace, C. L. (1979) The stages of human evolution, 2d ed. Prentice-Hall. {CLB}
Brace, C. L. & Montagu, M. F. A. (1965) Mans evolution. Macmillan. {CLB}
Brace, C. L., Smith, S. L. & Hunt, K. D. (in press) What big teeth you had, Grandma! Human tooth size past and present. In: Advances in dental anthropology, ed. Kelley, M. A. & Larsen, C. S., Liss, Alan R.. {CLB}
Brain, C. K. (1958) The Transvaal ape-man-bearing cave deposits. Transvaal Museum Memoir 11. {WHK}
(1988) New information from the Swartkrans cave of relevance to “robust” australopithecines. In: Evolutionary history of the “robust” australopithecines, ed. Grine, F.. Aldine. {aDF}
Braun, J. P. & Tournarde, A. (1977) Venous drainage in the craniocervical region. Neuroradiology 13:155–58. {MCD}
Brengelmann, G. L. (1989) Temperature regulation. In: Scientific foundations of sports medicine, ed. Teitz, C. C. & Decker, B. C.. {GLB}
Breschet, G. (1819) Essai sur les veines du rachis. These Medicale, Paris. {MCD}
Brinnel, H., Boy, J. & Cabanac, M. (1986) Intracranial temperature during passive hyperthermia in humans. Brain Research 363:170–73. {HB}
Brinnel, H. & Cabanac, M. (1989) Tympanic temperature is a core temperature in humans. Journal of Thermal Biology 14:47–53. {HB}
Brinnel, H., Cabanac, M. & Caputa, M. (1989) Effect of face cooling on intracranial temperature in hyperthermic and hypothermic humans. In: Abstracts international symposium of thermal physiology (Tromso). {HB}
Brinnel, H., Cabanac, M. & Hales, J. R. S. (1987) Critical upper levels of body temperature, tissue thermosensitivity, and selective cooling in hyperthermia. In: Heat stress: Physical exxertion and environment, ed. Hales, J. R. S. & Richards, D. A. B.. Elsevier Biomedical Division. {aDF}
Brinnel, H., Friedel, J., Caputa, M., Cabanac, M. & Grosshans, E. (1989) Rosacea: Disturbed defense against brain overrheating. Archives of Dermatological Research 281:66–72. {HB}
Brinnel, H., Nagasaka, T. & Cabanac, M. (1987) Enhanced brain protection during passive hyperthermia in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology 56:540–45. {HB}
Browning, H. (1953) The confluence of dural venous sinuses. American Journal of Anatomy 93:307–29. {arDF, JL}
Burton, A. C. (1972) Physiology and biophysics of the circulation. Year Book Medical Publishers. {aDF}
Butler, H. (1957) The development of certain human dural venous sinuses. Journal of Anatomy 91:510–26. {rDF}
(1967) The development of mammalian dural venous sinuses with especial reference to the postglenoid vein. Journal of Anatomy 102:33—56. {rDF}
Byrne, R. W. & Whiten, A. (1988) Machiavellian intelligence. Clarendon Press. {aDF}
Cabanac, M. (1986) Keeping a cool head. News in Physiological Sciences, American Physiological Society 1:41–44. {arDF, MCD, PEW}
(1987) Reply to “Comments on keeping a cool head.” News in Physiological Sciences 2:33–34. {arDF}
Cabanac, M. & Brinnel, H. (1985) Blood flow in the emissary veins of the human head during hyperthermia. European Journal of Applied Physiology 54:172–76. {arDF, HB, MCap, WHK}
(1988) Beards, baldness, and sweat secretion. European Journal of Applied Physiology 58:39–46. {aDF}
Cabanac, M., Brinnel, H. & Mallet, C. (1984) Physiologie humaine: La calvitie est-elle un processus thermoregulateur adaptatif? Comtes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances. Academie des Sciencest. 299:499–502. {aDF, MCab}
Cabanac, M. & Caputa, M. (1979) Natural selective cooling of the human brain: Evidence of its occurrence and magnitude. Journal of Physiology 286:255–64. {WHK}
Calvin, W. H. (1982) Did throwing stones shape hominid brain evolution? Ethology and Sociobiology 3:115–24. {aDF}
(1983a) A stone’s throw and its launch window: Timing precision and its implications for language and hominid brains. Journal of Theoretical Biology 104:121–35. {aDF}
(1983b) The throwing madonna: Essays on the brain. McGraw-Hill. {aDF}
(1986a) The great encephalization: Throwing juvenilization, developmental slowing, and maternal mortality roles in prehuman brain enlargement. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 136:9. {aDF}
(1986b) The river that flows uphill: A journey from the big bang to the big brain. Macmillan. {aDF}
Caputa, M. (1981) Selective brain cooling: An important component of thermal physiology. Contributions to Thermal Physiology 32:183–92. {aDF}
Caputa, M. & Cabanac, M. (1988) Precedence of head homoeothermia over trunk homoeothermia in dehydrated men. European Journal of Applied Physiology 57:611–15. {rDF}
Caputa, M. J., Perrin, G. & Cabanac, M.. (1978) Physiologie: Encoulement sanguin reversible dans las veine ophtalmique: Mecanisme de refroidissement selectif du cerveau humain. Comtes Redus Hebdomadaires de Seances. Academie des Sciences. Serie D. (PAMS) 287:1011–14. {aDF, HB}
Caro, C. G., Pedley, T. J., Shroter, R. C. & Seed, W. A. (1978) The mechanisms of circulation. Oxford University Press. {aDF}
Carrier, D. R. (1984) The energetic paradox of human running and hominid evolution. Current Anthropology 25:483–95. {aDF, GPB}
Carroll, R. W. (in press) Feeding ecology and use of termites by lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in Dzanga-Sangha Dense Forest Reserve of the Central Africa Republic.Mammalia. {AZ}
Chavaillon, J. (1976) Evidence for the practices of early Pleistocene hominids, Shungura Formation, Lower Omo Valley, Ethiopia. In: Earliest man and environments in the Lake Rudolf Basin, ed. Coppens, Y., Howell, F. C., Issac, G. L. & Leakey, R. E. F.. University of Chicago Press. {BS}
Cheney, D., Seyfarth, R. & Smuts, B. (1986) Social relationships and social cognition in nonhuman primates. Science 234:1361–66. {aDF, RF}
Clarke, G. A. (1988) Some thoughts on the black skull: An archeologist’s assessment of WT-17000 (A. boisei) and systematics in human paleontology. American Anthropologist 90:357–71. {aDF}
Clark, R. J. (1988) A new Australopithecus cranium from Sterkfontein and its bearing on the ancestry of Paranthropus. In: Evolutionary history of the “robust” australopithecines, ed. Grine, F.. Aldine. {aDF}
Clark, S. A., Allard, T., Jenkins, W. M. & Merzenich, M. M. (1988) Receptive fields in the body-surface map in adult cortex defined by temporally correlated inputs. Nature 332:444–45. {aDF}
Clutton-Brock, T. H. & Harvey, P. H. (1980) Primates, brains, and ecology. Journal of Zoology 190:309–23. {RF}
Conroy, G. C. & Vannier, M. W. (1987) Dental development of the Taung skull from computerized tomography. Nature 329:625–27. {rDF}
Conroy, G. C, Vannier, M. W. & Tobias, P. V. (1990) Endocranial features of Australopithecus africanus revealed by 2- and 3-D computed tomography. Science 247: 838–41.
Coppens, Y. (1980) The differences between Australopithecus and Homo: Preliminary conclusions from the Omo Research Expedition’s studies. In: Current argument on early man, ed. Konigsson, L.-K.. Pergamon Press. {BS}
Craigie, E. H. (1938) The comparative anatomy and embryology of the capillary bed of the central nervous system. Research Publications of the Association of Nervous and Mental Diseases 18:3—28. {MMA}
Crelin, E. (1969) Anatomy of the newborn: An atlas. Lea & Febiger. {rDF}
Darwin, C. (1871) The origin of species and the descent of man. Random House. {aDF}
(1871)The descent of man and selection in relation to sex, 2 vols. Appleton. {CLB, RF}
Das, A. C. & Hasan, M. (1970) The occipital sinus. Journal of Neurosurgery 33:307–11. {aDF}
Dean, M. C. (1988) Another look at the nose and the functional significance of the face and nasal mucous membrane for cooling the brain in fossil hominids. Journal of Human Evolution 17:715–18. {WHK}
Diamond, M. (1967) Extensive cortical depth measurements and neuron sizen the cortex of environmentally enricheid rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 31:357–64. {WMB}
(1988) Cephalic vascular evolution and development in primates: The stapedial artery and its companion venous sinuses. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Chicago. {rDF}
Dickson, J. A., McKenzie, A. & McLeod, K. (1979) Temperature gradients in pigs during whole-body hyperthermia at 42 degrees C. Journal of Applied Physiology 47:712–17. {GLB}
Dilenge, G. & Perey, B. (1973) An angiographic study of the meningorachidian venous system. Radiology 108:333–37. {aDF, WHK}
Dunbar, R. I. M. (in press) Functional significance of social grooming in primates. Folia primatologica. {RF}
Dustman, R., Ruhling, R., Russel, E., Shearer, D., Bonekat, H., Shiyeoka, J., Wood, J. & Bradford, D. (1984) Aerobic exercise training and improved neuropsychological function of older individuals. Neurobiology of Aging 5:35–42. {WMB}
Eckenhoff, J. E. (1970) The physiologic significance of the vertebral venous plexus. Surgery, Gynecology, and Obstetrics 131:72–78. {aDF}
Eckhardt, R. (1986) Hominid evolution. Science 234:11. {aDF}
(1987) Hominid brain expansion: Testable hypothesis needed. Current Anthropology 28:206–7. {KRF}
Eisenberg, j. (1981) The mammalian radiations: An analysis of trends in evolution, adapatation, and behaviour. Athlone Press. {RF}
Elgar, M. A. & Harvey, P. H. (1987) Basal metabolic rates in mammals: Allometry, phylogeny, and ecology. Functional ecology 1:25–36. {AW}
Epstein, H. M., Linde, H. W., Crampton, A. R., Ciric, I. S. & Eckenhoff, J. E. (1970) The vertebral venous plexus as a major cerebral venous outflow tract. Anesthesiology 32:332–37. {aDF, WHK}
Falk, D. (1980a) Hominid brain evolution: The approach from paleoneurology. Yearbook of’Physical Anthropology 23:93–107. {arDF, RLH}
(1980b) Language, handedness, and primate brains: Did the australopithecines sign? American Anthropologist 82:72–78. {aDF}
(1983) Cerebral cortices of East African early hominids. Science 221:1072–74. {arDF}
(1986a) Evolution of cranial blood drainage in hominids: Enlarged occipital/marginal sinuses and emissary foramina. eAmerican Journal of Physical Anthropology 70:311–24. {arDF, WHK, AW}
(1986b) Hominid evolution. Science 234:11. {aDF}
(1987a) Brain lateralization in primates. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 30:107–25. {aDF}
(1987b) Hominid paleoneurology. Annual Review of Anthropology 16:13–30. {aDF}
(1988) Enlarged occipital/marginal sinuses and emissary foramina: Their significance in hominid evolution. In: The evolutionary history of the “robust” australopithecines, ed. Grine, F.. Aldine. {arDF, WHK}
Falk, D. & Conroy, G. (1983) The cranial venous sinus system in Australopithecus afarensis. Nature 306:779–81. {arDF}
Fialkowski, K. R. (1978) Early hominid brain evolution and heat stress: A hypothesis. Studies in Physical Anthropology 4:87–92. {aD, WMB, KRF}
(1986) A mechanism for the origin of the human brain: A hypothesis. Current Anthropology 27:288–90. {aDF, KRF}
(1988) Origin of the human brain as a preadaptation to enhanced cognitive powers. Antropologischer Anzeiger 46:317–25. {KRF}
(in press) Origin of the human brain as a reliability adaptation to heat stress: New facts. Current Anthropology. {KRF}
Fleagle, J. G. (1980) Locomotion and posture. In: Malayan forest primates: Ten years’ study in tropical rain forest, ed. Chivers, D. J.. Plenum Press. {BS}
(1988) Primate adaptation and evolution. Academic Press. {AW}
Foldes-Papp, K. (1975) Vom Felshild zum Alphabet. Die Geschichte der Schrift von ihren fruhesten Vorstufen bis zur modernen lateinischen Schreibschrift. Gondrom-Verlag. {O-JG}
Foley, R. (1984) Early man and the Red Queen. Hominid evolution and community ecology, ed. Foley, R.. Academic Press. {RF}
(1987) Hominid species and stone-tool assemblages: How are they related: Antiquity 61:380–92. {aDF}
(1987) Another unique species: Patterns in human evolutionary ecology. Longman. {RF, PEW}
Fox, J. L. (1984) The brain’s dynamic way of keeping in touch. Science 225:820–21. {aDF}
Galaburda, A. M. & Pandya, D. N. (1982) Role of architectonics and connections in the study of primate brain evolution. In: Primate brain evolution: Methods and concepts, ed. Armstrong, E. & Falk, D.. Plenum. {aDF}
Ganong, W. F. (1971) Review of medical physiology. Lange Medical Publications. {aDF}
Gingerich, P. D. (1983) Rates of evolution: Effects of time and temporal scaling. Science 222:159–61. {BHS}
Gius, J. A. & Grier, D. H. (1950) Venous adaptation following bilateral radical neck dissection with excision of the jugular veins. Surgery 28:305–21. {arDF}
Gleadow, A. J. W. (1980) Fission track age of the KBS Tuff and associated hominid remains in northern Kenya. Nature 284:225–30. {CLB}
Godfrey, L. & Jacobs, K. H. (1981) Gradual, autocatalytic and punctuational models of hominid brain evolution: A cautionary tale. Journal of Human Evolution 10:254–72. {aDF}
Goetz, R. H. & Keen, E. N. (1957) Some aspects of the cardiovascular system in the giraffe. Angiology 8:542–64. {aDF}
Goodall, J. (1986) The chimpanzees ofGombe. Harvard University Press. {aDF}
Gould, S. I. & Eldridge, N. (1977) Punctuated equilibria: Tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered. Paleobiology 3:115. {O-JG}
Gould, S. J. (1977a) Bushes and ladders in human evolution. In: ”Ever since Darwin.” Penguin. {RAB}
(1977b) Ontogeny and phylogeny. Harvard University Press. {RAB}
Graf, W. (1959) Patterns of human liver temperature. Ada Physiologica Scandanavica 46:Supplement 160:1–135. {GLB}
Gray, H. (1973) Anatomy of the human body (29th ed.). Lea and Febiger. {aDF}
Grine, F. & Kay, R. (1988) Early hominid diets from quantitative image analysis of dental microwear. Nature 333:765–68. {aDF}
Grine, F. E. (1981) Trophic differences between “gracile” and “robust” australopithecines: A scanning electron microscope analysis of occlusal events. South African Journal of Science 77:203–30. {WHK}
Grine, R. E. (1988) Evolutionary history of the “robust” australopithecines: A summary and historical perspective. In: The evolutionary history of the “robust” australopithecines, ed. Grine, F.. Aldine. {rDF}
Griisser, O.-J. (1982) The phylogenetic development of the human brain. Congres Internationale de Paleontologie Humaine. Resumees des Communications 216. {O-JG}
(1988) Die phylogenetische Hirnentwicklung und die funktionelle Lateralisation der menschlichen Grosshirnrinde. In: Psychiatrie des rechten und linken Gehirns, ed. Oepen, G.. Deutscher Arzte-Verlag. {O-JG}
Griisser, O.-J., Griisser-Cornehls, U., Kirchhoff, N. & Kiefer, R. (1985) Averbal social communication of hominids is phylogenetically older than verbal communication. Some evidence from studies in brain lesioned patients. Abstract Taung Diamond Jubilee International Symposium, Johannesburg, South Africa. {O-JG}
Griisser, O.-J. & Weiss, L. R. (1985) Quantitative models on pylogenetic growth of the hominid brain. In: Hominid evolution: Past, present, and future, ed. Tobias, P. V.. Liss, Alan R.. {MMA, O-JG}
Guyton, A. C. (1986) Textbook of medical physiology. W. B. Saunders. {ARH}
Haldane, J. B. S. (1949) Suggestions as to quantitative measurement of rates of evolution. Evolution 3:51–56. {BHS}
Hargens, A. R., Millard, R. W., Pettersson, K., Johansen, K. & Meyer, J.-U.
(1987) Gravitational haemodynamics and oedema prevention in the giraffe. Nature 329:59–60. {aDF, ARH}
Hartl, D. L. & Clark, A. G. (1989) Principles of population genetics. Sinauer. {rDF}
Harvey, P. H. & Glutton-Brock, T. H. (1985) Life history variation in primates. Evolution 39:559–81. {BHS}
Harvey, P. H., Martin, R. D. & Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1986) Life histories in comparative perspective. In: Primate societies, ed. Smuts, B., Chaney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M., Wrangham, R. W. & Striraker, T. T.. Chicago University Press. {RF}
Hayward, J. N. & Baker, M. A. (1968) Role of cerebral arterial blood in the regulation of brain temperature in the monkey. American Journal of Physiology 215:389–403. {aDF, GLB}
Hewes, G. W. (1973) Primate communication and the gestural origin of language. Current Anthropology 14:5–24. {aDF}
Hill, K. (1982) Hunting and human evolution. Journal of Human Evolution 11:521–44. {RF}
Hirata, K., Nagasaka, T. & Sugano, Y. (1978) Effect of alternating respiratory pathway on respiratory capacity and tympanic and forehead skin temperatures during exercise. Japanese Journal of Aerospace and Environmental Medicine 15:8—13. {HB}
Hofman, M. A. (1983) Encephalization in hominids: Evidence for the model of punctuationalism. Brain Behavior and Evolution 22:102–17. {aDF}
(1983) Energy metabolism brain size, and longevity in mammals. Quarterly Review of Biology 58:495–5122. {BHS}
(1989) On the evolution and geometry of the brain in mammals. Progress in Neurobiology 32:137–58. {BLF}
Holloway, R. L. (1975) The role of humman social behavior in the evolution of the brain. 43d James Arthur Lecture, 1973. American Museum of Natural History. {aDF, KRF}
(1980) Within-species brain-body weight variability: A re-examination of the Danish data and other primate species. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 53:109–21. {RLH}
(1981a) The endocast of the Omo L338y-6 juvenile hominid: Gracile or robust Australopithecus? American Journal of Physical Anthropology 54:109–18. {aDF, MCD}
(1981b) Revisiting the South African Taung Australopithecine endocast: The position of the lunate sulcus as determined by the steroplotting technique. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 56:43–58. {CLB}
(1983) Human paleontological evidence relevant to language behavior. Human Neurobiology 2:105–14. {aDF}
(1983) Human brain evolution: A search for units, Models, and synthesis. Canadian Journal of Anthropology 3(2):215–30. {GPB}
(1988) “Robust” australopithecine brain endocasts: Some preliminary observations. In: The evolutionary history of the “robust” australopithecines, ed. Grine, F.. Aldine. {rDF}
Holloway, R. L. & Post, D. G. (1982) The relativity of relative brain measures. In: Primate brain evolution: Methods and concepts, ed. Armstrong, E. & Falk, D.. Plenum. {aDF}
Humphrey, N. K. (1976) The social function of intellect. In: Growing points in ethology, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Hinde, R. A.. Cambridge University Press. {RF}
Ingvar, D. H. & Risberg, J. (1967) Increase of regional cerebral blood flow. Experimental Brain Research 3:195. {MMA}
Isaac, G. LI. (1976) The activities of early African hominids: A review of archaeological evidence from the time span two and a half to one million years ago. In: Human origins, ed. Isaac, G. L. I. & McCown, E. R.. Benjamin. {CLB}
(1978) The food-sharing behavior of protohuman hominids. Scientific American 238:90–108. {CLB}
Iwabuchi, T., Sobata, E., Ebina, K., Tsubasisaka, H. & Takiguchi, M. (1986) Dural sinus pressure: Various aspects in human brain surgery in children and adults. American Journal of Physiology 250 (Heart and Circulation Physiology 19):H389-H396. {HB}
Jerison, H. J. (1973) Evolution of the brain and intelligence. Academic Press. {aDF, RF}
(1978) Brain intelligence in whales. In: Whales and whaling. Australian Government Publication Service. {aDF}
(1982a) Allometry brain size, cortical surface, and convolutedness. In: Primate brain evolution: Methods and concepts, ed. Armstrong, E. & Falk., D.Plenum. {aDF}
(1982b) The evolution of biological intelligence. In: Handbook of human intelligence, ed. Sternberg, R. J.. Cambridge University Press. {HJJ}
(1983) The evolution of the mammalian brain as an information processing system. In: Advances in the study of mammalian behavior, ed. Eisenberg, J. F. & Kleimann, D. G.. American Society of Mammalogists Special Publication 7. {KRF}
(1985) Animal intelligence as encephalization. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (London), 6308:21–35. {HJJ}
Johanson, D. C, Lovejoy, C. O., Kimbel, W. H., White, T. D., Ward, S. C, Bush, M. E., Latimer, B. M. & Coppens, Y. (1982) Morphology of the Pliocene partial hominid skeleton (A.L. 288–1) from the Hadar formation, Ethiopia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 57:403–51. {rDF}
Johanson, D. C. & White, T. D. (1979) A systematic assesment of early African hominids. Science 203:321–30. {CLB}
Johanson, D. C, White, T. D. & Coppens, Y. (1978) A new species of the genus Australopithecus (Primates: Hominidae) from the Pliocene of eastern Africa. Kirtlandia 28:1–14. {CLB, BS}
Johnson, J. I., Switzer, R. C. & Kirsch, J. A. W. (1982) Phylogeny through brain traits: The distribution of categorizing characters in contemporary mammals. Brain, Behavior, Evolution 20:97–117. {HJJ}
Kaas, J. H. (1988) Development of cortical sensory maps. In: Neurobiology of neocortex, ed. Rakic, P. & Singer, W.. John Wiley & Sons. {aDF}
Kalaria, R. N., & Harik, S. I. (1987) Blood brain barrier monamine oxidase. Journal of Neurochemistry 49:856–64. {WMB}
Kay, R. F. & Grine, R. E. (1988) Tooth morphology, wear, and diet in Australopithecus and Paranthropus from Southern Africa. In: The evolutionary history of the “robust” australopithecines, ed. Grine, F.. Aldine. {rDF}
Kety, S. (1960) The cerebral circulation. In: Handbook of physiology-neurophysiology 3:1751—60, ed. Feld, John. American Physiologic Society, Washington, D.C. {WMB}
Kimbel, W. H. (1984) Variation in the pattern of cranial venous sinuses and hominid phylogeny. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 63:243–63. {arDF, MCD, WHK, JL, BS}
Kleiber, M. (1932) Body size and metabolism. Hilgardia 6:315–53. {BHS}
Kleinerman, J. & Sancette, S. M. (1955) Effect of mild steady-state exercise on cerebral and general hemodynamics of normal untrained subjects. Journal of Clinical Investigation 34:985. {WMB}
Krantz, G. S. (1968) Brain size and hunting ability in earliest man. Current Anthropology 9:450–51. {aDF, WMB}
Kruska, D. (1988) Mammalian domestication and its effect on brain structure and behavior. In: Intelligence and evolutionary biology, ed. Jerison, H. J. & Jerison, I.. Springer-Verlag. {HJJ}
Laitman, J. T. & Reidenberg, J. S. (1988) Advances in understanding the relationship between the skull base and larynx with comments on the origin of speech. Human Evolution 3:99–109. {KRF}
Lande, R. (1979) Quantitative genetic analysis of multivariate evolution, applied to brain: Body size allometry. Evolution 33:402–16. {HJJ}
Leakey, M. D. (1979) Footprints in the ashes of time. National Geographic 155:446–57. {CLB}
(1984) Disclosing the past. Doubleday. {CLB}
Leakey, M. D. & Hay, R. L. (1979) Pliocene footprints in the Laetolil beds at Laetoli, northern Tanzania. Nature 278:317–23. {aDF, CLB}
Lee, P. C. (in press) Comparative ethological approaches in modelling hominid behaviour. Ossa 14. {RF}
Le Gros Clark, W. E. (1970) History of the primates. British Museum (Natural History). {AW}
Lemons, D. E., Chien, S., Crawshaw, L. I., Weinbaum, S. & Jiji, L. M. (1987) Significance of vessel size and type in vascular heat transfer. American Journal of Physiology 253:R128–R135. {GIB}
Lillywhite, H. B. (1987a) Circulatory adaptations of snakes to gravity. American Zoologist 27:81–95. {aDF}
(1987b) Snakes under pressure. Natural History, November:59–67. {aDF}
Linder, H. (1948) Biologie. Metzler-Verlag. {O-JG}
Lovejoy, C O. (1975) Biomechanical perspectives on the lower limb of early hominids. In: Primate functional morphology and evolution, ed. Tuttle, R. H.. Mouton. {BHS}
(1981) The origin of man. Science 211:341–50. {RF, PEW}
Macphail, E. M. (1982) Brain and intelligence in vertebrates. Clarendon Press. {RAB}
Marshack, A. (1985) Hierarchical evolution of the human capacity: The Paleolithic evidence. 54th James Arthur Lecture, 1984. American Museum of Natural History. {aDF}
Martin, R. D. (1981) Relative brain size and metabolic rate in terrestrial vertebrates. Nature 293:57–60. {RAB, RF, AW}
(1983) Human brain evolution in an ecological context. James Arthur Lecture on the Evolution of the Human Brain. American Museum of Natural History. {CLB, BHS}
Matsushima, T., Rhoton, A. L., de’Oliveira, E. & Peace, D. (1983) Microsurgical anatomy of the veins of the posterior fossa. Journal of Neurosurgery 59:63–105. {MCD}
Mayr, E. (1970) Population, species, and evolution. Harvard University Press. {KRF}
McDougall, I., Maier, R., Sutherland-Hawkes, P. & Gleadow, A. J. W. (1980) K-Ar age estimate for the KBS Tuff, East Turkana, Kenya. Nature 284:230–34. {CLB}
McNab, B. K. & Eisenberg, J. F. (1989) Brain size and its relation to the rate of metabolism in mammals. American Naturalist 133:157–67. {AW}
Mettler, F. A. (1955) Culture and the structural evolution of the neural system. James Arthur Lecture on the Evolution of the Human Brain. American Museum of Natural History. {BHS}
Milton, K. (1988) Foraging behaviour and the evolution of primate intelligence. In: Machiavellian intelligence: Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes, and humans, ed. Byrne, R. W. & Whiten, A.. Clarendon Press. {AW}
Milvy, P. (1977) The marathon: Physiological, medical, epidemiological, and psychological studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 301. {GLB}
Mitchell, D., Labum, H. P., Nijland, M. J. M., Zurovsky, Y. & Mitchell, G. (1987) Selective brain cooling and survival. South African Journal of Science 83:598–604. {PEW}
Nadel, E. R. (1987) Comments on “Keeping a cool head.” News in Physiological Sciences 2:33. {aDF}
Nagasaka, T., Brinnel, H., Hirata, K., Noda, Y. & Sugimoto, N. (1989) Increase in venous flow through ophtalmic veins enhances selective brain cooling in hyperthermic humans. In: Proceeding of the International Symposium of Thermal Physiology Trornso. {HB}
Narebski, J. (1985) Human brain homeothermy during sleep and wakefulness: An experimental and comparative approach. Ada Neurobiologiae Experimental. 45:63–75. {MCap}
Neilsen, K. C. & Owman, C. (1967) Adrenergic innervation of pial arteries related to the circle of Willis in the cat brain. Research 6:773–76. {WMB}
Newman, R. W. (1970) Why man is such a sweaty and thirsty naked animal: A speculative review. Human Biology 42:12–27. {aDF}
Ojemann, G. A. (1983) Brain organization for language from the perspective of electrical stimulation mapping. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:189–230. {aDF}
Olivier, G. (1972) Capacite cranienne, langage articule et definition du genre Homo. Comtes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de le Academie des Sciences. Series D. Sciences Naturelles 274:1469–72. {aDF}
Olson, T. R. (1981) Basicranial morphology of the extant hominoids and Pliocene hominids: The new material from the Hadar formation, Ethiopia, and its significance in early human evolution and taxonomy. In: Aspects of human evolution, ed. Stringer, C. B.. Taylor & Francis. {arDF}
Padget, D. H. (1956) The cranial venous system in man in reference to development, adult configuration and relations to arteries. American Journal of Anatomy 98:307–55. {rDF}
(1957) The development of the cranial venous system in man, from the viewpoint of comparative anatomy. Contributions to Embryology 36:79–140. {aDF, WHK}
Pagel, M. D. & Harvey, P. H. (1988) How mammals produce large-brained offspring. Evolution 42:948–57. {AW}
(1989) Taxonomic differences in the scaling of brain on body weight among mammals. Science 244:1589–93. {CLB}
Passingham, R. E. (1973) Anatomical differences between the cortex of man and other primates. Brain, Behavior, Evolution 7:337–59. {RLH}
(1975a) Changes in the size and organization of the brain in man and his ancestors. Brain, Behavior, Evolution 11:73–90. {RLH}
(1975b) The brain and intelligence. Brain Behavior and Evolution 11:1—15. {aDF}
Pedley, T. J. (1987) How giraffes prevent oedema. Nature 329:13–14. {aDF}
Penfield, W. & Rasmussen, T. (1950) The cerebral cortex of man: A clinical study of localization of function. Macmillan. {aDF}
Pilbeam, D. (1980) Major trends in human evolution. In: Current argument on early man, ed. Konigsson, L. K.. Pergamon. {CLB}
Platon (1968) Timaios. In: Sdmtliche Werke, vol. 3, 6th ed., ed. E. Loewenthal. {O-JG}
Plotkin, H. C. (1988) Behavior and evolution. In: The role of behavior in evolution, ed. Plotkin, H. C.. MIT Press. {GPB}
Pritchard, J. A., MacDonald, P. C. & Gant, N. F. (1985) Williams obstetrics (16th ed.). Appleton-Century-Crofts. {MMA}
Radinsky, L. B. (1978) Evolution of brain size in carnivores and ungulates. American Naturalist 112:815–31. {aDF, RLH}
(1979) The fossil record of primate brain evolution. 49th James Arthur Lecture. American Museum of Natural History. {aDF}
Raichle, M. E. (1987) Circulatory and metabolic correlates of brain functions in normal humans. In: Handbook of physiology: The nervous system V. American Physiologic Society. {WMB}
Rak, Y. & Howell, F. C. (1978) Cranium of a juvenile Australopithecus boisei from the lower Omo basin, Ethiopia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48:345–66. {rDF}
Rakic, P. (1988) Specification of cerebral cortical areas. Science 241:170–76. {aDF}
Richards, G. (1986) Freed hands or enslaved feet? A note on the behavioural implications of ground-dwelling bipedalism. Journal of Human Evolution 15:143–50. {aDF}
(1989) Human behavioural evolution: A physiomorphic model. Current Anthropology 30:244–55. {aDF}
Robinson, J. T. (1963) Adaptive radiation in the australopithecines and the origin of man. In: African ecology and human evolution, ed. Howell, F. C. & Bourliere, F.. Aldine. {aDF}
Rockel, A. J., Hioms, R. W. & Powell, T. P. S. (1980) The basic uniformity in structure of the neocortex. Brain 103:221–44. {HJJ}
Rowell, L. B. (1986) Human circulation during physical stress. Oxford University Press. {GLB}
Sacher, G. A. (1959) Relation of lifespan to brain weight and body weight in mammals. In: The lifespan of animals, Ciba Foundation Colloquia on Aging, vol. 5, ed. Wolstenholme, G. E. W. & O’Connor, M.. Churchill. {BHS}
(1978) Longevity aging, and death:An evolutionary perspective. Gerontologist 18:112–19. {BHS}
Sacher, G. A. & Staffeldt, E. (1974) Relation of gestation time to brain weight for placental mammals: Implications for the theory of vertebrate growth. American Naturalist 108:593–616. {BHS}
Sarieh, V. (1971) A molecular approach to the question of human origins. In: Background for man, ed. Sarieh, V. & Dolhinow, P.. Little, Brown. {aDF}
Scharrer, E. (1960) Brain function and the evolution of cerebral vascularisation. James Arthur Lecture on the evolution of the human brain. American Museum of Natural History. {MMA}
Scheibel, A. B., Paul, L. A., Fried, I., Forsythe, A. B., Tomiyasu, U., Wechsler, A., Kao, A. & Slotnick, J. (1985) Dendritic organization of the anterior speech area. Experimental Neurology 87:109–17. {HJJ}
Scheinberg, P. (1975) Cerebral blood flow. In: The nervous system, ed. Tower, D. B.. Raven Press. {MMA}
Scheinberg, P., Blackburn, L. I., Rich, M. & Saslow, M. (1954) Effect of physical exercise on cerebral circulation and metabolism. American Journal of Medicine 16:549–54. {WMB}
Schmidt, R. F. & Thews, H., eds. (1989) tiuman physiology, 2d ed. Springer Press. {O-JG}
Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1979) Animal physiology: Adaptation and environment. Cambridge University Press. {aDF}
(1983) Animal physiology: Adaptation and environment. Cambridge University Press. {MCap}
Senut, B. & Tardieu, C. (1985) Functional aspects of Plio-Pleistocene hominid limb bones: Implications for taxonomy and phylogeny. In: Ancestors: The hard evidence, ed. Delson, E.. Liss, Alan R.. {rDF}
Seymour, R. S. & Johansen, K. (1987) Blood flow uphill and downhill: Does a siphon facilitate circulation above the heart? Comparative Biochemistry & & Physiology 88A: 167–70. {ARH}
Shenkin, H. A., Harmel, M. H. & Kety, S. S. (1948) Dynamic anatomy of the cerebral circulation. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 60:240–52. {MCD}
Shipman, P. (1983) Early hominid lifestyle: Hunting and gathering or foraging and scavenging. In: Animals and archaeology. 1. Hunters and their prey, ed. Clutton-Brock, J. & Grigson, C.. BAR International Series 163. {CLB}
(1986) Scavenging or hunting in early hominids: Theoretical framework and tests. American Anthropologist 88:27–43. {CLB}
Shipman, P. & Harris, J. M. (1988) Habitat preference and paleoecology of Australopithecus boisei in Eastern Africa. In: Evolutionary history of the “robust” australopithecines, ed. Grine, F.. Aldine. {aDF, WHK}
Shiraki, K., Sagawa, S., Tajima, F., Yokota, A., Hashimoto, M. & Brengelmann, G. L. (1988) Independence of brain and tympanic temperatures in an unanesthetized human. Journal of Applied Physiology 65:482–86. {arDF, GLB}
Shiu, P. C, Hanafee, W. N., Wilson, G. H. & Rand, R. W. (1968) Cavernous sinus venography. American Journal of Roentgenology, Radium Therapy and Nuclear Medicine 104:57–62. {MCD}
Sminia, P., Van der Zee, J., Wondergem, J. & Haveman, J. (1990) A review on the effect of hyperthermia on the central nervous system. Progress in Hyperthermia. {HB}
Smith, B. H. (1989) Dental development as a measure of life history in primates. Evolution 43:683–87. {BHS}
Stern, J. T. & Susman, R. L. (1983) The locomotor anatomy of Australopithecus afarensis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 60:279–317. {aDF}
Stryer, L. (1981) Biochemistry, 2d ed. Freeman Press. {O-JG}
Susman, R. L. (1988) Hand of Paranthropus robustus from Member 1, Swartkrans: Fossil evidence for tool behavior. Science 240:781–84. {aDF, BS}
Taylor, C. R. (1974) Exercise and thermoregulation. In: Environmental Physiology. International Review of Science, Physiology Series I, ed. Robertshaw, D.. Butterworths. {aDF}
Thornton, W. E. & Ord, J. (1977) Physiological mass measurements in Skylab. In: Biomedical results from Skylab, ed. Johnston, R. S. & Dietlein, L. F.. NASA SP-377, Washington, D.C. {O-JG}
Tobias, P. V. (1967) The cranium and maxillary dentition of Australopithecus (Zinjanthropus) boisei. Olduvai Gorge, vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. {arDF, BS}
(1968) The pattern of venous sinus grooves in the robust australopithecines and other fossil and modern hominoids. In: Anthropologie und Humangenetik, ed. Peter, R., Schwartzfischer, F., Glowatzki, G. & Ziegelmayer, G.. Gustav Fischer. {arDF}
(1971) The brain in hominid evolution. Columbia University Press. {aDF}
(1973) Implications of the new age estimates of the early South African hominids. Nature 246:79–83. {rDF}
(1981) The emergence of man in Africa and beyond. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 292:43–56. {aDF}
(1987) The brain of Homo habilis: A new level of organization in cerebral evolution. Journal of Human Evolution 16:741–61. {aDF}
Tobias, P. V. & Falk, D. (1988) Evidence for a dual pattern of cranial venous sinuses on the endocranial cast of Taung (Australopithecus africanus). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 76:309–12. {arDF, WHK}
Toth, N. (1985) Archeological evidence for preferential right-handedness in the lower and middle Pleistocene, and its possible implications. Journal of Human Evolution 14:607–14. {aDF}
(1987) The first technology. Scientific American 256:112–21. {CLB}
Trevathan, W. R. (1987) Human birth: An evolutionary perspective. Aldine de Gruyter. {BLF}
Tutin, C. E. G. & Fernandez, M. (1985) Foods consumed by sympatric populations of Gorilla gorilla gorilla and Pan troglodytes troglodytes. International Journal of Primatology 6(1):27–43. {AZ}
Tuttle, R. H. (1985) Ape footprints and Laetoli impressions: A response to the SUNY claims. In: Hominid evolution: Past, present and future, ed. Tobias, P. V.. Liss, Alan R.. {arDF}
(1987) Kinesiological inferences and evolutionary implications from Laetoli bipedal trails G-l, G-2/3, and A. In: Laetoli, a Pliocene site in northern Tanzania, ed. Leakey, M. D. & Harris, J. M.. Clarendon Press. {arDF}
(1988) What’s new in African paleoanthropology? Annual Review of Anthropology 17:391–426. {aDF, WHK}
Van Citters, R. L., Kemper, W. S. & Franklin, D. L. (1968) Blood flow and pressure in the giraffe carotid artery. Comparative Biochemistry 6-Physiology 24:1035–42. {ARH}
Van Valen, L. (1974) Brain size and intelligence in man. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 40:417–24. {aDF, RLH}
Vidal, P. P., Graf, W. & Berthoz, A. (1986) The orientation of the cervical vertebral column in unrestrained awake animals. I. Resting position. Experimental Brain Research 61:549–59. {O-JG}
von Neumann, J. (1963) Probabilistic logic and the synthesis of reliable organisms from unreliable components. Collected works, vol. 5. Pergamon Press. {KEF}
Vrba, E. S. (1988) Late Pliocene climatic events and hominid evolution. In: The evolutionary history of the “robust” australopithecines, ed. Grine, F.. Aldine. {rDF, WHK}
Walker, A., Leakey, R. E., Harris, J. M. & Brown, F. H. (1986) 2.5-Myr Australopithecus boisei from west of Lake Turkana, Kenya. Nature 322:517–22. {arDF}
Washburn, S. L. (1960) Tools and human evolution. Scientific American 203:63–75. {aDF, CLB}
(1982) Human evolution. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 25:583–602. {aDF}
Washburn, S. L. & Lancaster, C. S. (1968) The evolution of hunting. In: Man the hunter, ed. Lee, R. B. & DeVore, I.. Aldine. {RF}
Weinstein, J. D. & Hedges, T. R. (1962) Studies of intracranial and orbital vasculature of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatto). Anatomical Record 144:37–41. {WHK}
Wheeler, P. E. (1984) The evolution of bipedality and loss of functional body hair in hominids. Journal of Human Evolution 13:91–98. {aDF, PEW}
(1985) The loss of functional body hair in man: The influence of thermal environment, body form, and bipedality. Journal of Human Evolution 14:23–28. {aDF, PEW}
(1988) Stand tall and stay cool. New Scientist 12 May:62–65. {aDF, RAB, PEW}
Whitby, J. D. & Dunkin, L. J. (1971) Cerebral oesophageal and nasopharyngeal temperatures. British Journal of Anesthesiology 43:673–76. {GLB}
White, E. L. (1989) Cortical circuits: Synaptic organization of the cerebral cortex: Structure, function and theory. Birkhauser. {HJJ}
White, T. D. (1988) The comparative biology of “robust” Australopithecus: Australopithecines, ed. Grine, F. E.. Aldine de Gruyter. {WHK}
Whiten, A. & Byrne, R. W. (1987) Taking (Machiavellian) intelligence apart. In: Machiavellian intelligence, ed. Byrne, R. W. & Whiten, A.. Oxford University Press. {RAB}
(1988) The Machiavellian intelligence hypotheses. In: Machiavellian intelligence: Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes, and humans, ed. Byrne, R. W. & Whiten, A.. Clarendon Press. {AW}
Woodhall, B. (1936) Variations of the cranial venous sinuses in the region of the Torcular Herophili. Archives of Surgery 33:297–314. {rDF}
(1939) Anatomy of the cranial blood sinuses with particular reference to the lateral. Laryngoscope 49:966–1010. {JL}
Woolsey, C. N. (1958) Organization of somatic sensory and motor areas of the cerebral cortex. In: Biological and biochemical bases of behavior, ed. Harlow, H. & Woolsey, C.. University of Wisconsin Press. {aDF}
(1964) Cortical localization as defined by evoked potential and electrical stimulation studies. In: Cerebral localization and organization, ed. Schaltenbrand, G. & Woolsey, C. N.. University of Wisconsin Press. {aDF}
Wrangham, R. W. (1977) Feeding behaviour of chimanzees in Gombe National Park, Tanzania. In: Primate ecology: Studies of feeding and ranging behaviour in lemurs, monkeys, and apes, ed. Clutton-Brock, T. H.. Academic Press. {AW}
Zihlman, A. (1985) Australopithecus afarensis: Two sexes or two species? In: Hominid evolution: Past, present and future, ed. Tobias, P. V.. Liss, Alan R.. {rDF}
Zihlman, A. L. & Cohn, B. A. (1986) Responses of hominid skin to the savanna. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Wetenskap 82:89–90. {aDF}
(1988) The adaptivee response of human skin to the savanna. Human Evolution 3:397–409. {aDF}
Zouaoui, A. & Hidden, G. (1989) The cervical vertebral venous plexus, a drainage route for the brain. Surgical and Radiological Anatomy 11:79–81. {MCD}
Zwiebel, W. J. (1982) Introduction to vascular ultrasonography. Grune & Stratton. {MMA}
Loading metrics...
