Ainsworth, MD (1978) Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situations. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Bakermans-Kranenburg, MJ, van Ijzendoorn, MH (2011) Differential susceptibility to rearing environment depending on dopaminerelated genes: new evidence and a meta-analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 23: 39-52.
Bakermans-Kranenburg, MJ, van IJzendoorn, MH (2015) The hidden efficacy of interventions: gene × environment experiments from a differential susceptibility perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 66: 381-409.
Baldwin, DV (2013) Primitive mechanisms of trauma responses: an evolutionary perspective on trauma-related disorders. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 37: 1549–66.
Beaver, KM, Belsky, J (2012) Gene-environment interaction and the intergenerational transmission of parenting: testing the differential-susceptibility hypothesis. Psychiatric Quarterly, 83: 29-40.
Belsky, J (1997) Attachment, mating, and parenting: an evolutionary interpretation. Human Nature, 8: 361–81.
Belsky, J, Hartman, S (2014) Gene-environment interaction in evolutionary perspective: differential susceptibility to environmental influences. World Psychiatry, 13: 87–9.
Bowlby, J (1969) Attachment and Loss. Basic Books.
Cameron, NM, Shahrokh, D, Del Corpo, A et al (2008) Epigenetic programming of phenotypic variations in reproductive strategies in the rat through maternal care. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 20: 795-801.
Cassidy, J, Shaver, PR (2010) Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research and Clinical Applications (2nd edn). Guilford Press.
Chisholm, JS (1999) Death, Hope and Sex: Steps to an Evolutionary Ecology of Mind and Morality. Cambridge University Press.
Chisholm, JS, Quinlivan, JA, Petersen, RW, Coall, DA (2005) Early stress predicts age at menarche and first birth, adult attachment, and expected lifespan. Human Nature, 16: 233–65.
Chisholm, JS, Sieff, DF (2015) Live fast, die young: an evolved response to hostile environments? In Understanding and Healing Emotional Trauma: Conversations with Pioneering Clinicians and Researchers (ed Sieff, DF) 163–81. Routledge.
Danese, A, Moffitt, TE, Harrington, H et al (2009) Adverse childhood experiences and adult risk factors for age-related disease. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 163: 1135–43.
Diorio, J, Meaney, MJ (2007) Maternal programming of defensive responses through sustained effects on gene expression. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 32: 275–84.
Evans, GW, Kim, P (2013) Childhood poverty, chronic stress, self-regulation, and coping. Child Development Perspectives, 7: 43–8.
Flinn, MV, Nepomnaschy, PA, Muehlenbein, MP et al (2011) Evolutionary functions of early social modulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis development in humans. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35: 1611–29.
Francis, DD, Champagne, FA, Liu, D et al (1999) Maternal care, gene expression, and the development of individual differences in stress reactivity. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896: 66-84.
Glover, V (2011) Annual research review: prenatal stress and the origins of psychopathology: an evolutionary perspective. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52: 356–67.
Glover, V (2015) Prenatal stress and its effects on the fetus and the child: possible underlying biological mechanisms. In Perinatal Programming of Neurodevelopment (eds Glover, V, Antonelli, MC) 269–83. Springer.
Hales, CN, Barker, DJ (1992) Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Diabetologia, 35: 595-601.
Henry, G (1974) Doubly deprived. Journal of Child Psychotherapy, 3: 15-28.
Hrdy, SB (1999) Mother Nature: Natural Selection and the Female of the Species. Pantheon Books.
Hrdy, SB (2009) Mothers and Others: The Evolutionary Origins of Mutual Understanding. Harvard University Press.
Hrdy, SB, Sieff, DF (2015) The natural history of mothers and infants: an evolutionary and anthropological perspective. In Understanding and Healing Emotional Trauma: Conversations with Pioneering Clinicians and Researchers (ed Sieff, DF) 182-202. Routledge.
Kaplan, HS, Gangestad, SW (2005) Life history theory and evolutionary psychology. In Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology (ed Buss, DM) 68-96. Wiley.
Kennedy, E (2013) Orchids and dandelions: how some children are more susceptible to environmental influences for better or worse, and the implications for child development. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 18: 319–21.
Lanius, RA, Vermetten, E, Pain, C (2010) The Impact of Early Life Trauma on Health and Disease: The Hidden Epidemic. Cambridge University Press.
Launer, J (2014) Sex and sexuality: an evolutionary view. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 34: 831–46.
LeDoux, JE (2014) Coming to terms with fear. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111: 2871–8.
Lesch, KP (2011) When the serotonin transporter gene meets adversity: the contribution of animal models to understanding epigenetic mechanisms in affective disorders and resilience. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, 7: 251–80.
Main, M, Solomon, J (1986) Discovery of an insecure disoriented attachment pattern: procedures, findings and implications for the classification of behaviour. In Affective Development in Infancy (eds Brazelton, T, Youngman, M) 345–6. Norwood.
McGuire, MT, Troisi, A (2006) Steps toward an evolutionary-based theory of psychotherapy – I. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 3: 162–9.
Music, G (2013) Stress pre-birth: how the fetus is affected by a mother's state of mind. International Journal of Birth and Parent Education, 1: 12-15.
Nesse, RM (2000) Is depression an adaptation?
Archives of General Psychiatry, 57: 14-20.
Nesse, RM, Ellsworth, PC (2009) Evolution, emotions, and emotional disorders. American Psychologist, 64: 129–39.
Nesse, RM, Stein, DJ (2012) Towards a genuinely medical model for psychiatric nosology. BMC Medicine, 10: 5.
Nettle, D, Coall, DA, Dickens, TE (2010) Early-life conditions and age at first pregnancy in British women. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 278: 1721–7.
Nettle, D (2011) Flexibility in reproductive timing in human females: integrating ultimate and proximate explanations. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 366: 357–65.
Olderbak, SG, Figueredo, AJ (2010) Life history strategy as a longitudinal predictor of relationship satisfaction and dissolution. Personality and Individual Differences, 49: 234–9.
Oosterman, M, De Schipper, JC, Fisher, P et al (2010) Autonomic reactivity in relation to attachment and early adversity among foster children. Development and Psychopathology, 22: 109–18.
Pearlson, GD, Folley, BS (2008) Schizophrenia, psychiatric genetics and Darwinian psychiatry: an evolutionary framework. Schzophrenia Bulletin, 34: 722–33.
Potts, R, Sloan, C (2010) What Does it Mean to be Human?
National Geographic.
Provencal, N, Binder, EB (2015) The neurobiological effects of stress as contributors to psychiatric disorders: focus on epigenetics. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 30: 31–7.
Rincón-Cortés, M, Sullivan, RM (2014) Early life trauma and attachment: immediate and enduring effects on neurobehavioral and stress axis development. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 5: article 33.
Sahlins, MD (1977) The Use and Abuse of Biology: An Anthropological Critique of Sociobiology. University of Michigan Press.
Sieff, DF (2015) Connecting conversations: expanding our understanding to transform our trauma-worlds. In Understanding and Healing Emotional Trauma: Conversations with Pioneering Clinicians and Researchers (ed Sieff, DF) 221–36. Routledge.
Simpson, JA, Belsky, J (2008) Attachment theory within a modern evolutionary framework. In Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research and Clinical Applications, 2nd edn (eds Shaver, PR, Cassidy, J) 131–57. Guilford Press.
Tither, JM, Ellis, BJ (2008) Impact of fathers on daughters' age of menarche: a genetically and environmentally controlled sibling study. Developmental Psychology, 44: 1409–20.
Volk, AA, Atkinson, JA (2012) Infant and child death in the human environment of evolutionary adaptation. Evolution and Human Behavior, 34: 182–92.
Weder, N, Zhang, H, Jensen, K et al (2014) Child abuse, depression, and methylation in genes involved with stress, neural plasticity and brain circuitry. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 53: 417–24.
Wilson, EO (1978) On Human Nature. Harvard University Press.
Wilson, M, Daly, M (1997) Life expectancy, economic inequality, homicide and reproductive timing in Chicago neighbourhoods. BMJ, 314: 1271–4.
How evolution can help us understand child development and behaviour
eLetters
No eLetters have been published for this article.