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Dietary patterns at age 2 and cognitive performance at ages 6–7: an analysis of the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort (Brazil)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 January 2026

Glaucia Treichel Heller Open the ORCID record for Glaucia Treichel Heller [Opens in a new window] ,
Thaynã Ramos Flores Open the ORCID record for Thaynã Ramos Flores [Opens in a new window] ,
Marina Xavier Carpena ,
Pedro Curi Hallal ,
Marlos Rodrigues Domingues  and
Andréa Dâmaso Bertoldi
Glaucia Treichel Heller*
Affiliation:
Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
Thaynã Ramos Flores
Affiliation:
Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
Marina Xavier Carpena
Affiliation:
Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil Human Development and Violence Research Centre (DOVE), Federal University of Pelotas, Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Pelotas, Brazil
Pedro Curi Hallal
Affiliation:
Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
Marlos Rodrigues Domingues
Affiliation:
Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
Andréa Dâmaso Bertoldi
Affiliation:
Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
*
Corresponding author: Glaucia Treichel Heller; Email: heller.glaucia@gmail.com
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Abstract

The early years of life are crucial for developing cognitive abilities, such as intelligence. This period is marked by rapid brain development, in which nutrition is essential. This study aimed to characterise dietary patterns at age 2 and investigate their association with cognitive performance at ages 6–7. The study used data from the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort, Brazil (n 4275). Dietary intake was assessed using a habitual consumption questionnaire, and patterns were derived using principal component analysis. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (4th edition), providing intelligence quotient (IQ) scores. Associations were tested using linear regression models. The unhealthy dietary pattern (characterised by packaged snacks, instant noodles, sweet biscuits, sweets and candies, soft drinks, sausages and processed meats) was negatively associated with IQ (P < 0·001). Exploratory analyses suggest that early-life deficits (low weight, height or head circumference for age) may amplify the negative effect of unhealthy dietary pattern on IQ (interaction P = 0·020). Children with high adherence to this pattern and early-life deficits showed a 4·78-point IQ reduction (95 % CI: −7·06, −2·49), while those without deficits had a 2·24-point reduction (95 % CI: −3·35, −1·13), compared with those with low adherence, even after adjustments. No significant associations were found between the healthy dietary pattern (characterised by beans, baby foods, fruits, vegetables and natural fruit juices) and IQ scores. These findings suggest that an unhealthy diet in early childhood may impair cognitive performance, particularly among children with early-life deficits.

Keywords

Dietary intakeDietary patternsCognitive performanceIntelligence quotientChildhoodDeficitsCohort studies

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Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 135 , Issue 9 , 14 May 2026 , pp. 972 - 982
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society

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