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Anjum, Naser A. Rodrigo, Miguel Angel Merlos Moulick, Amitava Heger, Zbynek Kopel, Pavel Zítka, Ondřej Adam, Vojtech Lukatkin, Alexander S. Duarte, Armando C. Pereira, Eduarda and Kizek, Rene 2016. Transport phenomena of nanoparticles in plants and animals/humans. Environmental Research, Vol. 151, p. 233.
Fröhlich, Eleonore and Roblegg, Eva 2016. Oral uptake of nanoparticles: human relevance and the role of in vitro systems. Archives of Toxicology,
Fröhlich, Esther and Fröhlich, Eleonore 2016. Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticles Contained in Food on Intestinal Cells and the Gut Microbiota. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 17, Issue. 4, p. 509.
Mercier-Bonin, Muriel Despax, Bernard Raynaud, Patrice Houdeau, Eric and Thomas, Muriel 2016. Exposition orale et devenir dans l’intestin des nanoparticules alimentaires : exemple de l’argent et du dioxyde de titane. Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique, Vol. 51, Issue. 4, p. 195.
Patel, Suhani Patel, Palak Undre, Sachin B. Pandya, Shivani R. Singh, Man and Bakshi, Sonal 2016. DNA binding and dispersion activities of titanium dioxide nanoparticles with UV/vis spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectroscopy and physicochemical analysis at physiological temperature. Journal of Molecular Liquids, Vol. 213, p. 304.
Al-Obaidi, Hisham and Florence, Alexander T. 2015. Nanoparticle delivery and particle diffusion in confined and complex environments. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, Vol. 30, p. 266.
Farooq, Muhammad Ansar and Dietz, Karl-Josef 2015. Silicon as Versatile Player in Plant and Human Biology: Overlooked and Poorly Understood. Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 6,
Jovanović, Boris 2015. Critical review of public health regulations of titanium dioxide, a human food additive. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, Vol. 11, Issue. 1, p. 10.
Pele, Laetitia C. Thoree, Vinay Bruggraber, Sylvaine FA Koller, Dagmar Thompson, Richard PH Lomer, Miranda C. and Powell, Jonathan J. 2015. Pharmaceutical/food grade titanium dioxide particles are absorbed into the bloodstream of human volunteers. Particle and Fibre Toxicology, Vol. 12, Issue. 1,
Teubl, Birgit Johanna Leitinger, Gerd Schneider, Marc Lehr, Claus-Michael Fröhlich, Eleonore Zimmer, Andreas and Roblegg, Eva 2015. The buccal mucosa as a route for TiO2nanoparticle uptake. Nanotoxicology, Vol. 9, Issue. 2, p. 253.
Bettini, Sarah and Houdeau, Eric 2014. Exposition orale aux nanoparticules de dioxyde de titane (TiO2) : du franchissement de l’épithélium buccal et intestinal au devenir et aux effets dans l’organisme. Biologie Aujourd'hui, Vol. 208, Issue. 2, p. 167.
Hinkley, Georgia K. and Roberts, Stephen M. 2014. Handbook of Nanotoxicology, Nanomedicine and Stem Cell Use in Toxicology.
Hong, Jie Wang, Ling Zhao, Xiaoyang Yu, Xiaohong Sheng, Lei Xu, Bingqing Liu, Dong Zhu, Yuting Long, Yi and Hong, Fashui 2014. Th2 Factors May Be Involved in TiO2NP-Induced Hepatic Inflammation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 62, Issue. 28, p. 6871.
Hummel, Thalia Z. Kindermann, Angelika Stokkers, Pieter C.F. Benninga, Marc A. and ten Kate, Fiebo J.W. 2014. Exogenous Pigment in Peyer Patches of Children Suspected of Having IBD. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Vol. 58, Issue. 4, p. 477.
Kann, B. Teubl, B. J. Roblegg, E. and Windbergs, M. 2014. Label-free in vitro visualization of particle uptake into human oral buccal epithelial cells by confocal Raman microscopy. The Analyst, Vol. 139, Issue. 20, p. 5069.
Krüger, Kristin Cossais, François Neve, Horst and Klempt, Martin 2014. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles activate IL8-related inflammatory pathways in human colonic epithelial Caco-2 cells. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, Vol. 16, Issue. 5,
Mohammadipour, Abbas Fazel, Alireza Haghir, Hossein Motejaded, Fatemeh Rafatpanah, Houshang Zabihi, Hoda Hosseini, Mahmoud and Bideskan, Alireza Ebrahimzadeh 2014. Maternal exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles during pregnancy; impaired memory and decreased hippocampal cell proliferation in rat offspring. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, Vol. 37, Issue. 2, p. 617.
Patel, Jayvadan and Champavat, Vibha 2014. Biointeractions of Nanomaterials.
Salim, Saad Y Kaplan, Gilaad G and Madsen, Karen L 2014. Air pollution effects on the gut microbiota. Gut Microbes, Vol. 5, Issue. 2, p. 215.
Salim, Saad Y. Jovel, Juan Wine, Eytan Kaplan, Gilaad G. Vincent, Renaud Thiesen, Aducio Barkema, Herman W. and Madsen, Karen L. 2014. Exposure to Ingested Airborne Pollutant Particulate Matter Increases Mucosal Exposure to Bacteria and Induces Early Onset of Inflammation in Neonatal IL-10–Deficient Mice. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vol. 20, Issue. 7, p. 1129.
Dietary microparticles are non-biological, bacterial-sized particles. Endogenous sources are derived from intestinal Ca and phosphate secretion. Exogenous sources are mainly titanium dioxide (TiO2) and mixed silicates (Psil); they are resistant to degradation and accumulate in human Peyer's patch macrophages and there is some evidence that they exacerbate inflammation in Crohn's disease (CD). However, whether their intake differs between those with and without CD has not been studied. We aimed to identify dietary microparticle sources and intakes in subjects with and without CD. Patients with inactive CD and matched general practice-based controls (ninety-one per group) completed 7d food diaries. Intake data for dietary fibre and sucrose were compared as positive controls. All foods, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes were examined for microparticle content, and intakes of Ca and exogenous microparticles were compared between the two groups. Dietary intakes were significantly different between cases and controls for dietary fibre (12 (SD 5) v. 14 (sd 5) g/d; P=0.001) and sucrose (52 (sd 27) v. 45 (sd 18) g/d; P=0·04) but not for Ca. Estimated median TiO2 and Psil intakes (2·5 and 35mg/individual per d respectively, totalling 1012–1013 microparticles/individual per d) were broadly similar to per capita estimates and while there was wide variation in intakes between individuals there was no significant difference between subjects with CD and controls. Hence, if exposure to microparticles is associated with the inflammation of CD, then the present study rules out excess intake as the problem. Nonetheless, microparticle-containing foods have now been identified which allows a low-microparticle diet to be further assessed in CD.
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